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ProteoglycansGlycosidesGlycosaminoglycansChondroitin Sulfate ProteoglycansSulfatesChondroitin SulfatesSulfur RadioisotopesGlucosamineCartilageCartilage, ArticularHeparan Sulfate ProteoglycansHeparitin SulfateDecorinExtracellular Matrix ProteinsChondroitinKeratan SulfateAggrecansVersicansChondroitin LyasesMolecular Sequence DataDermatan SulfateBiglycanHyaluronic AcidChondroitinases and Chondroitin LyasesBiosynthetic PathwaysAmino Acid SequenceChromatography, GelSyndecansLectins, C-TypeChondrosarcomaCells, CulturedUronic AcidsExtracellular MatrixCattleCollagenStreptomycesNasal SeptumSyndecan-4Syndecan-1Molecular WeightElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelKineticsHexosaminesCloning, MolecularBase SequenceChondroitin ABC LyaseBasement MembraneMutationChromatography, Ion ExchangeChondrocytesDisaccharidesRNA, MessengerMultigene FamilyBacterial ProteinsBrevicanPolysaccharide-LyasesHeparinEscherichia coliSequence Homology, Amino AcidAmino AcidsProtein BiosynthesisGenes, BacterialChromatography, High Pressure LiquidLaryngeal CartilagesChick EmbryoReceptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5OligosaccharidesRecombinant ProteinsCell LineGlypicansCulture TechniquesMolecular StructureGlycoproteinsGenetic Complementation TestOsteoarthritisGene Expression Regulation, PlantCarbohydrate SequenceTerpenesProtein BindingSyndecan-3PentosyltransferasesAcyltransferasesMacromolecular SubstancesCentrifugation, Density GradientPolyketide SynthasesPeptide SynthasesChloratesFibroblastsTritiumSubstrate SpecificityMicroscopy, ElectronUridine Diphosphate XyloseCulture MediaGlycosylationGlycosyltransferasesHeparin LyaseChromatography, Thin LayerGene Expression Regulation, BacterialOxidoreductasesChromatography, Affinity

SynthesisGlycosaminoglycanGlycosaminoglycansCartilageExtracellularChondroitin sulfate proteoglycanInhibitionHeparan sulfate proteoglycanImportant proteoglycansStimulateGlycoproteinsArticularHyaluronicComplex macromoleculesProteinChondrocytesDecorinMacromoleculesDegradationEnzymeXylosePhenotypicGlycosylationBasement membraneSulfationEnzymes involvedInhibitorsCellsTumorTissuesInterplayCellChainsStructuresEssentialFundamentalStructureComponent

Synthesis12

• We conclude that long-term (80 cumulative hours) cyclical in vivo joint loading stimulates proteoglycan synthesis. (cdc.gov)
• An ex vivo study showed that IGF-1 in fetal bovine serum was responsible for maintaining articular cartilage proteoglycan synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
• Another study has demonstrated that both serum and synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could not stimulate chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis once the IGF-1 function was blocked by a primary antibody [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Cross-linking in connective tissue involves an intimate, enzymatical interplay between collagen synthesis and ECM proteoglycan components during growth and maturation and influences the collagen-derived functional properties of the tissue. (fasciaguide.com)
• Effects of inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis on the differentiation of cultured rat Schwann cells. (rupress.org)
• Publications from the Spiro lab include over 130 primary research papers and 32 reviews providing seminal contributions to glycobiology, including synthesis and catabolism of N-glycans, O-glycan, proteoglycans, and collagen glycosylation. (glycobiology.org)
• Cell proliferation, proteoglycan (PG) and collagen synthesis were quantified, and the structure of newly synthesized PG and collagen was characterized. (qxmd.com)
• NSAIDs suppress proteoglycan synthesis by the chondrocyte. (drlamcoaching.com)
• The effect of lactate and pH on proteoglycan and protein synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc. (ox.ac.uk)
• Because low values of pH are known to affect proteoglycan synthesis in other cartilages, the authors measured the effect of lactate levels and pH on 35S-sulphate and 3H-proline incorporation rates in the nucleus of bovine coccygeal discs and in human disc obtained during percutaneous nucleotomy. (ox.ac.uk)
• The results indicate that proteoglycan synthesis rates in particular are sensitive to extracellular pH, and that the peak rate occurs around the level of pH seen in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
• Factors that cause lactate levels to rise, such as a fall in O2 levels as the result of smoking or vibration (Holm and Nachemson, 1988) could lead to a fall in proteoglycan synthesis rates, ultimately leading to a fall in proteoglycan content and to disc degeneration. (ox.ac.uk)

Glycosaminoglycan6

• beta-1,4-Gatactosyltransferase 7 (beta 4GalT7) is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of proteoglycans (PGs). (lu.se)
• Proteoglycans are comprised of a core protein and one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)
• Inhibition of iduronic acid biosynthesis by ebselen reduces glycosaminoglycan accumulation in mucopolysaccharidosis type I fibroblasts. (uu.se)
• SYN®-HYCAN has a firming and remodeling effect by stimulation of GAG (glycosaminoglycan) biosynthesis. (lotioncrafter.com)
• The key components of articular cartilage are proteoglycans, which are large molecules composed of a core protein and attached glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) chains. (finfactbuddy.com)
• Chondroitin sulfate is the most predominant glycosaminoglycan found in articular cartilage, and it binds to the core protein to form proteoglycan aggregates. (finfactbuddy.com)

Glycosaminoglycans4

• Proteoglycans are complex macromolecules comprised of a core protein and one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycans (GAG) chains so that structurally they are both proteins and carbohydrates. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)
• Repetitive stress or trauma destroys the proteoglycans and collagen matrix (known as glycosaminoglycans (GAG), and inhibit the production of these substances by chondrocytes. (drlamcoaching.com)
• We are presently mainly working on the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans and bacterial sialic acid uptake mechanisms. (lu.se)
• It is the most fundamental building block required for biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) like Hyaluronic Acid, Keratan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate. (com.bd)

Cartilage12

• Long-term cyclical in vivo loading increases cartilage proteoglycan content in a spatially specific manner: an infrared microspectroscopic imaging and polarized light microscopy study. (cdc.gov)
• Understanding the changes in collagen and proteoglycan content of cartilage due to physical forces is necessary for progress in treating joint disorders, including those due to overuse. (cdc.gov)
• In turn, the biomechanical properties of cartilage depend on its collagen and proteoglycan content. (cdc.gov)
• To understand changes due to physical forces, this study examined the effect of 80 cumulative hours of in vivo cyclical joint loading on the cartilage content of proteoglycan and collagen in the rabbit metacarpophalangeal joint. (cdc.gov)
• Loading led to an increase in proteoglycan in the cartilage of all six rabbits. (cdc.gov)
• Maroudas A, Bannon C. Measurement of swelling pressure in cartilage and comparison with the osmotic pressure of constituent proteoglycans. (lievers.net)
• Enhancing metabolism to accelerate biosynthesis of proteoglycans in cartilage tissue. (weimusculoskeletalinstitute.org)
• The proteoglycans hold joint fluid within the joint and, in conjunction with the joint cartilage, acts as a shock absorber for the body. (drlamcoaching.com)
• It increases the biosynthesis of collagen and proteoglycans, which together account for 95% of the cartilage. (botagenic.com)
• However, when articular cartilage degeneration sets in, the structure and composition of proteoglycans break down, leading to a range of issues. (finfactbuddy.com)
• GAGs binds with protein and form proteoglycans, the essential building block of articular cartilage. (com.bd)
• Glucosamine also activates chondrocytes in the cartilage which help produce GAGs and proteoglycans. (com.bd)

Extracellular9

• Physical forces in the chondrocyte environment can affect the cellular processes involved in the biosynthesis of extracellular matrix. (cdc.gov)
• Proteoglycans (PGs) are essential components of the animal extracellular matrix and are required for cell adhesion, migration, signaling, and immune function. (rcsb.org)
• Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix in all metazoans. (scielo.br)
• Inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthesis was accompanied by an inhibition of laminin deposition into extracellular matrix as determined by immunostaining of cultures and by immunoblotting of cell-associated proteins. (rupress.org)
• Proteoglycans are important components of the extracellular matrix of all tissues. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)
• The strength of tendons and ligaments depends on an intact composition of the extracellular matrix collagens, proteoglycans, and elastic fibers. (360activ.com)
• TENDOFORTE® is a Bioactive Collagen Peptide, optimized to stimulate the biosynthesis of new extracellular matrix molecules for healthy tendons and ligaments. (360activ.com)
• The paper, titled "Hypoxic Induction of Exosome Uptake through Proteoglycan-Dependent Endocytosis Fuels the Lipid Droplet Phenotype in Glioma" and published at Molecular Cancer Research, shows that exosome-like extracellular vesicles (EVs) may serve anabolic functions by transforming hypoxic, patient-derived human glioblastoma cell lines into a lipid loaded phenotype. (lu.se)
• The production of extracellular matrix proteins, collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans presumably is due to a prolonged inflammatory process in the wound. (medscape.com)

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan1

• Biosynthesis of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. (wikipedia.org)

Inhibition2

• This review highlights recent developments in chemical regulation of glycosylation processes with specific targets including: inhibition of (1) N -glycosylation, (2) O -glycosylation, (3) O -linked GlcNAc glycosylation, (4) proteoglycan biosynthesis, (5) glycolipid biosynthesis, and (6) terminal glycosylation. (go.jp)
• Inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthesis by hyaluronic acid in chondrocytes in culture. (bvsalud.org)

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan2

• Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in Alzheimer's disease: aberrant expression and functions in molecular pathways related to amyloid-β metabolism. (uu.se)
• In this study, evidence shows that EVs can fuel hypoxic glioma cells to acquire a lipid droplet (LD+) phenotype and such effect is associated with increased EV internalization through a hypoxia-sensitive mechanism dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptor and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. (lu.se)

Important proteoglycans1

• Decorin and lumican are two important proteoglycans of the dermis. (lotioncrafter.com)

Stimulate1

• A study from the Collagen Research Institute in Kiel, Germany has shown that HP-BCP Collagen peptides accumulate in joint tissue and stimulate cell biosynthesis to produce collagen and proteoglycans. (botagenic.com)

Glycoproteins1

• Glycans (monosaccharides and oligosaccharides) and their conjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans) are structurally diverse biomolecules that are involved in many biological processes of health and disease. (go.jp)

Articular1

• Platelet-rich plasma stimulates porcine articular chondrocyte proliferation and matrix biosynthesis. (qxmd.com)

Hyaluronic1

• It reduces glucosamines deficiency in the body, participates in processes of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid biosynthesis. (farmakom.ua)

Complex macromolecules1

• Proteoglycans (PGs) are complex macromolecules composed of a core protein and covalently linked polysaccharide chain(s) which play a critical role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. (oncotarget.com)

Protein3

• Other names in common use include UDP-D-xylose:core protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase, UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase, UDP-D-xylose:proteoglycan core protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase, UDP-xylose-core protein beta-D-xylosyltransferase, uridine diphosphoxylose-core protein beta-xylosyltransferase, and uridine diphosphoxylose-protein xylosyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
• The biosynthesis of GAG chains is initiated by xylosylation of a serine residue of the core protein, followed by galactosylation by beta 4GalT7. (lu.se)
• Groundbreaking studies in the Spiro lab began with work on the basic structural features of N‐linked carbohydrate units, moving on to their biosynthesis and finally to their role in protein quality control. (glycobiology.org)

Chondrocytes1

• Chondrocytes manufacture proteins are known as proteoglycans that consist of chondroitin and keratin sulfate that are strung on core proteins. (drlamcoaching.com)

Decorin1

• The major chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans are aggrecan, versican, biglycan and decorin. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)

Macromolecules1

• They are involved in hormone biosynthesis, modulation of cell signaling, and degradation of macromolecules. (nih.gov)

Degradation1

• Both the structure of the PGs and the GAG chains, and the expression of the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation, vary between normal cells and tumor cells. (lu.se)

Enzyme1

• This enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and glycan structures. (wikipedia.org)

Xylose1

• GAG biosynthesis is initiated by peptide O-xylosyltransferases, which transfer xylose onto selected serine residues in the core proteins. (rcsb.org)

Phenotypic1

• Pseudodiastrophic dysplasia expands the known phenotypic spectrum of defects in proteoglycan biosynthesis. (nih.gov)

Glycosylation1

• Characterization of collagen glycosylation and basement membrane proteoglycans were also major areas of research in the Spiro lab. (glycobiology.org)

Basement membrane3

• Schwann cells synthesize two heparan sulfate proteoglycans, one that is a component of the Schwann cell basement membrane and a smaller one that is an integral component of the Schwann cell plasma membrane. (rupress.org)
• Gel filtration analysis revealed that both the basement membrane and plasma membrane proteoglycans were affected. (rupress.org)
• These results indicate that Schwann cell proteoglycans play an essential role in basement membrane assembly, and that the integral plasma membrane proteoglycan is not required for the basement membrane to exert its effects on Schwann cell differentiation. (rupress.org)

Sulfation3

• The sulfation pattern of heparan sulfate chains influences signaling events mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans located on the cell surface. (scielo.br)
• They are found in the form of proteoglycans and carry enormous structural information in terms of sulfation, epimerization, domain organization, chain length, number of chains and type of chains along with their core proteins. (selectbiosciences.com)
• Sulfation of proteoglycans and N-linked glycans of thyroglobulin was also the subject of numerous publications. (glycobiology.org)

Enzymes involved1

• Analgesics, like aspirin, inhibit enzymes involved in the early stages of chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. (drlamcoaching.com)

Inhibitors1

• This research sheds light into the mechanistics of glioma adaptation in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and motivates further studies aimed at establishing therapeutic strategies targeted at the endocytic machinery that should be combined with available inhibitors of lipid biosynthesis. (lu.se)

Cells1

• 5′-aza-dC and/or Trichostatin A resulted in transcriptional upregulation of the genes, suggesting that low expression of ECM components, proteoglycan core proteins and HS biosynthetic system is due to epigenetic suppression in type I cells. (oncotarget.com)

Tumor1

• Such compounds will be valuable tools for the exploration of GAG and PG biosynthesis and a starting point for development of anti-tumor agents. (lu.se)

Tissues1

• Urban JPG, Maroudas A, Bayliss MT, Dillon J. Swelling pressures of proteoglycans at the concentrations found in cartilaginous tissues. (lievers.net)

Interplay1

• On this new paper released on March 2021, Myriam Cerezo-Magaña and collaborators explore the interplay between hypoxia, lipid scavenging, proteoglycans and lipid storage. (lu.se)

Cell3

• To determine the functions of these molecules, Schwann cell-nerve cell cultures were grown in medium containing a specific inhibitor of proteoglycan biosynthesis, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xyloside. (rupress.org)
• Treatment with 1 mM beta-D-xyloside caused a 90% reduction in the accumulation of 35SO4-labeled proteoglycans in the cell layer of the cultures. (rupress.org)
• Taken together, our data show that proteoglycans are expressed in primary B lymphocytes whereas they are not or only partly expressed in EBV-carrying cell lines, depending on their latency type program. (oncotarget.com)

Chains1

• The spectrum of properties of proteoglycans is determined by both the core proteins and the GAG chains. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)

Structures1

• Production of proteoglycans with such high complexity occurs in template-independent fashion seamlessly, yet our understanding of their biosynthesis, structures and functions is somewhat incomplete and imperfect. (selectbiosciences.com)

Essential1

• Proteoglycan is an essential component of the ECM. (biomedcentral.com)

Fundamental1

• School and Senior Investigator Emeritus, Joslin Diabetes Center) accomplishments include broad-based fundamental studies on glycoprotein structure, function, and biosynthesis that have had profound and long-lasting impact to the field of glycobiology. (glycobiology.org)

Structure1

• In addition to mature glycan structure determination, the Spiro lab also focused on studies of dolichol-oligosaccharide precursor biosynthesis, transfer to nascent polypeptides via oligosaccharyltransferase, and early glycan trimming events in the ER as a basis for studies on ER glucosidases, exo-mannosidases, and the first identification and characterization of an endo-mannosidase involved in glycan maturation. (glycobiology.org)

Component1

• TRPM7 overexpressing astrocytes impaired neuronal outgrowth in vitro by increasing the production of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, a key component of the gliotic scar. (nih.gov)