This process is catalyzed by a multi-mega Dalton ribonucleoprotein complex called the spliceosome, which is assembled from five small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP) in the form of RNA-protein complexes (U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6) and hundreds of proteins. (cuny.edu)
We showed that incubation with the NineTeen Complex (NTC)-related protein RBM22, which has been implicated in the remodeling of the U2-U6 snRNA complex to render it catalytically active, favors the formation of the three-helix conformer as seen in cryo-EM images of spliceosome. (cuny.edu)
The core spliceosome component PRPF8 is essential for spliceosome assembly through its participation in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes for splice-site recognition, branch-point formation and catalysis. (biomedcentral.com)
This process is carried out by the human spliceosome machinery, in which over 300 proteins sequentially assemble with uridine-rich small nuclear RNA molecules (U snRNAs) to form distinct small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (snRNPs). (biomedcentral.com)
The large ~280-kDa U5 snRNP protein PRPF8 is central to the dynamics of spliceosome assembly [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Belongs also to the minor U12-dependent spliceosome, which is involved in the splicing of rare class of nuclear pre-mRNA intron (PubMed:15146077). (icr.ac.uk)
The major (U2) spliceosome removes majority of introns, while minute fraction of intron repertoire is processed by the minor (U12) spliceosome. (ijbs.com)
The major difference lies in the ribonucleotide components, while the major spliceosome contains U1, U2, U4, and U6 snRNPs, the minor one consists of functionally equivalent U11, U12, U4atac, and U6atac snRNPs, with U5 snRNP present in both spliceosomes [ 9 - 10 ]. (ijbs.com)
This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of U11/U12-35K, also termed protein HM-1, or U1 snRNP-binding protein homolog, and is one of the components of the U11/U12 snRNP, which is a subunit of the minor (U12-dependent) spliceosome required for splicing U12-type nuclear pre-mRNA introns. (nih.gov)
It may facilitate 5' splice site recognition in the minor spliceosome and play a role in exon bridging, interacting with components of the major spliceosome bound to the pyrimidine tract of an upstream U2-type intron. (nih.gov)
According to the current model of pre-mRNA splicing, the five splicing snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) are thought to assemble on the pre mRNA, forming a large ribonucleoprotein complex called a spliceosome (Protein-RNA complex that removes introns in eukaryotic nuclear RNAs. (maxanim.com)
The decision on which splice sites are selected under particular cellular conditions is determined by the interaction of additional proteins, globally designated as splicing factors (SFs), that guide spliceosomal components and thereby the spliceosome to the respective splice sites (Matlin et al. (biomedigs.org)
Human pre-mRNA splicing involves dynamic stepwise reactions in a huge protein-RNA complex called "spliceosome," which includes five kinds of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, called U snRNPs, and many protein factors. (innovitaresearch.com)
It is carried out by the spliceosome, composed of five small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). (upf.edu)
Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex composed of five small nuclear RNP particles (snRNPs) and additional proteins. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
This crucial step in gene expression is catalyzed by the spliceosome a multicomponent RNP complex which consists of five major U1 U2 U4 U5 and U6 small nuclear RNP particles (snRNPs) in addition to other proteins (for reviews see Will and Lührmann 2001 Jurica and Moore 2003 Wahl et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
The spliceosome then undergoes extensive conformational and compositional rearrangements that result in the release of U1 and U4 snRNA together with their corresponding U1 and U4/U6 snRNP-specific proteins and the formation of the catalytic core that is essential for the transesterification reactions. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
WW domain-mediated interactions reveal a spliceosome-associated protein that binds a third class of proline-rich motif: the proline glycine and methionine-rich motif. (embl.de)
Splicing includes a series of biochemical reactions , which are catalyzed by the spliceosome , a complex of small nuclear ribonucleo-proteins ( snRNPs ). (wikidoc.org)
While the minor and major spliceosomes contain the same U5 snRNP , the minor spliceosome has different, but functionally analogous snRNPs for U1, U2, U4, and U6, which are respectively called U11 , U12 , U4atac, and U6atac. (wikidoc.org)
Group I and II introns perform splicing similar to the spliceosome without requiring any protein. (wikidoc.org)
SnRNPs10
The spliceosomes consist of four small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and over a hundred of non-snRNP proteins that associate with snRNPs at some point during the splicing [ 4 - 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
The splicing apparatus in eukaryotic messenger RNAs consists of several components called small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (discovered and named by J. Steitz and colleagues), abbreviated as snRNPs and pronounced "snurps. (maxanim.com)
It consists of five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) and over 200 additional proteins (Wahl et al. (biomedigs.org)
The core particles of the U1, U2, U4, and U5 snRNPs are formed by Sm proteins, whereas the LY404039 U6 snRNP contains the related Lsm2 (Like Sm2) to Lsm8 proteins (Tharun, 2009). (biomedigs.org)
Subsequently, U2 snRNP binds to the branch point, and a preformed complex of U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs is recruited to the intron. (biomedigs.org)
Purification of the individual snRNPs U1, U2, U5 and U4/U6 from HeLa cells and characterization of their protein constituents. (cyphergenomics.com)
A process is described for the purification of the person main small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) U1, U2, U5 and U4/U6 from HeLa cells. (cyphergenomics.com)
When splicing is accomplished mature mRNA is released and the U2 U5 and U6 snRNPs dissociate from the intron lariat to be recycled for subsequent rounds of splicing. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Multiple studies performed in yeast and mammalian systems have demonstrated the association of U1 and U2 snRNPs with U4/U6 and U4/U6?U5 snRNPs in the absence of pre-mRNA (Konarska and Sharp 1988 Wassarman and Steitz 1992 This alternative view was supported when the 45S complex was isolated from a yeast extract and was found to contain all five snRNPs. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
It is composed of the U1 , U2 , U4 , U5 , and U6 snRNPs . (wikidoc.org)
Subunit3
This gene encodes subunit 1 of the splicing factor 3b protein complex. (cancer-genetics.org)
U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 35 kDa subunit- related protein 2 (U2(RNU2) small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1-like 2) (CCCH type zinc finger, RNA-binding motif and serine/arginine rich protein 2) (Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-20). (yellowcouch.org)
U2AF35, the small subunit of U2AF, binds to the intron/exon border, whereas the large subunit U2AF65 binds to a region rich in pyrimidines designated the polypyrimidine tract (Figure 1). (biomedigs.org)
Heterogeneous4
2012). The main families of these SFs are the Ser/Arg-rich (SR) proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (hnRNP) proteins. (biomedigs.org)
To analyze splicing activity, they selected HNRNPH1 pre-mRNA (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1) including a 56-nt short intron. (innovitaresearch.com)
The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) C proteins, among the most abundant pre-mRNA-binding proteins in the eukaryotic nucleus, have a single RNP motif RNA-binding domain. (korea.ac.kr)
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP L) interacted with this ESS, and downregulation of hnRNP L expression induced an increase in the caspase-9a/9b ratio. (elsevierpure.com)
MRNA24
The protein encoded by this gene associates with stem loop IV of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U2 snRNP) in the presence of snRNP-A'. The encoded protein may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing. (wikipedia.org)
U2 and U6 small nuclear (sn)RNAs are the only snRNAs directly implicated in catalyzing the splicing of pre-mRNA, but assembly and rearrangement steps prior to catalysis require numerous proteins. (cuny.edu)
It is transcribed in a 14 kb mRNA, and the 11kb cDNA encodes a 3685 amino acid protein of 427 kDa called Dystrophin. (pressbooks.pub)
SF3B complex is required for 'A' complex assembly formed by the stable binding of U2 snRNP to the branchpoint sequence (BPS) in pre-mRNA. (icr.ac.uk)
Sequence independent binding of SF3A/SF3B complex upstream of the branch site is essential, it may anchor U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA (PubMed:12234937). (icr.ac.uk)
The splicing factor 3b/3a complex binds pre-mRNA upstream of the intron's branch site in a sequence independent manner and may anchor the U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA. (cancer-genetics.org)
And this essentially sums up what happens in bacteria: the 'molecular machines' of protein synthesis, the ribosomes, grasp hold of the messenger RNA (mRNA) immediately it is synthesised and start making proteins. (chemistryworld.com)
Messenger RNA is synthesised directly from the DNA making up the genes, as in bacteria, but this is an immature 'pre-mRNA' that must undergo successive chemical modifications - and be exported from the nucleus where it is formed - before it can be used in protein synthesis. (chemistryworld.com)
Splicing is the process through which non-coding segments of DNA, known as introns, are removed from pre-mRNA and the remaining exons joined to form one long protein-coding sequence. (chemistryworld.com)
These proteins bind specific sequences in the pre-mRNA called intronic or exonic splicing enhancer or LY404039 suppressor sequences. (biomedigs.org)
Splice site selection will reflect the relative occupation of these sequences and LY404039 interactions among different proteins on a pre-mRNA (Witten and Ule, 2011). (biomedigs.org)
In higher organisms, however, most of the coding-gene transcripts, or pre-mRNAs, are separated by non-coding sequences called "introns," which must be cut out or "spliced" to make mature mRNA that can be translated into protein. (innovitaresearch.com)
The essential splicing signal sequences in pre-mRNA-the 5' splice site, the branch-site sequence, and the poly-pyrimidine tract (PPT) followed by the 3′ splice site-are bound by the splicing factors U1 snRNP, U2 snRNP, and U2AF 65 /U2AF 35 , respectively, which together constitute the spliceosomal A complex. (innovitaresearch.com)
In this paper we report the use of Sm autoantibodies to isolate a cDNA clone for the mRNA of one of these nuclear antigens. (elsevierpure.com)
This led to the identification of a cDNA clone, p281, containing sequences complementary to mRNA for an Sm autoantibody-reactive, 11,000 M(r) protein. (elsevierpure.com)
This cloned Sm antigen comigrated with the small nuclear RNA-associated protein known as 'E' and reacted with four out of four Sm autoantibodies that precipitate E protein from total mRNA translation products. (elsevierpure.com)
After mRNA processing, most transcripts are exported to the cytoplasm for translation into protein. (berkeley.edu)
Each mRNA transcript can serve as template for repeated translation into protein by ribosomes. (berkeley.edu)
The number of protein products produced by any single mRNA can vary widely. (berkeley.edu)
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) is a critical regulatory mechanism that operates extensively in the nervous system to produce diverse protein isoforms. (princeton.edu)
The splicing prepares the pre-mRNA to produce the mature messenger RNA (mRNA), which then undergoes translation as part of the protein synthesis to produce proteins . (wikidoc.org)
Little is known about the mechanisms governing caspase-9 expression, but post-transcriptional pre-mRNA processing generates 2 splice variants from the caspase-9 gene, pro-apoptotic caspase-9a and anti-apoptotic caspase-9b. (elsevierpure.com)
Auxiliary factor2
Expression of IRAK4-L is mediated by mutant U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1 (U2AF1) and is associated with oncogenic signalling in MDS and AML. (cancer-genetics.org)
U2 auxiliary factor 2 (U2AF2) showed strong correlation with SNHG4 , while low-expression of U2AF2 showed good prognosis. (xiahepublishing.com)
U2AF1
The initial step of splice site recognition comprises U1 snRNP binding to the 5splice site and U2 auxillary factor (U2AF) binding to the 3splice site. (biomedigs.org)
SnRNA6
It helps the A' protein to bind stem loop IV of U2 snRNA. (nih.gov)
Previous studies have shown that the protein-free U2-U6 snRNA complex adopts two conformations in equilibrium, characterized by four and three helices surrounding a central junction. (cuny.edu)
To analyze the role of the central junction in positioning elements forming the active site, we derived three-dimensional models of the two conformations from distances measured between fluorophores at selected locations in constructs representing the protein-free human U2-U6 snRNA complex by time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer. (cuny.edu)
Binding analysis of interaction between yU2-U6 snRNA and a partial homologue of RBM22 in yeast, Cwc2, reveals a specific interaction between them, indicating a specific conformation of the active site stabilized by the protein. (cuny.edu)
2009 Each snRNP consists of a unique small nuclear RNA (snRNA) associated with a specific set of proteins and a ring of seven Sm or Lsm proteins (Urlaub et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Mutations associated with these diseases are clustered in or near the stem- loop III of U12 snRNA, with three of the mutations located in the Sm protein binding site. (jcu.edu)
These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the high level of conservation of U12 intron positions and their persistence in genomes despite the unidirectional U12 to U2 conversion are explained by the role of the slowly excised U12 introns in down-regulation of gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Probable orthologs were identified among human and Arabidopsis genes containing U12 introns by BLAST comparison, and the intron positions were mapped onto aligned protein sequences as previously described ([ 16 ] and Additional file 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Because of the stronger signal constrain at the 5´ SS of U12-type introns, this process is believed to be unidirectional, as switching intron type from U2 to U12 would require too many concurrent changes [ 7 , 14 , 16 ]. (ijbs.com)
Finally, biochemical analyses and splicing assays with various mutant SPF45 proteins helped establish the model of SPF45-dependent splicing on a short intron with a truncated PPT (Figure 1). (innovitaresearch.com)
Initially intron boundaries are Meclofenamate Sodium recognized when the U1 snRNP interacts with the 5′ splice site and the U2 snRNP and associated factors interact with the branch point. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
RNAs1
They downregulated these proteins' expression in a human cell line (HeLa cells) using small interfering RNAs (siRNA). (innovitaresearch.com)
Genes14
We report that the positions of minor, U12 introns are conserved in orthologous genes from human and Arabidopsis to an even greater extent than the positions of the major, U2 introns. (biomedcentral.com)
The U12 introns, especially, conserved ones are concentrated in 5'-portions of plant and animal genes, where the U12 to U2 conversions occurs preferentially in the 3'-portions of genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) play a critical role in the occurrence and development of tumors. (xiahepublishing.com)
The number of protein-coding genes in the human genome is now known to be about 20,400: barely more than that of the millimetre-long nematode worm that is beloved of geneticists worldwide as a simple model organism. (chemistryworld.com)
The puzzle of how a relatively small number of genes can give rise to the vast complexity and variety of vertebrate biology is a complicated one, but its main solution can be found in the path between the genome and the proteome. (chemistryworld.com)
Alternative splicing, in which different sets of exons from the same gene can be joined to form different proteins, occurs in about 95% of human genes. (chemistryworld.com)
It has been suggested that the mere 20,000 or so genes in our genomes might produce as many as half a million different proteins. (chemistryworld.com)
Insect genes that harbor U12-type introns belong to several functional categories among which proteins binding ions and nucleic acids are enriched and these few categories are also overrepresented among these genes that preserved minor type introns in Diptera . (ijbs.com)
Most eukaryotic protein coding genes are intervened by non-coding sequences called introns ( Int ervening r egi ons ) [ 1 ], which are being removed from the primary transcript in the process of splicing [ 2 - 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
METHODS: The expression of genes and proteins associated with aging was examined using NIH3T3 cell lines. (bvsalud.org)
Whithout mutations we would know very little about inheritance and the existence of genes. (intechopen.com)
Protein-coding genes carry the blueprint for protein production. (innovitaresearch.com)
Spliceosomal introns often reside in eukaryotic protein-coding genes. (wikidoc.org)
Recombinant proteins1
Explore our solutions for multiple applications - vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cell or gene therapy. (vwr.com)
Gene Ontology1
Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses and assessment of RNA binding proteins were performed by R software, circlncRNAnet and Encyclopedia of RNA Interactomes (ENCORI). (xiahepublishing.com)
Molecules2
One such autoantibody system, known as Sm, reacts with antigens associated with small nuclear RNA molecules. (elsevierpure.com)
Although the two splicing mechanisms described below do not require any proteins to occur, 5 additional RNA molecules and over 50 proteins are used and hydrolyzes many ATP molecules. (wikidoc.org)
Sequence5
A beta-hairpin comprising the nuclear localization sequence sustains the self-associated states of nucleosome assembly protein 1. (colorado.edu)
Moreover, U11/U12-35K shows significant sequence homology to U1 snRNP-specific 70 kDa protein (U1-70K or snRNP70). (nih.gov)
Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. (yeastgenome.org)
Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. (yeastgenome.org)
Click "Protein Details" for further information about the protein such as half-life, abundance, domains, domains shared with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein. (yeastgenome.org)
Antigen1
In light of existing evidence that the mammalian Sm antigen E is a weaker autoantigen than other small nuclear RNA-associated proteins, these results suggest a possible correlation between a protein's capacity to serve as an autoantigen during breakdown of the host's immunological tolerance and its extent of evolutionary conservation, whereas the inverse relationship applies to conventional immunity. (elsevierpure.com)
Cells8
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) was the dominant alternatively spliced isoform in MDS and AML and is characterized by a longer isoform that retains exon 4, which encodes IRAK4-long (IRAK4-L), a protein that assembles with the myddosome, results in maximal activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of B cells (NF-κB) and is essential for leukaemic cell function. (cancer-genetics.org)
NIH3T3 senescent cells were detected by senescence-ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-Gal) staining, and Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of p16, p53, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR), p62, and Light Chain 3 (LC3). (bvsalud.org)
Fluorescence was used to detect the expression of monomeric red fluorescence protein-green fluorescence protein-Light Chain 3 (mRFP-GFP-LC3) and LC3 puncta in NIH3T3 cells. (bvsalud.org)
Clearly, differences in the abundance, localization, and activity of proteins in different cells or in cells experiencing different internal or external cues will affect the splicing outcomes. (biomedigs.org)
A new monoclonal antibody, A3B10, specific for astrocyte-lineage cells recognizes calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 1 (Camsap1). (cyphergenomics.com)
Introduction In eukaryotic cells protein-encoding transcripts contain intronic sequences that must be spliced out before translation. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Caspase 3 is a cysteine containing protein and a key enzyme in executing apoptosis in cells. (jcu.edu)
Human cells have two distinct spliceosomes: U2-dependent and U12-dependent. (jcu.edu)
Motif1
It contains a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by an adjacent glycine-rich region, and Arg-Asp and Arg-Glu dipeptide repeats rich domain, making U11/U12-35K a possible functional analog of U1-70K. (nih.gov)
Isoforms1
Alternative splicing provides the cell the ability to generate, from a single gene, multiple protein isoforms, sometimes with different or even antagonistic functions. (upf.edu)
Complex7
1997). "Association of U2 snRNP with the spliceosomal complex E." Nucleic Acids Res. (wikipedia.org)
Together with other U2 snRNP complex components may also play a role in the selective processing of microRNAs (miRNAs) from the long primary miRNA transcript, pri-miR-17-92 (By similarity). (icr.ac.uk)
SF3B associates with the splicing factor SF3A and a 12S RNA unit to form the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins complex (U2 snRNP). (icr.ac.uk)
Splicing factor 3b, together with splicing factor 3a and a 12S RNA unit, forms the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins complex (U2 snRNP). (cancer-genetics.org)
It is the third and most complex of these modifications, splicing, that gives rise to the extraordinary expansion of the protein repertoire in vertebrates and, arguably, to their complex biology. (chemistryworld.com)
Using genome-wide approaches and quantitative behavioral assays, we show that the P-element somatic inhibitor (PSI) and its interaction with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (snRNP) control male courtship behavior. (princeton.edu)
C2 Complex-U2/U5/U6 remain bound to the lariat, and the 3' site is cleaved and exons are ligated using ATP hydrolysis. (wikidoc.org)
SNRPA11
SNRPA1 is a nuclear protein associated with sn-RNP U2. (nih.gov)
Arabidopsis1
We analyzed the available data on U12 introns in human and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes in order to systematically compare their conservation with that of U2 introns. (biomedcentral.com)
Splice3
The BPS of U2-type introns is usually located 18-40 nucleotides upstream of the 3' splice site, in contrast to the U12-type introns, where it is restricted to 12-15 nucleotides [ 8 , 11 - 12 , 15 ]. (ijbs.com)
The team began by searching for essential factors to splice out human short introns from 154 human nuclear proteins. (innovitaresearch.com)
Here we demonstrate that the ratio of caspase-9 splice variants is dysregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
Synthesis1
Protein synthesis mechanism with reference of Translation and Transcription d. (slideshare.net)
MRNAs2
The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The interrupted non-coding regions in pre-mRNAs, termed "introns," are excised by "splicing" to generate mature coding mRNAs that are translated into proteins. (innovitaresearch.com)
Nucleic1
The experimental approach we described should be generally applicable for the screening and identification of amino acids that play a role in the binding of proteins to nucleic acid substrates. (korea.ac.kr)
Interaction3
Thus, in neither conformer are the critical helices positioned to favor the proposed triplex interaction suggesting the obligation for other components, spliceosomal proteins, to facilitate and stabilize the catalytically active conformation. (cuny.edu)
We also identified three mutations in the leucine-rich C1-C1 interaction domain near the carboxyl terminus of the protein that both abolished C1 oligomerization and reduced RNA binding. (korea.ac.kr)
These results demonstrate that although the RBD is the primary determinant of C1 RNA binding, residues in the C1-C1 interaction domain also influence the RNA binding activity of the protein. (korea.ac.kr)
Mutations1
Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancer-genetics.org)
The MTS1/CDKN2/p16 gene encoding the p16INK4a tumor-suppressor protein is usually inactivated by homozygous deletion or hypermethylation of the promoter in a variety of human malignancies. (cyphergenomics.com)
Characterization1
Characterization of DNA binding, transcriptional activation, and regulated nuclear association of recombinant human NFATp. (colorado.edu)
Abstract1
abstract = "Sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune disorders contain antibodies against nuclear proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
Factors1
A hallmark of events observed during segmentation was the induction of multiple transcription factors, including a large group of homeobox proteins in pace with decay of a large fraction of maternal transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
Factor3
Nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 (NRBF-2) (Comodulator of PPAR and RXR). (yellowcouch.org)
In yeast, this bridging involves interactions between the WW domains in the splicing factor PRP40 and a proline-rich domain in the branchpoint binding protein, BBP. (embl.de)