Biosynthesis enzymes 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase terephthalate 1,2-cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 3-hydroxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase (NAD(P)H) 4-sulfobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase vanillate monooxygenase 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase Degradation enzymes The enzyme protocatechuate decarboxylase uses 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate to produce catechol and CO2. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, a dioxygenase gene, nidA3B3, was detected in Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1 as an alternate degradation pathway which could catalyze both the initial dihydroxylation of pyrene [ 11 ] to be pyrene cis-4,5-dihydrodiol, and an alternate detoxification pyrene pathway to be pyrene cis-1,2-dihydrodiol [ 12 ]. (omicsonline.org)
A number of bacteria that can degrade a variety of aromatic compounds have been identified and the pathways involved in the degradation have been extensively characterized [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Further, the centralized degradation pathways mean synthesis of fewer degradative enzymes requiring less metabolic energy. (biomedcentral.com)
ES2-1 is an E2-degrading bacterium previously obtained, which converts E2 to estrone (E1) and then to 4-hydroxyestrone (4-OH-E1) followed by oxidation to form metabolites with long-chain structure during upstream degradation. (bvsalud.org)
In silico analyses showed efficient binding of ß- and δ-isomers with enzymes leading to rapid degradation that need further validation by cloning and biochemical experiments. (bvsalud.org)
Overview: Tryptophan degradation in GapMind is based on MetaCyc degradation pathways I via anthranilate ( link ), II via pyruvate ( link ), or IX via 3-hydroxyanthranilate ( link ). (lbl.gov)
Comment: In MetaCyc pathway anthranilate degradation I ( link ), a dioxygenase cleaves off carbon dioxide and ammonia, leaving catechol. (lbl.gov)
In MetaCyc pathway anthranilate degradation IV ( link ), anthranilate hydroxylase/monooxygenase (hpaH) yields 3-hydroxyanthranilate. (lbl.gov)
Comment: 3-hydroxyanthranilate degradation is part of L-tryptophan degradation pathway XII ( link ). (lbl.gov)
Comment: In MetaCyc pathway catechol degradation to HPD I (meta-cleavage, link ), dioxygenase xylE converts catechol to (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate (also known as 2-hydroxymuconate 6-semialdehyde). (lbl.gov)
Catechol degradation to HPD II also involves xylE and HPD, link . (lbl.gov)
In MetaCyc pathway catechol degradation III (ortho-cleavage, link ), the 1,2-dioxygenase catA forms cis,cis-muconate, a cycloisomerase forms (+)-muconolactone, an isomerase converts this to (4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-yl)-acetate (also known as 3-oxoadipate enol lactone), and a hydrolase cleaves this to 3-oxoadipate. (lbl.gov)
Comment: MetaCyc pathway 3-oxoadipate degradation ( link ) involves activation by CoA (using succinyl-CoA) and a thiolase (succinyltransferase) reaction that splits it to acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. (lbl.gov)
This series of steps is part of protocatechuate para-cleavage, link , or catechol degradation II, link . (lbl.gov)
This is part of a MetaCyc pathway for catechol degradation, link . (lbl.gov)
Comment: (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD) is a common intermediate in the aerobic degradation of many aromatic compounds. (lbl.gov)
Aromatic6
PAHs could be degraded by bacteria under aerobic conditions through the initial oxidation of the aromatic ring, which is catalyzed by the dioxygenase enzyme. (omicsonline.org)
In the convergent mode, structurally diverse aromatic compounds are converted to one of a few aromatic ring cleavage substrates such as catechol, gent sate, protocatechuate and their derivatives [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral enzymes, particularly oxygenases and dehydrogenases, were found to transform structurally diverse substrates into one of these central intermediates by bringing about the hydroxylation of the aromatic nucleus (Fig. 2A ), and hence it is thought that bacteria have developed these enzymes to extend their substrate range [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Some of the enzymes which generate aromatic radicals that break down most prominent bacterial strains found were isolated and tax- the complex linkages present in lignin to compounds of lower onomically identified using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) se- molecular weight. (lu.se)
Comment: In pathway I, dioxygenase kynA opens the non-aromatic ring, to N-formyl-L-kynureine, a hydrolase yields L-kynurenine (and formate), and a hydrolase yields anthranilate and L-alanine. (lbl.gov)
Dioxygenase NbaC cleaves the aromatic ring, yielding 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde, a decarboxylase forms (2Z,4E)-2-aminomuconate semialdehyde, a dehydrogenase forms (2Z,4E)-2-aminomuconate, a deaminase forms (3E)-2-oxo-3-hexenedioate (also known as 2-oxalocrotonate), and a decarboxylase forms (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD). (lbl.gov)
Substrate5
Both enzymes are specialized for their substrate. (uni-ulm.de)
A blue white screening was established to identify mutants with acquired ability of 3,4-PCD to use catechol as substrate. (uni-ulm.de)
Analysis of 3,4-PCD activity toward catechol and PCA revealed further substitutions with changed substrate specificity. (uni-ulm.de)
Oxygenases belong to the oxidoreductive group of enzymes (E.C. Class 1), which oxidize the substrates by transferring oxygen from molecular oxygen (O 2 ) and utilize FAD/NADH/NADPH as the co-substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. (nih.gov)
Meta-cleavage2
In this divergent mode, a metal-dependent dioxygenase channels these dihydroxylated intermediates into one of the two possible pathways: the meta -cleavage pathway or the ortho -cleavage pathway [ 7 - 9 ] (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
4-OH-E1 meta-cleavage was catalyzed by a dioxygenase encoded by IM701_20340 or IM701_21000 or IM701_09625. (bvsalud.org)
Decarboxylase1
Comment: Dehydrogenase praB forms 2-hydroxymuconate, tautomerase praC forms (3E)-2-oxohex-3-enedioate (2-oxalocrotonate), and decarboxylase praD yields 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD). (lbl.gov)
Anthranilate1
Comment: There are two forms of anthranilate dioxygenase, 3-subunit antABC or 4-subunit andAabcd. (lbl.gov)
Structurally1
Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase is structurally similar to 3,4-PCD. (uni-ulm.de)
Vanillate1
Bacterial metabolism selected lignin model compounds (vanillin, vanillate, 4- hydroxybenzoate, p-coumarate, benzoate, and ferulate) was carried out with three of the Pseudomonas isolates and in addition with the strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440 from a Introduction culture collection. (lu.se)
Oxygenases2
Oxygenases can further be grouped into two categories i.e. monooxygenases and dioxygenases on the basis of number of oxygen atoms used for oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathways X and XIII yield indole-3-propionate, which may spontaneously oxidize to kynurate, but kynurate catabolism is not reported. (lbl.gov)
Additional pathways are not included: the fate of 2-amino-5-oxocyclohex-1-enecarboxyl-CoA is not known ( link ), and anthraniloyl-CoA reductase (the only anaerobic route known, link ) has not been linked to sequence. (lbl.gov)
Benzoate1
Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and benzoate were pref- nin, kraft lignin, is almost exclusively used as a fuel in the erentially consumed first, whereas ferulate was always the last recovery boilers. (lu.se)
Oxidation1
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to muconic acid with the use of Fe3+ as a cofactor. (nih.gov)
Derivatives1
B, solute carrier relatives six member 2, solute carrier relatives 18 member one, and transcription factors and homeobox genes involved in neural crest derived cell de velopment, paired like homeobox 2a and 2b, GATA binding protein two and 3, heart and neural crest derivatives expressed two. (pdpksignaling.com)
Dehydrogenase1
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (EstP1), 2-keto-4-pentenoate hydratase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, TonB-dependent receptor were involved in E2 catabolism. (bvsalud.org)
Gene2
For all significantly differentially expressed microRNAs inside of the 2 groups, we now have produced gene sets from their expressed target genes. (pdpksignaling.com)
Each enzyme entry contains its common name and synonym, reaction in which enzyme is involved, family and subfamily, structure and gene link and literature citation. (biomedcentral.com)
Specificity1
However, studies could show that a R133H substitution switches the specificity of 3,4-PCD towards catechol. (uni-ulm.de)
BRENDA1
The entries are also linked to several external database including BRENDA, KEGG, ENZYME and UM-BBD providing wide background information. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the most widely used and promising technology to break down the pollutants is bioremediation, which uses selected microorganisms such as fungi, yeast, and bacteria [ 4 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Compounds2
low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds consist of two or three rings, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) compounds, more than three rings [ 3 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Many of these compounds have been reported to be toxic to the living organisms [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
nidA and nidB genes are encoding genes for large and small subunits of napthalene-inducible dioxygenase [ 7 , 8 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Database1
There are two separate search engines for searching into the database i.e. mono and dioxygenases database respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Strain2
Herein, we found that intracellular enzymes were the major contributors to E2 biodegradation by strain ES2-1. (bvsalud.org)
A second wild-type isolate (strain LS3 (PAR-4)) with characteristics similar to CBS 8244 T was selected from wood hydrolysates in Siberia, and additional strains were later isolated from chopped maize silage or humus-rich soil. (biomedcentral.com)
Major1
The pcaH was significant in the β-ketoadipate pathway [9] where the pathway as it conserves biochemically, and is a major class of non-heme-iron containing dioxygenase [ 10 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Activity1
In two preclinical investigations, protocatechuic acid from Hibiscus sabdariffa showed an excellent ability to effectively inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 and to potently deactivate the catalytic activity of urease. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis1
An analysis of the genome and its transcriptome revealed enzymes with biotechnological potential, such as two extracellular tannases (Atan1p and Atan2p) of the tannic-acid catabolic route, and a new pathway for the assimilation of n-butanol via butyric aldehyde and butyric acid. (biomedcentral.com)
Show1
The results show that under pH 3-6, the adsorption of U(VI) by YF1 live cells increased with the increase of the pH. (bvsalud.org)
Role1
In this investigation, random PCR mutagenesis has been carried out to explore the functional role of the R133 in 3,4-PCD. (uni-ulm.de)