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Clostridium botulinumBotulinum ToxinsClostridium botulinum type EBotulismClostridium botulinum type AClostridium botulinum type BClostridium botulinum type FClostridium botulinum type DClostridiumBotulinum AntitoxinBotulinum Toxins, Type AClostridium botulinum type CToxins, BiologicalNeurotoxinsSporesToxoidsFish ProductsClostridium botulinum type GLethal Dose 50Clostridium difficileClostridium InfectionsFood MicrobiologyAntitoxinsSpores, BacterialFood PreservationADP Ribose TransferasesFood PackagingFood IrradiationHemagglutininsImmunodiffusionBird Diseases
NeurotoxinsAnaerobicNeurotoxinBotulismBacteriaToxinsGram-positiveSporogenesStrainsBoNTsOrganismSpeciesSporesPerfringensProducesPotent toxinProteinsInhalationArgentinenseAcidityAminoATCCTherapeuticBiologicalEnzymeGrowthGroupToxin knownFoodAntitoxinActivityInactiveProduceOccursClinicalDeliversConditionsProductionProducts
Neurotoxins10
  • Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are proteases that addition to cleaving SNAP-25, BoNT-C also cleaves syn- cleave specific cellular proteins essential for neurotransmit- taxin (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic sub- stances known (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Clostridium botulinum secretes botulinum neurotoxins or BoNTs of varying serotypes. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum and, in rare cases, C butyricum and C baratii . (medscape.com)
  • C. botulinum elaborates 8 types of antigenically distinct neurotoxins (types A through G and F/A Hybrid). (merckmanuals.com)
  • C. botulinum is a group of culturally distinct organisms that are alike only in that they are clostridia and produce antigenically distinct neurotoxins with a similar pharmacologic action. (cdc.gov)
  • This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
  • Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most poisonous known biological substances, and therefore the availability of reliable, easy-to use tools for BoNT detection are important goals for food safety and human and animal health. (cdc.gov)
  • Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of protein toxins consisting of seven known serotypes (BoNT/A-BoNT/G) and multiple subtypes within the serotypes, and all of which cause the disease botulism-a disease of great public health concern. (cdc.gov)
  • Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) that are one of the most poisonous substances. (cdc.gov)
Anaerobic9
  • Clostridium argentinense is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
  • C. botulinum bacteria are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli found primarily in food items, freshwater sources, and the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Simple cooked fish and seafood products without any added preservatives are likely to be at greater risk from growth of Clostridium botulinum under anaerobic MAP conditions and incorrect chilled storage. (airproducts.com.my)
  • Overview of Clostridial Infections Clostridia are spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli present widely in dust, soil, and vegetation and as normal flora in mammalian gastrointestinal tracts. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Clostridium sporogenes is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus that comprises a part of the normal intestinal flora. (labionix.kz)
  • Like other strains of Clostridium, it is an anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces oval, subterminal endospores[2] and is commonly found in soil. (labionix.kz)
  • C. botulinum grows under anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions. (ecolab.com)
  • Botulinum toxin (abbreviated either as BTX or BoNT) is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium. (medscape.com)
  • This spoilage is caused by Gram-negative obligate anaerobic spore formers Disulfotomacillum nigrificans , Clostridium bifermentans , and Clostridium sporogenes in low-acid canned food. (microbenotes.com)
Neurotoxin9
  • Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection and Differentiation is recorded. (cdc.gov)
  • Clostridium botulinum is a species of the Clostridium genus that produces and secretes the powerful neurotoxin called botulinum toxin. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Strains of Group I bacteria can form three types of neurotoxin (A, B, or F). (biologydictionary.net)
  • Group II is a psychrotroph - a cold-tolerant bacteria that can grow at low temperatures, although the best growth conditions are around 20°C. Group II Clostridium botulinum will grow at 3°C and continue to multiply at temperatures of up to 30°C. Group II spores are not as heat resistant as Group I. Group II secretes serotypes B, E, and F of the botulinum neurotoxin. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Iraq admitted to producing 19,000 liters of concentrated botulinum neurotoxin in the 1990s, and even small terrorism groups have been able to grow botulinum from spores found in the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Investigations of Clostridium neurotoxin as a biological weapon have been carried out by various nations. (medscape.com)
  • Studies in the 1920s found that botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) inhibited the activity of motor and parasympathetic nerve endings, confirmed several decades later to be due to decreased acetylcholine release. (bvsalud.org)
  • Botulism can occur when neurotoxin is elaborated in vivo by C. botulinum or when preformed neurotoxin is acquired in an external source. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum ( C. botulinum ) is a spore-forming bacterium that produces a very powerful neurotoxin that causes botulism. (ecolab.com)
Botulism14
  • Group III Clostridium botulinum is responsible for avian or nonhuman botulism outbreaks in wild and domestic animals, especially herbivores like cattle, horses, and sheep. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Injection-related botulism is a result of inadvertent misadventures with injection of therapeutic pharmaceutical botulinum toxin. (medscape.com)
  • Differences in antigenicity among the toxins produced by different strains of botulism-causing organisms allow for separation of the organisms into 7 distinct types (A-G). Types A, B, and E are the toxins most often responsible for disease in humans, whereas types C and D only cause disease in other animals (eg, nonhuman mammals, birds, fish). (medscape.com)
  • As alluded to earlier, clostridia other than C botulinum have been associated with a handful of cases of botulism. (medscape.com)
  • These include reports of food-borne and infant botulism associated with type E toxin produced by C butyricum . (medscape.com)
  • Adult and infant intestinal colonization botulism, associated with type F toxin-producing C baratii, has been documented. (medscape.com)
  • In 2014, a new strain of C botulinum was isolated from an infant with botulism, which elaborated 2 toxinotypes: B and a novel toxin designated "H. (medscape.com)
  • Botulism is poisoning that is due to Clostridium botulinum toxin and that affects the peripheral nerves. (merckmanuals.com)
  • rarely, botulism has occurred after cosmetic injections (with botulinum toxin). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Wound botulism occurs when C. botulinum cells infect a wound and grow, producing toxin, which is carried to other parts of the body in the bloodstream. (ecolab.com)
  • Honey can be contaminated with C. botulinum spores, and is the most commonly implicated food in cases of infant botulism. (ecolab.com)
  • Human botulism is caused mainly by types A, B, E, and (rarely) F. Types C and D cause toxicity only in animals. (medscape.com)
  • Botulism is a neuroparalytic illness resulting from the action of a potent toxin produced by the organism Clostridium botulinum . (cdc.gov)
  • Infant botulism is due to the endogenous production of toxin by germinating spores of C. botulinum in the intestine of the infant. (cdc.gov)
Bacteria8
  • Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in low-oxygen environments. (biologydictionary.net)
  • This science has led us to divide Clostridium bacteria into two human groups - proteolytic C. botulinum (Group I) and non-proteolytic C. botulinum (Group II). (biologydictionary.net)
  • These bacteria produce different botulinum toxin serotypes (C or D) and are non-proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
  • While it had formerly not been identified in humans or animals but as a soil-based bacteria, a famous report listing five unexpected sudden deaths due to the presence of type G toxin shows that this group may eventually be categorized as a human serotype. (biologydictionary.net)
  • The reduced a w and/or addition of salt in most cooked, cured and processed fish and seafood products inhibit most food poisoning bacteria, particularly Clostridium botulinum . (airproducts.com.my)
  • At the outset, the bacteria were classified into genus Clostridium based on the morphological and physiological characteristics above. (labionix.kz)
  • The highly proteolytic nature of Clostridium sporogenes is thought possibly to act as an adjuvant and promote invasiveness of other bacteria in various mixed infections of animals and humans a generalized lethal disease, possibly egg-borne, in newly hatched chicks has been attributed to C. sporogenes. (labionix.kz)
  • Clostridium sporogenes is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that belongs to the genus Clostridium. (labionix.kz)
Toxins7
  • Proteolytic toxins break down the proteins of some of these glycoproteins. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Non-proteolytic toxins act upon the carbohydrate part (glucose or maltose, for example) of the glycoprotein. (biologydictionary.net)
  • With a lethal dose to humans of less than 1 mcg, botulinum toxins are the most poisonous substances known and pose a great threat as an agent of biological warfare . (medscape.com)
  • Five of the toxins affect humans: types A, B, E, and rarely F and F/A Hybrid (formerly labeled H). Botulinum toxins are highly poisonous proteins resistant to degradation by gastric acidity and proteolytic enzymes. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The various botulinum toxins possess individual potencies, and care is required to assure proper use and avoid medication errors. (medscape.com)
  • Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
  • In conclusion, the tests carried out showed that the EndoPep-MS method, initially developed using more powerful mass spectrometers, can be applied to the Bruker MALDI Biotyper instrument with excellent results including for detection of the proteolytic activity of BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/CD, and BoNT/DC toxins. (cdc.gov)
Gram-positive1
  • the following information is not yet verified Gram positive, straight rods, 0.3-1.4 x 1.3-16.0 µm, occur singly Size â The size of Clostridium perfringens is about 4â 6 µm × 1 µm (micrometer). (labionix.kz)
Sporogenes7
  • Clostridium sporogenes produce metabolic which are used as source energy for the patient. (labionix.kz)
  • C. sporogenes is very similar to Clostridium botulinum, which you might have heard of on the T.V. Do humans even contract it? (labionix.kz)
  • Like C. botulinum, C. sporogenes is rod-shaped and produces round shaped endospores. (labionix.kz)
  • The authors state that clostridium sporogenes are spore forming and gram forming to produce carboxylic acids which are necessary during the reaction in cancer therapy. (labionix.kz)
  • Characteristics of Clostridium sporogenes Where you might find Clostridium sporogenes Skills Practiced. (labionix.kz)
  • A hypothetical 2-enoate reductase gene, fldZ , was identified in Clostridium sporogenes DSM 795. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Proteolytic C. sporogenes, C. putrefaciens , and C. botulinum also cause the canned food spoilage. (microbenotes.com)
Strains2
  • A Genetically Homogeneous Group Composed of All Strains of Clostridium botulinum Toxin Type G and Some Nontoxigenic Strains Previously Identified as Clostridium subterminale or Clostridium hastiforme", International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 38 (4): 375-381, doi:10.1099/00207713-38-4-375 "Clostridium argentinense: Suen et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are produced under anaero- bic conditions by strains of Clostridium botulinum , C. butyricum , and C. baratii (1). (cdc.gov)
BoNTs1
  • The product peptides derived from the endopeptidase injection containing a sample with more than a minimum activities of BoNTs are detected by matrix-assisted laser- lethal dose show symptoms of botulinum intoxication and desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
Organism2
  • Clostridium acetobutylicum, which is also known as the 'Weizmann organism,' was … This is mainly because solvents and organic acids could be used for production of fine chemicals such as butyl butyrate, butyl oleate, etc. (thecoffeeparlor.com)
  • Clostridium acetobutylicum is an organism historically used for. (thecoffeeparlor.com)
Species2
  • Clostridium botulinum (non-proteolytic E, B and F), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes. (airproducts.com.hk)
  • C. botulinum is one of several species of clostridia that cause human disease. (merckmanuals.com)
Spores3
  • Outside of these temperatures, Group I C. botulinum forms spores. (biologydictionary.net)
  • C. botulinum spores can be found in soil and are very resistant to heat and other treatments. (ecolab.com)
  • Control of C. botulinum in food products requires destruction of the spores through processing or prevention of growth through formulation, temperature control, or a combination of these factors. (ecolab.com)
Perfringens1
  • Shape â Clostridium perfringens is a large, rod shape (bacillus) bacterium with straight, parallel sides and rounded or truncated ends. (labionix.kz)
Produces1
Potent toxin1
Proteins2
  • To date, research has been focussed primarily on Old Yellow Enzyme-like proteins, due to their ease of handling, whereas 2-enoate reductases from clostridia have received much less attention, because of their oxygen sensitivity and a lack of suitable expression systems. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Mature IGFs are generated by proteolytic processing of inactive precursor proteins, which contains the N- and C-terminal propeptide regions. (joplink.net)
Inhalation1
  • However, aerosolization and inhalation of botulinum toxin is considered a likely method for poison delivery in a bioterrorist attack. (medscape.com)
Argentinense1
  • Brenner, Don J. (1988), "Clostridium argentinense sp. (wikipedia.org)
Acidity1
Amino2
  • The light chain (~50 kD - amino acids 1-448) acts as a zinc (Zn 2+ ) endopeptidase similar to tetanus toxin with proteolytic activity located at the N-terminal end (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • The encoded protein shares a high degree of homology to clostridial FMN- and FAD-dependent 2-enoate reductases, including the cinnamic acid reductase proposed to be involved in amino acid metabolism in proteolytic clostridia. (microbiologyresearch.org)
ATCC1
Therapeutic1
  • The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner (1786-1862) first developed the idea of a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin, which he called "sausage poison. (medscape.com)
Biological2
Enzyme1
  • It is a high efficient nature proteolytic enzyme and offers a potential source for protease. (microbiologyjournal.org)
Growth2
Group4
  • botulinum toxin group G, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Group III is associated with the presence of botulinum toxin in animals, and Group IV with toxin production neither in humans nor animals. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Group IV C. botulinum is rare. (biologydictionary.net)
  • In 1949, Dr. Burgen's ASV group discovered that botulinum toxin blocks neuromuscular transmission. (medscape.com)
Toxin known1
  • The most deadly of these is botulinum toxin type E. This is the most deadly toxin known to man. (biologydictionary.net)
Food2
  • The course will provide food practitioners with an understanding of what vacuum packing is, the types of food that can be vacuum packed and the difference between commercial and domestic products. (cieh.org)
  • About 50% of food-borne outbreaks in the United States are caused by type A toxin, followed by types B and E. (merckmanuals.com)
Antitoxin2
Activity1
Inactive1
  • Accumulates within infected cells as an inactive proenzyme (proV-CATH), which is activated by proteolytic cleavage upon cell death. (joplink.net)
Produce1
  • George, and S.M. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest in Clostridium acetobutylicum, the biocatalyst of the historical Weizmann process, to produce n-butanol for use both as a bulk chemical and as a renewable alternative transportation fuel. (thecoffeeparlor.com)
Occurs1
  • Type A toxin occurs predominantly west of the Mississippi River, type B in the eastern states, and type E in Alaska and the Great Lakes area (type E is frequently associated with ingestion of fish and fish products). (merckmanuals.com)
Clinical1
  • In order to respond to public health emergencies, there is a need to develop sensitive and specific methods for detecting botulinum toxin in various clinical matrices. (cdc.gov)
Delivers1
  • A commercial canning process that delivers a standard "botulinum cook" or "12D process" offers a substantial margin of safety by inactivating 12 logs of contaminating C. botulinum . (ecolab.com)
Conditions1
  • Clostridium acetobutylicum" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings).Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure, … It can only survive up to several hours in aerobic conditions, in which it will form endospores that can last for years even in aerobic conditions. (thecoffeeparlor.com)
Production2
  • Botulinum toxin is classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as one of the six highest-risk threat agents for bioterrorism because of the high lethality, ease of production and transport, and need for prolonged intensive care treatment. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, production of butanol directly from hemicellulose was achieved simply through overexpression of an indigenous xylanase in Clostridium acetobutylicum. (thecoffeeparlor.com)
Products1
  • Low-acid products (pH >4.6) need careful handling to ensure that their thermal process inactivates C. botulinum . (ecolab.com)