AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Replication Protein ACell CycleChromosomesChromosome MappingCell Cycle ProteinsChromosome BandingX ChromosomeChromosome AberrationsChromosomes, BacterialSex ChromosomesMolecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, HumanChromosome SegregationBase SequenceMitosisChromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17S PhaseMutationChromosome DeletionCell LineChromosomes, Human, Pair 6Cell Cycle CheckpointsChromosomes, Human, Pair 9DNA-Binding ProteinsChromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, PlantChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XG1 PhaseChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, YChromosome DisordersDNACell DivisionChromosomes, Human, XIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 12Amino Acid SequenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 5PlasmidsChromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosome PaintingKaryotypingChromosomes, Human, Pair 15Recombination, GeneticChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18DNA, ViralHeLa CellsNuclear ProteinsChromosome BreakageChromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, 16-18DNA DamageTranscription, GeneticChromosomes, Human, Pair 20Genetic LinkageSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCell NucleusCyclinsDNA Replication TimingViral ProteinsChromosomes, Human, 13-15G2 PhaseChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YGenetic MarkersProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesRNA, ViralPhenotypeMeiosisCloning, MolecularInterphaseRing ChromosomesCells, CulturedChromosome InversionChromosome PositioningSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsCentromereEscherichia coliRepliconDNA HelicasesCell Line, TumorApoptosisChromatinDNA ReplicationMetaphaseChromosomes, Human, 4-5
MitosisChromatinNucleusProliferationEukaryotic DNA replicaMitoticOccursGenesMechanismsProgressionChromosomal replicationSegregation of chromosomesRegion of the chromosomeDrosophilaTranscriptionChromatidsHelicaseInterphaseStabilityBacterialMoleculesForksReplicateIndividual chromosomesBudding yeastEscherichiaGeneMammalianGenomicCdc6MutationsViral ReplicationSynthesisMachineryComplexesMRNAStructuralNuclearRegulationForkPhaseCellularCircular chromosomeGenome replicationComplexCell'sEukaryotesSquamous cell carcBiologyAbstractOrganismsHistonesCohesionSequencesProcessesInvolvesGeneticProgenySingle strandedOriginsRound of replicationEntire genomeElongationInteractsInitiatesRecombinant
Mitosis26
Chromatin11
  • Dmt localizes to regions of tightly packed chromatin through interactions with other proteins to launch cohesion, and protects cohesion at other cell cycle timepoints by binding different proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Nagoya University researchers labeled the Dmt protein with a green fluorescent tag, then used live cell imaging to show that it localizes to the joining point of tightly packed chromatin in Drosophila cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A cartoon of a section of chromatin in the nucleus with replication origins in three different states. (crick.ac.uk)
  • We have reconstituted chromatin replication with purified proteins, which is providing unprecedented insights into chromosome biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • We have reconstituted the process of chromatin replication with purified proteins. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Germ cells of smc-5-defective animals show reduced proliferation, sensitivity to perturbed replication, chromatin bridge formation, and accumulation of RAD-51 foci that indicate the activation of homologous recombination at DNA double-strand breaks. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Before replication, these chromosomes exist as long, thin chromatin fibers. (coursehero.com)
  • Beyond their nutritional impact, clear evidence is beginning to link modifications in chromatin structure induced by butyrate to cell cycle progression, DNA replication and overall chromosome stability. (usda.gov)
  • This study was designed to utilize next-generation sequencing technology, combined with ChIP (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation) technology, to comprehensively, quantitatively and cost-effectively analyze histone modification (acetylation) and to map protein target sites in the bovine genome that are responsive to modulation by VFAs. (usda.gov)
  • The expression of histone genes is cell cycle controlled and coupled to DNA replication, to ensure the packaging of replicated DNA into chromatin. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is dispersed throughout the cell nucleus during interphase. (visionlearning.com)
Nucleus8
  • During the last decade, the non-random spatial arrangement of the genome into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, as emerged as a key regulator of genome functions and notably of the propagation of a stable genome. (cea.fr)
  • The ORC complex proteins are kept near each other in liquid compartments in the nucleus and recruit proteins such as CDC6 and other proteins that control when to commit the cell to divide. (cshl.edu)
  • Eukaryotic DNA is stored within the nucleus of each cell (apart from cells without one, e.g. red blood cells). (thealevelbiologist.co.uk)
  • The retroviral life cycle begins in the nucleus of an infected cell. (ukessays.com)
  • There are two types of cells: the eukaryote cells that contain a nucleus and prokaryote cells that don't have a nucleus. (differencebetween.net)
  • Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Altered responsiveness to co- oup the nucleus accumbens reflect the behavioral approaches that incorporate caine and increased immobility in the forced swim test associated with elevated cAMP response ele- memory of associations between the extinction-like processes may have effi- ment binding protein in nucleus accumbens. (lu.se)
  • Temporal distribution studies identify hnRNPA1 and NP co-localize in the same cellular milieu in both nucleus and mitochondria in NP-transfected and IAV-infected mammalian cells. (cdc.gov)
Proliferation15
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • Cell proliferation and DNA replication defects in a Drosophila MCM2 mutant. (wikigenes.org)
  • An aberrant miRNA expression could contribute to cancer development and progression [ 6 , 7 ] and could affect their target genes that are involved in many biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and development [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Butyrate-induced biological effects in bovine cells provide an example of epigenetic regulation and provide a basis for understanding the full range of the biological roles and molecular mechanisms that butyrate may have in animal cell growth, proliferation and energy metabolism. (usda.gov)
  • Our results show a novel role for DDX5 in cancer cell proliferation and suggest DDX5 as a therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment. (aacrjournals.org)
  • DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Defects in the control of cell proliferation are a hallmark of cancer, and DNA replication is a key process for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The SignalStain ® Proliferation/Apoptosis IHC Sampler Kit from Cell Signaling Technology allows the researcher to examine paraffin-embedded tissues or cells with antibodies that will detect cellular apoptosis or proliferation. (cellsignal.com)
  • Each antibody in the SignalStain ® Proliferation/Apoptosis IHC Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its target protein and does not cross-react with any related proteins. (cellsignal.com)
  • Ki-67 protein plays an essential role in ribosomal RNA transcription and cell proliferation. (biolegend.com)
  • Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Basic molecular mechanisms involved in DNA duplication, regulation of gene expression, development, differentiation, cell proliferation, biogenesis of organelles and cellular structures, interaction between cells and evolution. (unict.it)
  • ABSTRACT This study examined haematopoietic stem cells of 19 high-risk cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) for apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals and cellular proliferation and correlated these with clinical and cytogenetic subtypes, particularly trisomy 8. (who.int)
Eukaryotic DNA replica1
Mitotic9
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • Using Xenopus egg extracts (XEEs) we have shown that disruption of mitotic SUMOylation causes chromosome segregation defects. (ku.edu)
  • Our group has identified DNA topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) as one of the important mitotic proteins for SUMOylation. (ku.edu)
  • SUMOylated Topo IIα C-terminus (CTD) interacts with Haspin kinase and recruits chromosome passenger complex (CPC) to the mitotic centromeres. (ku.edu)
  • Aurora B mislocalization on chromosomes utilizes the Haspin-H3T3P pathway and is a key factor for the mitotic delay. (ku.edu)
  • Our results suggest that PIASy is an important E3 ligase that mediates mitotic SUMOylation in human cells. (ku.edu)
  • Conditional mutation of Smc5 in mouse embryonic stem cells perturbs condensin localization and mitotic progression. (nih.gov)
  • Opposite to the mitotic spindle, the separation of chromosomal replication is done through the cell membrane. (differencebetween.net)
  • Occupational exposure limits with proteins such as topoisomerase inhibitors, and mitotic and meiotic spindle poisons. (cdc.gov)
Occurs8
  • These assembly stages are regulated to ensure that chromosome replication occurs only once in each cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • This typically occurs during DNA replication, and in vertebrates requires the cohesin-associating protein sororin. (sciencedaily.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Extract prepared from unfertilized eggs is arrested by the presence of cytostatic factor (CSF) in a state with high levels of M-phase kinase activity, but can be stimulated to enter interphase, in which DNA replication occurs spontaneously. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, because chromosome condensation occurs spontaneously in M-phase extracts, sperm nuclei are added directly to CSF extracts to assay condensation. (nih.gov)
  • During the S phase, the replication of the cell's genetic material, DNA, occurs. (coursehero.com)
  • Thus, even in stem cells, except for embryonal stem cells and cancer stem cells, telomere shortening occurs during replicative ageing, possibly at a slower rate than that in normal somatic cells. (nature.com)
  • Expression of Ki-67 occurs during G1, S, G2, and M phase, while in G0 phase the Ki-67 protein is not detectable. (biolegend.com)
Genes8
  • The replication independent histone genes are transcribed at a relatively constant low rate, regardless of cell cycle stage. (news-medical.net)
  • However, most of the vertebrate histone genes are replication dependent and are therefore more highly expressed during the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
  • Given that the replication dependent histone genes all activate upon entry into the S phase, it is speculated that there exists some further upstream regulatory element. (news-medical.net)
  • Therefore, NPAT could be the link between cell cycle machinery and shared heightened transcription of histone genes during S phase. (news-medical.net)
  • The genome of Caulobacter crescentus is structured in a circular chromosome and is comprised of 4,016,942 bp encoding for 3,767 genes. (kenyon.edu)
  • Mutations in the genes that encode these proteins can result in disease. (cshl.edu)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of miR-34a and 11 of its bioinformatically selected target genes and proteins to test their potential dysregulation in RCC. (hindawi.com)
  • The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
Mechanisms11
  • Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vertebrates, this protection is provided by the shugoshin protein, but mechanisms of Drosophila cohesion protection were unclear. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Caulobacter crescentus is a single-celled, small bacterium that divides asymmetrically producing cells that differ in structure and function - it is an ideal model system for the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division and has been studied thoroughly. (kenyon.edu)
  • In order to analyze the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms and other mechanisms of Caulobacter , many mutant strains have been made and studied. (kenyon.edu)
  • We use a variety of human cell models to understand how the deregulation of normal replication control mechanisms leads to genomic instability and whether this plays a role in cancer biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Researchers have visualized the structure of this complex, dissected its mechanisms in starting DNA replication, and discovered other roles the ORC plays. (cshl.edu)
  • Studies the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, recombination, and repair. (rockefeller.edu)
  • O'Donnell's laboratory studies these DNA metabolic mechanisms with the goal of understanding how the protein gears of DNA duplication act together with signal processes that function with repair and recombination factors to ensure genomic integrity. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Errors generated by the replication forks are the cause of many instability mechanisms. (ous-research.no)
  • The mechanisms used by certain viruses to dysregulate the host cell through manipulation of epigenetic processes and the role of cellular cofactors such as BRD4 that are known to be involved in epigenetic regulation of host cell pathways will also be covered. (mdpi.com)
  • [ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
Progression7
  • It was found that the C . crescentus genome encodes for more two-component signal transduction proteins that assist in cell cycle progression than any other bacterial genome sequenced so far. (kenyon.edu)
  • Caulobacter also uses DNA methylation as a regulatory mechanism in cell cycle progression. (kenyon.edu)
  • Several two-component signal transduction proteins are involved in the cell cycle progression by accumulating at one or both poles "in a spatial and temporal pattern that is reproduced during each cycle" (Jacobs-Wagner 2003). (kenyon.edu)
  • DNA damage by ultraviolet (UV) light poses a risk for mutagenesis and a potential hindrance for cell cycle progression. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Cells cope with UV-induced DNA damage through two general strategies to repair the damaged nucleotides and to promote cell cycle progression in the presence of UV-damaged DNA. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Many studies have indicated that SUMOylation is crucial for proper cell cycle progression. (ku.edu)
  • We identify an important role for DDX5 in G 1 -S-phase progression where it directly regulates DNA replication factor expression by promoting the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to E2F-regulated gene promoters. (aacrjournals.org)
Chromosomal replication2
  • John Cairns demonstrated the theta structure of E. coli chromosomal replication in 1963, using an innovative method to visualize DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • In binary fission, sister chromatids are no longer involved in chromosomal replication. (differencebetween.net)
Segregation of chromosomes2
Region of the chromosome2
  • The initiation stage starts with the ordered assembly of "initiator" proteins at the origin region of the chromosome, called oriC. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although cohesin is then removed, cohesion around the region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids link is protected until slightly later in the cell cycle. (sciencedaily.com)
Drosophila3
  • Research has identified a double function for the Drosophila Dmt protein in both establishing and maintaining cohesion whereby identical chromatids pair during DNA replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Our identification of a protein that acts both to establish and protect cohesion in Drosophila chromosomes may represent an intermediate stage of the evolutionary inheritance of factors involved in maintaining genomic integrity. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Chromosome association of minichromosome maintenance proteins in Drosophila endoreplication cycles. (wikigenes.org)
Transcription6
  • Throughout the cell cycle, the chromosome progressively goes from being fully methylated to hemimethylated during DNA replication - this results in differential binding of regulatory proteins to activate or repress transcription. (kenyon.edu)
  • A post-translational modification with SUMO (SUMOylation) can regulate various cellular events such as DNA replication, repair, transcription and cell cycle regulation. (ku.edu)
  • General transcription and proteins are encoded from spliced mRNA of retroviruses. (ukessays.com)
  • G1 involves synthesis of protein and transcription of RNA. (differencebetween.net)
  • The protein is likely to be involved in the response to DNA damage during replication, as well as in the replication and transcription processes. (medscape.com)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
Chromatids7
  • A sister chromatid is one half of an identical pair of chromatids formed by the replication of a single chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • At certain stages of the cell cycle, these chromatids pair and are held together in a process known as cohesion, which involves the cohesin protein. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The cohesin complex tethers the identical copies of each chromosome, called sister chromatids, together following DNA replication and promotes normal interphase chromosome structure and gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • A centromere , the point on a chromosome that attaches to the spindle fibers with a kinetochore during cell division, attaches the sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
  • The centromere is aided in binding sister chromatids together by several proteins called cohesins and condensins. (coursehero.com)
  • The cell replicates its DNA, forming sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
  • A human cell at this point has 46 chromosomes (and 92 chromatids). (androbose.in)
Helicase7
  • At the forefront of the replisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving replication fork. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. (wikipedia.org)
  • After DnaB translocates to the apex of each replication fork, the helicase both unwinds the parental DNA and interacts momentarily with primase. (wikipedia.org)
  • We are using this to understand the mechanism of MCM helicase loading and activation, how the replisome is assembled and regulated by protein kinases and how the DNA replication machinery interfaces with other aspects of chromosome biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Replication fork activation is enabled by a single-stranded DNA gate in CMG helicase. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Chromosome replication is initiated by an initiator protein which binds to the origin, forms an oligomeric complex, separates the two strands of the double helix, and recruits the helicase and the rest of the replication machinery. (ous-research.no)
  • Evidence was recently presented of a crucial role for a helicase in protecting cells against chromosome breakage at normally occurring replication fork-stalling sites. (medscape.com)
Interphase12
  • Chromosome structure in both interphase and M-phase cells is strongly influenced by the action of the cohesin and condensin protein complexes. (nih.gov)
  • For cohesion assays, demembranated sperm nuclei are incubated in interphase extract, where they undergo rapid and synchronous DNA replication and cohesion establishment through the recruitment of proteins and other factors (e.g., nucleotides) from the extract. (nih.gov)
  • The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively known as interphase. (coursehero.com)
  • A cell spends most of its time in interphase, during which it mostly performs its normal functions, such as protein synthesis. (coursehero.com)
  • Interphase is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication , while M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of the cell prepare for the cell to divide into two new cells. (coursehero.com)
  • Interphase comprises the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases, in which the cell grows and replicates its genetic material. (coursehero.com)
  • Interphase, the part of the cell cycle between division events, includes the G1, S, and G2 phases, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and undergoes its usual functions. (coursehero.com)
  • Interphase takes most of the time in the cell cycle, comprising more than 95% of the duration of the cell cycle in most eukaryotes. (coursehero.com)
  • During interphase, a cell grows larger. (coursehero.com)
  • The interphase is a preparatory phase, wherein the cells prepare themselves for the upcoming nuclear and cytoplasmic division. (androbose.in)
  • During interphase, the cells grow, replicate their DNA, rearrange microtubules and accumulate the materials for cell division. (androbose.in)
  • Interphase is the phase in which the cell grows till it can divide it's genetic material and the cytoplasm into two halves i.e. capable of producing two daughter cells. (androbose.in)
Stability9
  • Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. (wikipedia.org)
  • July 19, 2023 Researchers have developed a method to evaluate the folding stability of a million proteins simultaneously. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins form distinct complexes that maintain genome stability during chromosome segregation, homologous recombination, and DNA replication. (uni-koeln.de)
  • We propose that SMC-5/6 promotes replication fork stability and facilitates recombination-dependent repair when the BRC-1/BRD-1 complex initiates homologous recombination at stalled replication forks. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Our data suggest that BRC-1/BRD-1 can both promote and antagonize genome stability depending on whether homologous recombination is initiated during DNA double-strand break repair or during replication stalling. (uni-koeln.de)
  • We applied an assay that measures the stability of maintenance of an episomal plasmid in human tissue culture cells to screen for new DNA replication factors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • SMC5/6 is required for replication fork stability and faithful chromosome segregation during neurogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • Telomeres, guanine-rich tandem DNA repeats of the chromosomal end, provide chromosomal stability, and cellular replication causes their loss. (nature.com)
  • In order to ensure genetic stability, the genetic material must be correctly replicated once per cell cycle and properly segregated to the new daughter cells. (ous-research.no)
Bacterial5
  • The E. coli origin of replication, called oriC consists of DNA sequences that are recognised by the DnaA protein, which is highly conserved amongst different bacterial species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bound to ATP, and with the assistance of bacterial histone-like proteins [HU] DnaA then unwinds an AT-rich region near the left boundary of oriC, which carries three 13-mer motifs, and opens up the double-stranded DNA for entrance of other replication proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleoside base was incorporated uniformly into the bacterial chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • This Experiment clearly demonstrates the theta replication model of circular bacterial chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although most bacterial genomes are composed of a single chromosome, many unicellular organisms also harbour several chromosomes, giving the possibility to study coordinated replication of several chromosomes in simple systems. (ous-research.no)
Molecules5
  • The entire assembly of molecules involved in DNA replication on each arm is called a replisome. (wikipedia.org)
  • They substantiated the synergy of molecules in adhesive proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
  • CDC6 then binds to ORC1, bringing the other molecules along, allowing replication to begin. (cshl.edu)
  • Tightly-controlled feedback loops between ORC1, CDC6, and a number of other molecules regulate the timing of replication. (cshl.edu)
  • In fact, all chromosomes are individual DNA molecules coiled and twisted around, because DNA is huge. (thealevelbiologist.co.uk)
Forks4
  • Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. (wikipedia.org)
  • His lab studies how the replisome interacts with DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint machinery, how initiation of replication is directed by nucleosomes, and how replication forks perform nucleosome inheritance, the process by which nucleosomes (the fundamental structural unit of chromosomal DNA) are passed down from parental to daughter DNA during replication. (rockefeller.edu)
  • SeqA also binds to newly replicated, hemimethylated GATC sites behind the replication forks and is involved in chromosome organization and/ or segregation. (ous-research.no)
  • WS have been classified is a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases implicated in the resolution of DNA structures leading to the stall of replication forks. (medscape.com)
Replicate4
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • T-antigen hijacks other proteins from the infected cell to replicate the virus genome. (cshl.edu)
  • To replicate the genome once and only once per cell division, there are many feedback loops, checks, and balances. (cshl.edu)
  • Some cells replicate faster and others slower, and the entire process can be interrupted. (visionlearning.com)
Individual chromosomes1
  • In contrast, condensin is active largely in M phase and promotes the compaction of individual chromosomes. (nih.gov)
Budding yeast2
  • Simple organisms such as the budding yeast carry only one shugoshin gene, while more complex vertebrates have two that function separately in different types of cell division," corresponding author Tomoko Nishiyama says. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , there are over 400 origins of DNA replication located on 16 chromosomes and they can function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) when inserted into a plasmid 19 . (nature.com)
Escherichia4
Gene14
  • Upregulation of histone gene expression is one of the hallmarks of entry into the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
  • Each histone subtype has several copies of the same gene to allow for the large demand placed during DNA replication. (news-medical.net)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • This was studied by using the CtrA gene, which encodes for an important cell cycle regulatory protein. (kenyon.edu)
  • HR comprises different pathways: gene conversion (GC) that accurately repair the lesion by copying the homologous sequence, single strand annealing (SSA) or break induced replication (BIR) that can both lead to loss of genetic information. (cea.fr)
  • CF27-specific gene clusters which have been analyzed were expressed by both ferrous iron-grown and sulfur-attached cells, indicating that they are not pseudogenes and may play a role in both situations. (frontiersin.org)
  • MicroRNA-34a gene (MIR-34A) that is located on chromosome 1p36 belongs to one of evolutionary-conserved miRNA families (MIR-34 family) that consists of three members: MIR-34A, MIR-34B, and MIR-34C [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The post-transcriptional control of histone gene expression is a key element in this coupling to DNA replication. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Telomerase is a complex of a reverse transcriptase protein encoded by the TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) gene and a template RNA TERC (telomerase RNA component). (nature.com)
  • Here we investigate the role and molecular mechanism of the core clock gene Period2 (PER2) in regulating PD-L1 expression and its role in the combination therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (bvsalud.org)
  • Interestingly, hnRNPA1 influenced NP gene expression and affected viral replication. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by the ospC gene on the cp26 plasmid. (cdc.gov)
  • Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
  • By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. (cdc.gov)
Mammalian3
  • In the mammalian genome, this group of proteins assembles at tens of thousands of sites all at once, ensuring each chromosome is copied precisely once per cell division. (cshl.edu)
  • This is a conserved mechanism in XEEs and mammalian cells. (ku.edu)
  • Here we report that human hnRNPA1 physically interacts with the nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV in mammalian cells at different time points of the viral replication cycle. (cdc.gov)
Genomic5
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • Unrepaired or incorrectly repaired DNA damage may lead to loss of heterozygosity, mutations, deletions, genomic rearrangements and chromosome loss. (cea.fr)
  • In mammals, mutation of proteins involved in the nuclear architecture (lamins and lamin associated proteins) results in diseases associated with genomic instability. (cea.fr)
  • Infection leads to injection of the virus nucleoprotein core (consisting of many gag-derived proteins, full-length genomic RNA, and the reverse transcriptase protein). (ukessays.com)
  • Full-length genomic unspliced mRNA is bound by gag-derived proteins and incorporated into the budding particle. (ukessays.com)
Cdc66
  • The human ORC is composed of ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5, and ORC6 and binds to a protein called CDC6 that is related to ORC1. (cshl.edu)
  • When the ORC1 protein binds to DNA, it recruits CDC6, a protein that regulates and recruits other proteins, to a liquid phase and completes the ORC ring. (cshl.edu)
  • ORC1 and CDC6 levels fluctuate during the cell cycle. (cshl.edu)
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (nature.com)
  • The ORC-Cdc6 complex (product 1) assembles in step 1 around origin DNA and with the help of another replication initiator protein, Cdt1, it recruits the Mcm2-7 hexamer to the origin in step 2. (nature.com)
  • DnaA is an AAA + -type protein with structural similarity to archaeal and eukaryotic Orc1/Cdc6 proteins. (ous-research.no)
Mutations5
  • Errors in this process can cause the mutations leading a cell down the path to cancer. (crick.ac.uk)
  • In contrast, the DNA damage accumulation and sensitivity of smc-5 mutant strains to replication impediments are suppressed by mutations in the C. elegans BRCA1/BARD1 homologs, brc-1 and brd-1. (uni-koeln.de)
  • We are studying several mutations in the beta clamp protein important in preventing replication fork collapse . (ous-research.no)
  • PMID:18786442 mutations and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (who.int)
  • More than 70 disease-causing mutations have been described, the majority being stop codon mutations, splice mutations, or small ins/del-producing truncations of the protein and/or non-sense-mediated decay of mutant mRNA. (medscape.com)
Viral Replication2
  • The effect of temperature on viral replication suggests that the body temperature of its poikilotherm host could regulate the outcome of the infection (replicative vs. nonreplicative). (cdc.gov)
  • Most importantly, hnRNPA1 knockdown caused a significant increase in NP expression and enhanced viral replication (93.82%) in IAV infected A549 cells. (cdc.gov)
Synthesis3
  • The S phase is characterized by DNA synthesis, and in the 1960s it was discovered that histone proteins are also synthesized during this phase. (news-medical.net)
  • This process is assumed to be under the control of the cell cycle, because of how closely linked to the S phase histone synthesis is. (news-medical.net)
  • It synthesizes a group of proteins and nucleotides which are required for the synthesis (replication) of the DNA along with other normal processes. (androbose.in)
Machinery1
  • Influenza A virus (IAV), like other viruses, depends on the host cellular machinery for replication and production of progeny. (cdc.gov)
Complexes4
  • Resection is accompanied by the binding of replication protein A (RPA) to the 3' single-stranded overhangs, which helps recruiting the checkpoint complexes. (cea.fr)
  • Once recruited to DSB, these complexes get activated and induce the phosphorylation of numerous targets including transducing kinases, which subsequently phosphorylate downstream effectors to delay cell cycle and promote DNA repair. (cea.fr)
  • Origin recognition complexes (ORCs) initiate the task of DNA replication throughout an entire genome in a controlled, temporal pattern. (cshl.edu)
  • The team employs strategies such as super resolution microscopy to observe individual replisomes in real time during DNA replication in living cells, and cryo-electron microscopy of DNA-replisome and other replisome-associated complexes. (rockefeller.edu)
MRNA3
  • Unspliced full-length mRNA can give rise to gag-pol proteins. (ukessays.com)
  • At the ribosome, the processed mRNA is translated to produce proteins from amino acid units. (cdc.gov)
  • Conversely, hnRNPA1 overexpression reduced NP expression at the mRNA and protein levels and impeded virus replication by (60.70%), suggesting antagonistic function. (cdc.gov)
Structural3
  • A collection of microtubules (structural proteins) called a centrosome also replicates. (coursehero.com)
  • Orthologous to human SMC5 (structural maintenance of chromosomes 5). (nih.gov)
  • Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
Nuclear8
  • MCM2 (also called CDCL1, mitotin and BM28), is a human nuclear protein that is crucial in the cell cycle, being involved in the onset of DNA replication and cell division. (thermofisher.com)
  • One feature of nuclear organization is the existence of subcompartments in which specific DNA sequences and proteins associate creating microenvironments that can be more or less favorable for specific processes. (cea.fr)
  • Egg extracts, in which the cell cycle state can be manipulated, contain stockpiles of nuclear proteins (including condensin and cohesin) sufficient for the assembly of thousands of nuclei per microliter. (nih.gov)
  • Caspase-3 (CPP-32, Apoptain, Yama, SCA-1) is a critical executioner of apoptosis, as it is either partially or totally responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins such as the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (1). (cellsignal.com)
  • Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a member of the DNA sliding clamp family of proteins that assist in DNA replication (6). (cellsignal.com)
  • Mechanistically, PER2 binds to heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) through the PAS1 domain and reduces the interaction of HSP90 with inhibitors of kappa B kinase (IKKs), promoting the ubiquitination of IKKα/ß and p65 nuclear translocation to inhibit IKK/NF-κB pathway, thereby suppressing PD-L1 expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • During prophase , the chromosomes begin to condense, the nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear envelope disintegrates. (androbose.in)
  • The nuclear protein Ki-67 was first identified by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which was generated by immunizing mice with nuclei of the L428 Hodgkin lymphoma cell line. (biolegend.com)
Regulation3
  • It seems now clear that posttranslational modification of both DNA repair and checkpoint proteins is of importance for the regulation of their activities but how these modifications are regulated and how they affect the activity of the proteins only begins to be described. (cea.fr)
  • The duplication of chromosomes and the regulation of their replication and repair requires dozens of proteins acting together to maintain the duplex DNA genome. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The regulation of telomere length and telomerase activity is a complex and dynamic process that is tightly linked to cell cycle regulation in human stem cells. (nature.com)
Fork3
  • When the replication fork moves around the circle, a structure shaped like the Greek letter theta Ө is formed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our interests include initiation of replication , chromosome organization and segregation and replication fork collapse and repair . (ous-research.no)
  • We will transfer knowledge from the simple E. coli system and generate models for the study of replication fork collapse in human cells. (ous-research.no)
Phase29
  • During the elongation phase of replication, the enzymes that were assembled at oriC during initiation proceed along each arm (replichore) of the chromosome, in opposite directions away from the oriC, replicating the DNA to create two identical copies. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is similar to members of the family of early S-phase proteins. (thermofisher.com)
  • Entry into the S phase in animal cells is regulated to a large extent by the cyclin E-CDK2 kinase complex. (news-medical.net)
  • Cyclin E-CDK2 is also needed for the DNA replication and centrosome duplication events in S phase. (news-medical.net)
  • These initiation events do not occur synchronously but, rather, occur throughout the S phase in a cell cycle in a reasonably precise pattern. (crick.ac.uk)
  • In general, NHEJ is the preferred pathway in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, while HR is favored in S and G2 phases. (cea.fr)
  • Indeed in S and G2 phase, RPA binding to 3' single strand overhangs facilitates the recruitment of proteins of the Rad52 epistasis group, among which Rad51, which carries out the strand-exchange reaction. (cea.fr)
  • and the M phase, the fourth phase of the cell cycle, when a cell divides. (coursehero.com)
  • A cell can remain in the G0 phase indefinitely, awaiting a signal to return to the normal cell cycle. (coursehero.com)
  • The amount of time spent in any given phase of the cell cycle is dependent upon the type of cell and the environmental conditions in which the cell lives. (coursehero.com)
  • The length of this particular phase is the most variable among different cell types. (coursehero.com)
  • When the cell receives signals for division, it moves to the S phase. (coursehero.com)
  • Once the DNA has been replicated, the cell moves to the second gap phase. (coursehero.com)
  • During the G2 phase, a structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells that coordinates the formation of microtubules, called a centrosome , allows cell division to proceed during reproduction. (coursehero.com)
  • Required for the entry in S phase and for cell division. (affbiotech.com)
  • The S phase in the cell cycle involves the replication of DNA in chromosomes. (thealevelbiologist.co.uk)
  • Survivin binds and inhibits caspase-3, controlling the checkpoint in the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle through inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell division (4,5). (cellsignal.com)
  • Some cells do not undergo cell division, rather they enter the G0 phase either permanently or temporarily wherein they do not divide and remain either quiescent or senescent. (androbose.in)
  • The M phase is the actual division phase wherein the mother cell divides into two daughter cells. (androbose.in)
  • Cells in the G0 phase are ones that have entered a non-dividing state either reversibly or irreversibly . (androbose.in)
  • The cells which are reversibly or temporarily non- dividing or the quiescent cells, can enter back into cell cycle on receiving an appropriate signal and enter the G1 phase. (androbose.in)
  • During this phase, the cell grows in its size. (androbose.in)
  • DNA replication takes place during the S phase. (androbose.in)
  • The main processes that take place during the G2 phase are the duplication of cell organelles and the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. (androbose.in)
  • During the M phase, the replicated DNA condenses to form the X shaped chromosomes, wherein each sister chromatid is the entire replicated and condensed daughter DNA. (androbose.in)
  • The G2 phase is done through energy attainment and cell growth. (differencebetween.net)
  • Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Initial exponential tumor growth is followed by a plateau phase when cell death nearly equals the rate of formation of daughter cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some drugs work only during a specific phase of the cell cycle, requiring prolonged administration to catch dividing cells during the phase of maximal sensitivity. (msdmanuals.com)
Cellular8
  • Over the next few decades researchers would use SV40 replication to discover dozens of cellular proteins that are necessary for human cell genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • Though, SUMOylation can affect a substrates' cellular localization, enzymatic activity, or can mediate protein-protein interaction. (ku.edu)
  • Cellular studies show the replisome is intimately involved with the inheritance of epigenetic information and cell fate, and the O'Donnell lab is working to understand the mechanistic details of these processes. (rockefeller.edu)
  • In somatic cells, the activity of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that can elongate telomeric repeats, is usually diminished after birth so that the telomere length is gradually shortened with cell divisions, and triggers cellular senescence. (nature.com)
  • Telomerase can add telomeric repeats onto the chromosome ends, and prevents the replication-dependent loss of telomere and cellular senescence in highly proliferative cells of the germline and in the majority of cancers ( Blasco, 2005 ). (nature.com)
  • It is increasingly clear that DNA viruses exploit cellular epigenetic processes to control their life cycles during infection. (mdpi.com)
  • This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
  • To better understand the cellular components controlling alphavirus vector specificity, a cell culture model system of the anopheline restriction of CHIKV was developed along with a protein expression strategy. (cdc.gov)
Circular chromosome2
  • A circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA, unlike the linear chromosome of most eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a circular chromosome can provide other challenges for cells. (wikipedia.org)
Genome replication2
  • The Stillman lab searched for the protein(s) that start cell chromosome duplication, rather than virus genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • MCM2 a mini-chromosome maintenance protein, essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. (affbiotech.com)
Complex7
  • The origin recognition complex (too small to be seen in this picture) is responsible for coordinating many parts of this DNA replication process. (cshl.edu)
  • The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a group of proteins involved with every cell division event in our cells. (cshl.edu)
  • Telomere, a complex of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins, caps and protects every eukaryotic chromosome end against chromosomal fusion, recombination, and terminal DNA degradation ( Blackburn, 2001 ). (nature.com)
  • The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) binds to sites in chromosomes to specify the location of origins of DNA replication. (nature.com)
  • Once inside the cell, the nucleoprotein complex accesses intracellular DNA nucleotide triphosphate pools, where the reverse transcriptase protein initiates and creation of a double-stranded DNA copy of the genome of the virus is prepared for integration into the host cell chromosome. (ukessays.com)
  • The condensed chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers with the help of protein complex, kinetochore. (androbose.in)
  • This new cell, which is microscopic, will multiply and organize perfectly all distinct tissues to generate a full grown individual with organs and systems as complex as brain and immune system. (bvsalud.org)
Cell's2
  • Maintaining the integrity of the genome requires the precise duplication of all of the cell's chromosomes in each cell cycle. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Retroviruses are the only animal viruses that integrate into the host cell's genome during the normal growth cycle. (ukessays.com)
Eukaryotes2
  • Telomeric DNA consists of short guanine-rich repeat sequences in all eukaryotes with linear chromosomes, and its length in human somatic cells is remarkably heterogeneous among individuals ranging from 5 to 20 kb, according to age, organ, and the proliferative history of each cell ( Wright and Shay, 2005 ). (nature.com)
  • Throughout the 19th century, as microscopes developed, scientists had been seeing clues of structures in dividing cells of eukaryotes . (visionlearning.com)
Squamous cell carc7
  • An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
  • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
  • A growing body of research shows that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common and increasing cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (cdc.gov)
  • We focus on the role of HPV in the increased incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the head and neck cancer in which HPV is most commonly found ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Head and neck cancer most commonly is of the squamous cell carcinoma type (HNSCC) and includes cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal tract, and nasopharynx. (cdc.gov)
  • risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (who.int)
  • Arbyn M, Bergeron C, Klinkhamer P, Martin-Hirsch squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk region in Iran. (who.int)
Biology4
  • In your first year, your modules give you an insight into various biological and chemical disciplines, including biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. (kent.ac.uk)
  • To do this, we use a variety of approaches including genetics, cell biology and biochemistry. (crick.ac.uk)
  • 1 Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. (nih.gov)
  • 3 Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. (nih.gov)
Abstract2
  • Genome-wide ChIP-seq mapping and analysis of butyrate-induced H3K9 and H3K27 acetylation and epigenomic landscapes alteration in bovine cells [abstract]. (usda.gov)
  • abstract = "Histone proteins are essential components of eukaryotic chromosomes. (elsevierpure.com)
Organisms1
Histones4
Cohesion4
  • Cohesion is then maintained until the point when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Now, Japanese researchers at Nagoya University have identified Dalmatian (Dmt) as a fruit fly protein related to sororin that is both required for cohesion and has shugoshin-like cohesion protection roles. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A dual role for Dmt was identified in that it also protects cohesion, thus allowing it to persist during cell division. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Jan. 23, 2020 Scientists have identified a mechanism of adhesive proteins in a mussel that controls the surface adhesion and cohesion. (sciencedaily.com)
Sequences1
  • They use an integrase that acts in a site-specific manner to join the ends of the viral cDNA to target sequences in host cell DNA. (ukessays.com)
Processes4
  • Equivalent processes in vertebrates involve actions of two distinct proteins, suggesting that Dmt represents an intermediate stage of protein evolution. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Several of these processes change during the cell cycle, but unlike transcriptional changes, the post-translational changes occur throughout the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • Both life processes increase the number of cells which is comparable to the growth of the organism. (differencebetween.net)
  • 11. Amsel, A. & Roussel, J. Motivational properties of ences in post-transcriptional processes spark interest in the development of frustration: I. Effect on a running response of the (protein redistribution, degradation), pharmacotherapies that selectively reg- addition of frustration to the motivational com- plex. (lu.se)
Involves1
  • However, binary fission or prokaryotic fission involves prokaryotic cells wherein the growth of the daughter cell is much like that of the parent cell. (differencebetween.net)
Genetic3
  • Recently, the importance of telomere maintenance in human stem cells has been highlighted by studies on dyskeratosis congenital, which is a genetic disorder in the human telomerase component. (nature.com)
  • Early clonal genetic events in benign hyperplastic lesions show losses at chromosomes 9p21 and 3p. (medscape.com)
  • When the genetic information containing the "blueprint" for these substances is disrupted, cell homeostasis is disrupted, resulting in a wide-range of immediate and/or delayed toxicological effects. (cdc.gov)
Progeny1
  • After replication, the two progeny circular chromosomes can sometimes remain interlinked or tangled, and they must be resolved so that each cell inherits one complete copy of the chromosome during cell division. (wikipedia.org)
Single stranded1
  • In order for DNA replication to continue, single stranded binding proteins are needed to prevent the single strands of DNA from forming secondary structures and to prevent them from re-annealing. (wikipedia.org)
Origins3
  • DNA replication in eukaryotic cells initiates from a large number of chromosomal sites known as origins. (crick.ac.uk)
  • The results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a critical biochemical step in the licensing of eukaryotic replication origins. (nature.com)
  • Extra rounds of replication are prevented by specific inactivation of new origins by the SeqA protein . (ous-research.no)
Round of replication2
Entire genome1
  • CMG then nucleates assembly of a multi-component replisome which must copy not just the entire genome, but also its associated bound proteins. (crick.ac.uk)
Elongation3
  • Chromosome replication proceeds in three major stages: initiation, elongation and termination. (wikipedia.org)
  • The elongation enzymes then disassemble, and the two "daughter" chromosomes are resolved before cell division is completed. (wikipedia.org)
  • When replication elongation was blocked by hydroxyurea or nalidixic acid, arrested cells contained one partially replicated, compact nucleoid located mid-cell. (nih.gov)
Interacts1
  • Heterogeneous Ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) Interacts with the Nucleoprotein of the Influenza a Virus and Impedes Virus Replication. (cdc.gov)
Initiates1
  • DnaA binding to the origin initiates the regulated recruitment of other enzymes and proteins that will eventually lead to the establishment of two complete replisomes for bidirectional replication. (wikipedia.org)
Recombinant4
  • Expression of the L1 protein using recombinant DNA technology produces noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs). (cdc.gov)
  • Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a recombinant Protein A-PCNA fusion protein, or with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Cys60 of human Survivin. (cellsignal.com)
  • E. coli expressed partial mouse Ki-67 recombinant protein, 1816-2163 aa. (biolegend.com)
  • Several proteins were identified by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric analysis and four recombinant protein constructs were expressed and used in a multiplex bead assay (MBA) to detect B. duncani-specific antibodies. (cdc.gov)