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GelsChromatography, High Pressure LiquidChromatography, AffinityChromatography, GelChromatographyChromatography, GasChromatography, Ion ExchangeChromatography, Thin LayerChromatography, LiquidChromatography, DEAE-CelluloseMolecular WeightMolecular Sequence DataElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalChromatography, AgaroseElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelAmino Acid SequenceKineticsMass SpectrometryGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryChromatography, Reverse-PhaseElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationChromatography, PaperElectrophoresis, Agar GelSepharoseIsoelectric FocusingSubstrate SpecificityAmino AcidsEscherichia coliTandem Mass SpectrometryBase SequenceSpectrophotometry, UltravioletChemistryChemical PhenomenaCattleRabbitsChemical FractionationPeptide FragmentsSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationTemperatureProtein BindingMethodsTrypsinLiverCarbohydratesElectrophoresisDrug StabilityRecombinant ProteinsCountercurrent DistributionHydrolysisChromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic CapillaryPeptidesMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCloning, MolecularCarbohydrate SequenceHydroxyapatitesBacterial ProteinsIndicators and ReagentsBinding SitesIsoelectric PointOligosaccharidesCell LineCentrifugation, Density GradientChemical PrecipitationHot TemperatureSpecies SpecificitySwineMacromolecular SubstancesRadioimmunoassayPolysaccharidesSolubilityDNAReproducibility of ResultsAmmonium SulfateImmunodiffusionUltracentrifugationIsoenzymesMicrochemistryReference StandardsProteinsCalibrationImmunoelectrophoresisLectinsBiological AssayCarrier ProteinsFatty AcidsSequence Homology, Amino AcidGlycoproteinsCarbohydrate ConformationRats, Inbred StrainsStereoisomerismCells, CulturedProteomicsBrain ChemistryAcetonitrilesPhysicochemical PhenomenaCell MembraneDetergentsGlycopeptidesSpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
FiltrationAffinityElectrophoresis or liquid chromatographyNucleic acidsPermeationHigh Performance LiPeptidesMoleculesMass spectrometryPolyacrylamide Gel ElectrophorHPLCHost cell proteinsSeparationMixturesAgarose Gel ElectrophorIsolateProteomicsInteractionsRecombinant proteinCharacterization of proteinsFractionsHomologousStationary phaseFractionationLipidsCentrifugationPeptideSerumSilica gelContaminantsAlbuminAntibodiesResidual proteinsBiologicalExtractionMammalianSolubilityDownstreamConcentrationCaseinMethodsPurityMolecular weightsLiquidAbstractInteractionViralFull-length proteinBacterialApplied enzymeProteomicCellsAntigensSubcellularIncluding identificationUtmost importanceSizeFunctionalStudyAbundantOligosaccharideBoundEncapsulationSpeciesAnalyticalTotal protein
Filtration6
Affinity11
  • Separation steps usually exploit differences in protein size, physico-chemical properties, binding affinity and biological activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are weak ssDNA binding proteins with no affinity for double-stranded (ds) DNA. (nature.com)
  • To investigate the APP in vivo interactome in an unbiased manner, we generated mice that harbor a mouse prion protein promoter-driven cDNA encoding human APP-695 fused to a C-terminal affinity tag. (jneurosci.org)
  • The addition of an affinity tag allowed us to avoid the use of antibodies targeted toward the intracellular C-terminal tail of APP, a region to which a number of reported interacting proteins bind ( King and Turner, 2004 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • When would you use affinity chromatography? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • This include topics on Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LS-MS), and Affinity Chromatography. (elac.edu)
  • The protein required for T. denticola growth was separated from the other alpha globulin proteins by Affi-Gel Blue (Bio-Rad Laboratories) affinity chromatography which selectively adsorbed albumin. (vt.edu)
  • The endogenous and transduced Thap1 isoforms were characterized using three different commercially available anti-Thap1 antibodies and validated by immunoprecipitation and DNA oligonucleotide affinity chromatography. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various forms of chromatography, including affinity, ion exchange, and mixed mode, are now being utilized to ensure that the final product is as pure as can be without compromising yield. (bioradiations.com)
  • Concanavalin A (Con A) affinity chromatography is the standard procedure to separate cholesterol nucleating biliary proteins from lipids and pigment. (wustl.edu)
  • Here we describe classical surface membrane protein enrichment techniques, followed by proteomic methodologies, such as gel-free protein separation and antibody-affinity capture technologies in combination with nano-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, for the identification and characterization of Bp surfaceome proteins. (cdc.gov)
Electrophoresis or liquid chromatography2
Nucleic acids1
  • GFC is used to separate water-soluble high polymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids according to their molecular sizes by using hydrophilic packing materials and aqueous mobile phase. (shimadzu.com)
Permeation31
High Performance Li1
  • The presence of HMW species, for instance, is frequently determined using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), while LMW species are detected using a capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) (reduced and non-reduced) technique. (pharmtech.com)
Peptides10
  • In the first dimension, ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) separates peptides based on ionic interactions with the solid phase and an increasing salt buffer. (hindawi.com)
  • AD is pathologically characterized by the deposition of pathogenic Aβ peptides that are derived from larger integral membrane proteins, termed β-amyloid precursor proteins (APPs). (jneurosci.org)
  • And purifies the protein by moving through the pores in the beads, bigger size of peptides will move between the beads or will move through the coners as there size is more then the pore size of the beads. (indiabix.com)
  • Despite recent progress in MS technology, e.g. gas phase fragmentation of proteins, MS on peptides is more easy and sensitive. (chromedia.org)
  • For that reason proteins are enzymatically converted to peptides. (chromedia.org)
  • The resulting tryptic peptides that are protonated at the amino acid of the C terminus, are readily separated on reversed phase C18 columns and easily detected by MS detection. (chromedia.org)
  • The obtained MS/MS spectrum of the peptides giving information on the amino acid sequence of the protein, can be matched against databases to finalize identification. (chromedia.org)
  • Whey proteins are rich in bioactive peptides, possessing bioactive properties such as being antioxidant and antihypertensive as well as having antimicrobial activities, which, when ingested, confers several health benefits. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Milk provides a wide range of biologically active components such as bioactive proteins and peptides, oligosaccharides, immunoglobulins, and fats/lipids that protect against pathogens and illnesses on regular consumption. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • These properties are because of the presence of milk proteins/peptides, which support infant development, its growth, and confers health benefits beyond basic nutrition [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Molecules3
  • When separating out molecules or proteins of different charges at a certain pH. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • When separating out molecules of different sizes. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Degradation of a protein via the ubiquitin pathway proceeds by two discrete and successive steps: (a) covalent attachment of multiple ubiquitin molecules to the protein substrate, and (b) degradation of the targeted protein by the 26S proteasome complex. (justia.com)
Mass spectrometry11
  • We used consecutive orthogonal separation platforms to ensure sensitive detection: (a) ion-exchange of intact proteins, (b) SDS-PAGE separation of ion-exchange fractions and (c) HPLC separation of tryptic digests coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. (hindawi.com)
  • Purification of APP-AT protein complexes and identification of the constituents by mass spectrometry revealed several previously reported APP-interacting proteins as well as proteins involved in synaptic maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
  • Identification is the process of determining the identity of the proteins, often done through mass spectrometry or protein sequencing. (proprofs.com)
  • Mass spectrometry is a powerful technique used in proteomics to analyze and measure the mass of proteins. (proprofs.com)
  • These cutting-edge techniques address such important tasks as sample preparation, 2D-PAGE, gel staining, mass spectrometry, and post-translational modification. (nhbs.com)
  • Protein spots obtained from the phenol method were subjected to further analysis to test their suitability for identification by mass spectrometry. (usda.gov)
  • Twenty protein spots were randomly selected, digested with trypsin, and analyzed using Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) or liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). While these results suggest that phenol method and the direct lysis method are more efficient and reliable for the 2D separation of Heterodera glycines proteins, the phenol extraction procedure is superior for the alkaline proteins. (usda.gov)
  • Advances in mass spectrometry are, however, enabling more detailed analyses and thus improved monitoring of residual proteins during downstream processing. (pharmtech.com)
  • If the coding sequence of the protein is unknown but the protein is purified, mass spectrometry (or chemical methods such as Edman degradation) can be used to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can then be used to search for the the corresponding DNA sequence. (hideyuki-ts.com)
  • Immunostained P. variotii antigens were excised and sequenced using nanoscale Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (nano scale UPLC-MS/MS). De-identified sera from 6 healthcare workers (HCW) and 2 non-atopics were used as controls. (cdc.gov)
  • Over the years, this LC-based method has developed into the latest LC-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which is currently considered the criterion standard of vitamin D assays. (medscape.com)
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophor4
  • Large-Format Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis - Henry Brzeski, Stephen Russell, Tony G. Sullivan, Richard Somiari & Craig Shriver 14. (nhbs.com)
  • Proteins of pooled ticks were separated by 1-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and gel slices were digested in situ with trypsin before using LC-MS/MS. Upwards of ≈7,000 spectra were submitted to a protein identification algorithm for each pooled sample. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, three different protein extraction methods including phenol/ammonium acetate (phenol method), thiourea/urea solublization (lysis method) and trichloroacetic acid/acetone (TCA method) were evaluated to determine their efficacy in separating Heterodera glycines proteins by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). (usda.gov)
  • As in SDS-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), the LMWs are separated based on size. (pharmtech.com)
HPLC1
  • Shim-pack GIS series columns are packed with high purity silica gel and are your ideal generic HPLC columns. (shimadzu.com)
Host cell proteins4
  • Several preparative purifications steps are often deployed to remove bi-products, such as host cell proteins, which poses as a potential threat to the patient's health. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, the therapeutic proteins have to eventually be separated from host cell proteins and other contaminants. (bioradiations.com)
  • Residual undesired proteins-host-cell proteins (HCPs) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) species-have the potential to affect the safety and efficacy of biopharmaceuticals. (pharmtech.com)
  • The most common protein-based impurities that downstream processes are developed to control include high- and low-molecular-weight species, charge-variants, and host-cell proteins. (pharmtech.com)
Separation4
  • Separation of one protein from all others is typically the most laborious aspect of protein purification. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is an increasingly popular separation mode that can be used to improve the retention of challenging polar analytes. (shimadzu.com)
  • Theory of separation a column is made up of swollen gel particles and the solvent used to swell the gel in a suitable tubular container. (web.app)
  • On the contrary, protein separation can be applied to some extend prior to the digestion step. (chromedia.org)
Mixtures4
  • Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of particles of varying masses or densities suspended in a liquid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pre-Fractionation of Complex Protein Mixtures for 2-D PAGE Using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography Volker Badock and Albrecht Otto 12. (nhbs.com)
  • This course provides fundamental concepts and techniques to separate and analyze chemical mixtures, such as biomolecules. (elac.edu)
  • Though many methods are used in the process of obtaining pure proteins, chromatography is commonly used to separate complex biological mixtures and isolate proteins of interest prior to downstream characterization. (bioradiations.com)
Agarose Gel Electrophor1
Isolate3
  • Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pure result may be termed protein isolate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples include the preparation of commercial products such as enzymes (e.g. lactase), nutritional proteins (e.g. soy protein isolate), and certain biopharmaceuticals (e.g. insulin). (wikipedia.org)
Proteomics8
  • The issue of abundant (often housekeeping) proteins masking regulatory proteins of lower abundance (such as signaling proteins and cytokines) continues to be a challenging issue for proteomics particularly in the case of biofluids. (hindawi.com)
  • While modern proteomics experiments permit the analysis of hundreds to thousands of proteins in complex samples, the most powerful use of this data would combine information on protein activity with the identities of the active proteins. (hindawi.com)
  • Proteomics deals with the study of proteins at large scale. (proprofs.com)
  • Do you know proteomics is a combination of two words, i.e., protein and genome. (proprofs.com)
  • Proteomics is the study of proteins and their functions within an organism. (proprofs.com)
  • Proteomics is a field of study that involves the identification and characterization of proteins. (proprofs.com)
  • Abstract Proteomics aims to characterize the entire complement of proteins expressed in a cell, tissue, or organism under defined conditions to study the relevance of proteins in a biological process. (chromedia.org)
  • To do this we are using a "proteomics" approach in which nematode proteins are separated, identified and quantified using a device called a mass spectrometer. (usda.gov)
Interactions6
  • Protein purification is vital for the specification of the function, structure and interactions of the protein of interest. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, they share a similar protein architecture based on an N-terminal ssDNA binding domain of ~180 amino acids and a C-terminal extension that in the case of RAD52 is required for homologous recombination (HR) through specific protein-protein interactions 6 . (nature.com)
  • Protein localization aims to determine the specific cellular or subcellular location of proteins, which helps in understanding their roles and interactions. (proprofs.com)
  • It has been known that liquiritin from licorice forms complexation with aconitine and therefore reduces the amount of free aconitine [ 7 ], indicating that interactions between aconitine with other major amphiphilic compounds (i.e., protein) from licorice may facilitate the formation of aconitine complex of such kind, too. (springer.com)
  • pH should not affect folded protein stability and stabilize interactions. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • There are also readily reproducible methods for protein expression profiling, identifying protein-protein interactions, and protein chip technology, as well as a range of newly developed methodologies for determining the structure and function of a protein. (nhbs.com)
Recombinant protein2
  • Since the early 1980s, when the first recombinant protein was used for therapeutic purposes, there has been a steady and accelerating rise in the number of protein-based therapeutics. (bioradiations.com)
  • When the rare tRNAs are depleted to produce the recombinant protein, proliferation of the host cells is restricted, leading to low yield. (hideyuki-ts.com)
Characterization of proteins1
  • Proteomic approaches have proven powerful at identifying large numbers of proteins, but there are fewer reports of functional characterization of proteins in biological tissues. (hindawi.com)
Fractions5
  • Proteins identified within the fraction with monocyte promigratory activity and not in other inactive fractions included vimentin, PEDF, and TIMP-1. (hindawi.com)
  • Here we show by mass spectrometric analyses of enriched insoluble protein fractions that, unexpectedly, nucleus-encoded transporters are not inserted into the chromatophore inner envelope membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • Majorly whey portion of milk contains five fractions which altogether make up 85% of whey protein. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Blood samples should be separated into plasma or serum and cell fractions prior to freezing if the selenium levels in these components are to be measured separately. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrodynamic size in each of 40 size fractions separated by AF4 was measured by dynamic light scattering. (cdc.gov)
Homologous4
  • Single strand annealing proteins (SSAPs) like Redβ initiate homologous recombination by annealing complementary DNA strands. (nature.com)
  • Cell 75:495, 1993), and a series of unique E6-AP homologous proteins have been identified (Huibregtse et al. (justia.com)
  • When we know the sequence of GOI, we can do a BLAST to find possible homologous proteins, and study any relavant scientific literature. (hideyuki-ts.com)
  • The structure of some homologous proteins might have been solved previously and we can refer to their expression and purification strategies, which might prevent some waste of time on trial-and-errors. (hideyuki-ts.com)
Stationary phase1
Fractionation5
  • Previous proteomic studies of intact platelets have collectively identified hundreds of proteins using a variety of fractionation strategies including 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), multidimensional chromatographic separations, membrane prefractionation techniques, and adsorption to combinatorial hexapeptide ligand libraries [ 1 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Fractionation of Complex Proteomes by Microscale Solution Isoelectrofocusing Using ZOOM IEF Fractionators to Improve Protein Profiling - Xun Zuo, Ki-Beom Lee and David W. Speicher 13. (nhbs.com)
  • The digestion can be performed early in the sample preparation step without any protein pre fractionation. (chromedia.org)
  • Proteins are isolated from the organism by biochemical fractionation. (chromedia.org)
  • Rubinstein, A , Gatien, JG & Merler, E 1976, ' Fractionation of the non-histone proteins of antigen-reactive human lymphocytes: Criteria for the specificity of antigen uptake ', Immunochemistry , vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 59-65. (elsevierpure.com)
Lipids1
  • The optimized ACNVs had an average size of about 119 nm and showed a typical cup-shaped nanostructure containing lipids, proteins, and RNAs. (dovepress.com)
Centrifugation2
  • Total proteins were precipitated in 95% ethanol at -20°C and recovered by centrifugation. (cdc.gov)
  • Human lymphocytes were disrupted by N 2 cavitation, the nuclei isolated by differential centrifugation, the chromatin purified, and the DNA separated from chromatin proteins by chromatography on Bio-Gel A 5M in the presence of 4 M guanidine-HCl. (elsevierpure.com)
Peptide3
  • Following activation by agonists such as thrombin, platelets release storage granules and membrane vesicles that contain prothrombotic (e.g., fibrinogen), mitogenic (e.g., platelet derived growth factor), immunomodulatory (e.g., neutrophil-activating peptide 2), and adhesive (e.g., platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) proteins. (hindawi.com)
  • Protein and peptide chromatography prior to MS analysis can partly address this issue. (hindawi.com)
  • These proteins show similar domain architectures as known organelle-targeted expression regulators of the octotrico peptide repeat type in algae and plants. (frontiersin.org)
Serum5
  • Serum or Plasma Sample Preparation for Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis - Anthony G. Sullivan, Stephen Russell, Henry Brzeski, Richard I. Somiari and Craig D. Shriver 7. (nhbs.com)
  • Serum albumin, added to a medium containing oleate, substituted for the alpha globulin protein required by these two treponemes. (vt.edu)
  • Serum collected using standard sampling tubes or tubes containing separating gel. (cdc.gov)
  • Stability of serum obtained with tubes containing separating gel: 48 hours at 2-8°C (note the data provided by the tube manufacturer). (cdc.gov)
  • This assay used vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) obtained from rat serum as the binding agent and exploited the capacity of vitamin D in test samples to displace bound [3 H]25(OH)D3 from DBP. (medscape.com)
Silica gel2
  • Shim-pack MAqC-ODS I reversed-phase columns are packed with a silica gel containing metal and added octadecylsilyl group. (shimadzu.com)
  • Shim-pack WAX/WCX series columns are chemically-bonded hydrophilic silica gel based ion exchange columns. (shimadzu.com)
Contaminants3
  • Ideally, to study a protein of interest, it must be separated from other components of the cell so that contaminants won't interfere in the examination of the protein of interest's structure and function. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, a high yield with low purification levels leave many contaminants (proteins other than the one interest) which interfere in research purposes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The properties of the different types of residual protein contaminants in biologic drugs vary significantly, leading to the need to use different analytical methods to detect and monitor each. (pharmtech.com)
Albumin2
  • Plasma has a significant dynamic range, with more than 10 orders of magnitude separating albumin concentration and the rarest measurable proteins identified to date [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Fifty percent of the total protein content of commercial alpha globulin was found to be albumin. (vt.edu)
Antibodies3
  • The antibodies induced by one protein variant were shown to be qualitatively similar to responses induced by other vaccine platforms. (nature.com)
  • We recommend this product for protein labeling, including labeling of antibodies as a perfect replacement for Cy5® maleimide. (lumiprobe.com)
  • Modulating agents include human E3 ubiquitin ligases, antibodies thereto and variants thereof, as well as related proteins. (justia.com)
Residual proteins2
  • An alternative approach is to detect residual proteins from the blood meal. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the identification and quantification of some of these residual proteins, particularly in the presence of large concentrations of the product protein, can be challenging. (pharmtech.com)
Biological2
  • Complex biological samples have also been successfully separated in multiple dimensions at the protein level. (hindawi.com)
  • When exposed to biological medium or multiple composition dispersions like herbal decoction, protein corona formed on the nanoparticles (NPs) diversely alters the biological fate and pharmaceutical efficacy of particles [ 10 ]. (springer.com)
Extraction4
  • Extraction and Solubilization of Proteins for Proteomic Studies - Richard M. Leimgruber 2. (nhbs.com)
  • Lipid extraction of alpha globulin showed that both a protein and a lipid fraction were required for growth. (vt.edu)
  • We evaluated an efficient extraction method to solubilize more nematode proteins. (usda.gov)
  • This information will be useful to scientists interested in high quality extraction of proteins from nematodes and it will advance research targeted to developing new modes of resistance in plants to nematodes. (usda.gov)
Mammalian2
  • Here, we show that APP can coimmunoprecipitate NEEP21 from nontransgenic mouse brain and from mammalian cells stably coexpressing both proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recombinant proteins are generally produced in mammalian host cells to ensure that protein therapeutics are correctly folded and have the right posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation, to ensure they are tolerated by patients. (bioradiations.com)
Solubility3
  • For crystallography studies, a protein sample with high purity, solubility and yield must be obtained. (hideyuki-ts.com)
  • The expression and purification strategies depend on the characteristics of the protein of interest, such as size, shape, intrinsic solubility, requirement of post-translational modifications and/or cofactors, presence of disulfide bridges, in vitro stability. (hideyuki-ts.com)
  • We might fail in crystallising the single full-length protein (often because of low solubility). (hideyuki-ts.com)
Downstream1
  • Understanding of the different protein purification methods and optimizing the downstream processing are critical to minimize production costs while maintaining the quality of acceptable standards of homogeneity. (wikipedia.org)
Concentration2
  • Quantification involves measuring the abundance or concentration of proteins, which can be done using various methods such as label-based or label-free quantification techniques. (proprofs.com)
  • Eluted proteins were added to heated abnormal bile at a final concentration of 250 μg/ml to study the effect on cholesterol nucleation. (wustl.edu)
Casein2
  • Whole cells of T. denticola were shown to have proteolytic activity toward casein and alpha globulin proteins. (vt.edu)
  • The milk protein system is constituted majorly by two kinds of proteins: approximately 80% (w/w) casein, which is generally extracted from skim milk through precipitation using either an acid (isoelectric precipitation) or enzymes (rennet coagulation) and 20% whey, which is a leftover byproduct after the casein is extracted [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Methods12
  • The protein manufacturing cost remains high and there is a growing demand to develop cost efficient and rapid protein purification methods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on how fragile the protein is and how stable the cells are, one could, for instance, use one of the following methods: i) repeated freezing and thawing, ii) sonication, iii) homogenization by high pressure (French press), iv) homogenization by grinding (bead mill), and v) permeabilization by detergents (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, this study demonstrates that using proteomic methods on our transgenic model can uncover important in vivo APP-interacting proteins that will provide insights into the biology of APP. (jneurosci.org)
  • Protein-based methods. (chipsbooks.com)
  • Gel-based methods. (chipsbooks.com)
  • One of the most widely used methods for the isolation and purification of recombinant proteins is chromatography. (bioradiations.com)
  • In all three methods, nematode proteins were well separated with minor variations in the intensity of the protein spots. (usda.gov)
  • The phenol method showed higher protein resolution and spot intensity of all proteins compared with the other two methods. (usda.gov)
  • If there really are 2 (or more) different types of subunits, which of the following methods is most likely to separate them? (nursingdons.com)
  • Using Vpu proteins from a primary subtype C and the pNL4-3 subtype B isolates of HIV-1, we show oligomerization of the full-length protein as well as its transmembrane (TM) domain by genetic, biochemical and biophysical methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiple methods are required for detecting and removing protein impurities. (pharmtech.com)
  • Outline an expression and purification strategy, using both traditional and high-throughput methods, to produce a sample suitable for protein crystallography. (hideyuki-ts.com)
Purity5
  • Whether that protein is the drug itself or the target for the drug, researchers must be absolutely sure of its identity and purity. (bioradiations.com)
  • But consulting a chromatogram does not always provide adequate confirmation of protein purity. (bioradiations.com)
  • Purity assessments are an important part of the protein purification workflow. (bioradiations.com)
  • This chromatogram and SDS-PAGE gel highlight the importance of protein purity assessment throughout your purification workflow. (bioradiations.com)
  • Non-histone and histone proteins were obtained in satisfactory purity as shown by amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis. (elsevierpure.com)
Molecular weights2
  • When separating out proteins of different molecular weights. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Shimpack gpc 80m mixed gel columns 80mc, 80md mixed gel columns that produce linear calibration curves over a wide range of molecular weights. (web.app)
Liquid4
  • Non-compacted particles remain mostly in the liquid called "supernatant" and can be removed from the vessel thereby separating the supernatant from the pellet. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oligosaccharide fingerprinting employing high performance anion exchange liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD). (chipsbooks.com)
  • Over the past three decades, chromatography, specifically liquid chromatography, has become the technology of choice in the purification of biotherapeutics, due in large part to its resolving power. (bioradiations.com)
  • The first liquid-chromatography (LC)-based method was presented in 1977. (medscape.com)
Abstract1
  • abstract = "Non-histone proteins were separated from the nuclei of lymphocytes for the purpose of testing if antigen, following antigen uptake, could be localized within this fraction. (elsevierpure.com)
Interaction2
  • These proteins may modulate the interaction of platelets with their local cellular environment. (hindawi.com)
  • As evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation experiments, the dsDNA recombination function relates to the Redα-Redβ protein-protein interaction, which requires not only contacts in the C-terminal domain but also a region near the N-terminus. (nature.com)
Viral4
  • The HIV-1 Vpu protein is an oligomeric integral membrane protein essential for particle release, viral load and CD4 degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One such protein is viral protein U (Vpu) that is encoded by HIV-1 but not HIV-2 or the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whether Vpu is a viral pathogenesis factor remains to be established, but compared to HIV-1, closely related retroviruses such as HIV-2 and SIV that lack expression of a fully functional Vpu protein also cause less severe disease outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A variety of extracellular stimuli including mitogens, cytokines, antigens, stress inducing agents, UV light and viral proteins initiate a signal transduction pathway that ultimately leads to NF-κB release and activation. (justia.com)
Full-length protein1
  • This work identifies Drosophila S2 cells as a clinically-relevant platform suited for the production of 'difficult-to-make' proteins from Plasmodium parasites, and identifies a PfRH5 sequence variant that can be used for clinical production of a non-glycosylated, soluble full-length protein vaccine immunogen. (nature.com)
Bacterial3
  • When a vessel (typically a tube or bottle) containing a mixture of proteins or other particulate matter, such as bacterial cells, is rotated at high speeds, the inertia of each particle yields a force in the direction of the particles velocity that is proportional to its mass. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bacterial surfaceome, comprising outer membrane-sorted and/or associated (i.e., cell transporters), cell surface-exposed (i.e., adhesins) and extracellularly secreted proteins (i.e., toxins), has been characterized in bacterial pathogens, such as Bordetella pertussis (Bp) to provide information for use in development of diagnostic and prevention strategies. (cdc.gov)
  • This protein subset has clinical significance, as these bacterial proteins are often associated with attachment to host cells, microbial pathogenesis and antibody-mediated immunity. (cdc.gov)
Applied enzyme1
  • The most widely applied enzyme for this digestion step is trypsin which cleaves the protein at the carboxylic site of arginine and lysine. (chromedia.org)
Proteomic1
  • NanoLC-MS plays an important role in both top-down and bottom-up proteomic analysis for protein identification. (chromedia.org)
Cells6
  • If the protein of interest is not secreted by the organism into the surrounding solution, the first step of each purification process is the disruption of the cells containing the protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein expression involves analyzing the levels of protein production in different cells or tissues, which can provide insights into disease mechanisms or drug responses. (proprofs.com)
  • Purification of Nucleoli From Lymphoma Cells and Solubilization of Nucleolar Proteins for 2-DE Separations - Regis Dieckmann, Yohanne Coute, Denis Hochstrasser, Jean-Jacques Diaz and Jean-Charles Sanchez 11. (nhbs.com)
  • Alpha globulin proteins were also found avidly attached to T. denticola cells that had been suspended in alpha globulin. (vt.edu)
  • On the other hand, antigen mostly degraded but still capable of precipitating with antibody was separated bound to the non-histone proteins of B-cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The host cells used for fermentation/cell culture produce HCPs necessary for the cells to function (growth, gene transcription, protein synthesis, etc.) and during cell death. (pharmtech.com)
Antigens1
  • Other antigens that bound IgE did not return significant matches from the protein databank. (cdc.gov)
Subcellular1
  • The goal of this study was to examine the nature and expression pattern of the protein product(s) of the Thap1 transcription factor ( DYT6 gene) in mouse neurons, and to study the regional and developmental distribution, and subcellular localization of Thap1 protein. (biomedcentral.com)
Including identification1
  • Analytical purification produces a relatively small amount of a protein for a variety of research or analytical purposes, including identification, quantification, and studies of the protein's structure, post-translational modifications and function. (wikipedia.org)
Utmost importance2
  • The overall attractiveness of recombinant proteins as therapeutics means that the ability to effectively formulate and develop them is of the utmost importance. (bioradiations.com)
  • Several reports show that protein deficiency is one of the major health concerns globally [ 7 ] , and considering this condition, the introduction of dietary protein-rich supplements is of utmost importance. (encyclopedia.pub)
Size2
  • The best option here is B because it is used to separate size using porous bead packed in a column. (indiabix.com)
  • Gel permeationsize exclusion chromatography 5 chapter 2 gpcsec overview 6 polymers 6 size matters 6 how does gpcsec work 7 who uses gpcsec, what for and why 8 calibrations 8. (web.app)
Functional5
  • These shared biochemical, protein sequence and functional similarities suggest the existence of an ancestral annealing mechanism involved in HR. (nature.com)
  • Milk whey proteins are one of the most valued constituents due to their nutritional and techno-functional attributes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In addition to their bioactivities, whey proteins are known to possess enhanced functional attributes that allow them to be utilized in broad applications, such as an encapsulating agent or carrier materials to entrap bioactive compounds, emulsification, and in edible and active packaging. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Besides, proteins extracted from milk are well characterized for their multiple functional characteristics and are utilized by several industries in food applications. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This review focuses on exploiting the bioactive and functional properties of milk whey proteins. (encyclopedia.pub)
Study6
  • A previous study from our laboratory using a MuDPIT (multidimensional protein identification technology) approach identified over 300 proteins secreted by platelets upon thrombin activation [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, this study demonstrates that our transgenic model can uncover important in vivo APP-interacting proteins that will contribute to our understanding of APP processing in in vivo settings. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, a boiling-stable 31-kDa protein (namely GP) was purified from licorice and self-assembled into nanoparticles (206.2 ± 2.0 nm) at pH 5.0, 25 °C. The aconitine-encapsulated GP nanoparticles (238.2 ± 1.2 nm) were prepared following the same procedure and tested for its toxicity by intraperitoneal injection on ICR mouse ( n = 8). (springer.com)
  • The present study deals with formulation and evaluation of flexible liposome embedded thermoreversible in situ intranasal gel of rizatriptan benzoate. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Thus present study concludes that flexible liposome enriched thermoreversible, mucoadhesive in situ intranasal gel of rizatriptan benzoate is a safe and effective drug delivery system for treatment of migraine. (ijpsonline.com)
  • In order to study the biology of endogenous Thap1 protein, we have applied a series of molecular and immunochemical approaches. (biomedcentral.com)
Abundant1
  • Based on immunological and mass spectrometric analysis, SALSA was estimated to constitute up to 4-10% of the total protein amount in meconium, making it one of the most abundant proteins. (researchgate.net)
Oligosaccharide1
Bound1
Encapsulation1
  • Encapsulation of poisonous alkaloids into self-assembled herbal protein nanoparticles contributes to toxicity attenuation of combined use of herbs, implying a prototype nanostructure and a universal principle for the safer clinical applications of herbal medicines. (springer.com)
Species2
  • Excessive Ca 2 + entry through glutamate receptors activates a large array of potential neurotoxic mechanisms, which include activation of enzymes such as phospholipases, calpains and other proteases, protein kinases, nitric oxide synthetase, endonucleases, as well as reactive oxygen species (for review, see Sattler and Tymianski, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Electrophoresis is often a companion technique to chromatography because it allows researchers an orthogonal method with which to visualize the protein species present in a sample. (bioradiations.com)
Analytical1
  • Protein purification is either preparative or analytical. (wikipedia.org)
Total protein1
  • Bovine milk contains approximately a total protein of 3.5%, fats, and essential vitamins, that support growth and development [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)