Proteins regulate substrate. Medical search. Frequent questions

Protein phosphorylation catalyzed by kinases plays crucial roles in regulating a variety of intracellular processes. (nih.gov)
Owing to an increasing number of in vivo phosphorylation sites that have been identified by mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, the RegPhos, available online at http://csb.cse.yzu.edu.tw/RegPhos2/, was developed to explore protein phosphorylation networks in human. (nih.gov)
In this update, we not only enhance the data content in human but also investigate kinase-substrate phosphorylation networks in mouse and rat. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, this update features an improved web interface to facilitate convenient access to the exploration of phosphorylation networks for a group of genes/proteins. (nih.gov)
Displacement of DVL from the centrosome and its release into the cytoplasm on NEK2 phosphorylation is coupled to the removal of linker proteins, an event necessary for centrosomal separation and proper formation of the mitotic spindle. (muni.cz)
PP2C38 regulates PAMP-induced BIK1 phosphorylation and impairs the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD by BIK1, leading to reduced oxidative burst and stomatal immunity. (uni-koeln.de)
2017). Moreover, Golgi-associated Rab29 can recruit LRRK2 to the surface of the Golgi and activate it there for both auto- and Rab substrate phosphorylation. (stanford.edu)
We have shown that Ypk1, a member of the AGC class of protein kinases conserved from yeast to humans, is the essential target of and activated via phosphorylation by the plasma membrane-associated TORC2 complex. (berkeley.edu)
Ypk1, in turn, regulates (via its phosphorylation of multiple substrates) maintenance of sphingolipid and glycerolipid homeostasis and bilayer lipid organization in the plasma membrane. (berkeley.edu)
However, the phenotypic effects of sppA deletion are independent of DivIVA phosphorylation and must be mediated via other substrates. (lu.se)
Wild type as well as substrate-trapping DA forms of PTPϵM suppressed phosphorylation of IR downstream enzymes such as Akt, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). (bioone.org)

CRYAA interacted with these proteins to maintain their solubility and decrease the accumulation of denatured target proteins. (molvis.org)
The poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases Tankyrase 1/2 (TNKS/TNKS2) catalyze the covalent linkage of ADP-ribose polymer chains onto target proteins, regulating their ubiquitylation, stability, and function. (rcsb.org)
The phenotypic effects are partially suppressed in an afsK sppA double mutant, indicating that AfsK and SppA to some extent share target proteins. (lu.se)
Since each ubiquitin ligase can recognize its target proteins through a specific degron, we are interested in delineating ubiquitin ligase-target protein interactions that are triggered by differentiation stimulus in stem cells. (lu.se)

The 26S proteasome is essential for proteostasis and the regulation of vital processes through ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated substrates. (elifesciences.org)
These results provide important insight into interaction networks that coordinate conformational changes with various stages of degradation, and how modulators of conformational equilibria may influence substrate turnover. (elifesciences.org)
The 26S proteasome is the principal ATP-dependent protease in eukaryotic cells and responsible for the majority of targeted protein turnover, both through the degradation of short-lived regulatory proteins and the clearance of damaged or misfolded polypeptides for protein-quality control ( Hershko and Ciechanover, 1998 ). (elifesciences.org)
To accomplish this, immune cells can increase protein production, modify existing proteins, or change their rate of protein degradation. (upenn.edu)
Tagging' a protein with ubiquitin is a post-translational modification that can improve interactions between proteins to promote signaling, or initiate protein degradation. (upenn.edu)
In recent years, studies have found that ubiquitination mediated protein degradation plays an important role in regulating the ABA signaling pathway. (phys.org)
Vacuolar protein sorting 23A (VPS23A), a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport I, mediates the entry of ubiquitinated ABA receptors into the vacuole for degradation. (phys.org)
The E3 ubiquitin ligase XBAT35.2 can ubiquitinate and modify VPS23A to promote its entry into the 26S proteasome for degradation, thereby positively regulating the ABA signaling pathway. (phys.org)
NADPH oxidase-regulated NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory activation were induced and accompanied by Txnip degradation during GAS infection. (frontiersin.org)
Silencing Txnip prompted TLR2-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production whereas the blockage of Txnip degradation by pharmacologically inhibiting the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase with heclin and AMP-dependent protein kinase with dorsomorphin effectively reduced such effects. (frontiersin.org)
Iron absorption in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells requires the IRT1 transporter that also allows the entry of certain non-iron metals, such as Zn, Mn, and Co. Recent work demonstrated that IRT1 endocytosis and degradation are controlled by IRT1 non-iron metal substrates in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. (nih.gov)
Ubiquitin ligases recognize a highly specific peptide motif (degron) and transfer polyubiquitin chains to their respective substrates that eventually lead to degradation of the target protein by proteasome. (lu.se)

With an attempt to help users efficiently identify the candidate biomarkers in cancers, 30 microarray experiments, including 39 cancerous versus normal cells, were analyzed for detecting cancer-specific expressed genes coding for kinases and their substrates. (nih.gov)
In humans, the CRYAA gene encodes a 173 amino acid residue protein by single copy genes located on chromosome 21. (molvis.org)
Various genes regulating cellular and subcellular metal distribution have been identified and characterized. (frontiersin.org)
According to the researchers, the study ("The dsRBP and Inactive Editor ADR-1 Utilizes dsRNA Binding to Regulate A-to-I RNA Editing across the C. elegans Transcriptome"), published in Cell Reports, helps explain how a relatively limited number of genes can provide versatile instructions for making thousands of different messenger RNAs and proteins used by cells in species ranging from sea anemones to humans. (genengnews.com)
To be properly expressed, all genes must be carefully converted from DNA to messenger RNA, which can then be translated into working proteins," added Heather Hundley, Ph.D., assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at Indiana University and co-senior author of the study. (genengnews.com)
The Green lab developed a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screening strategy that enables the discovery of new genes that regulate metastasis. (umassmed.edu)
PCGF6-PRC1 suppresses premature differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by regulating germ cell-related genes. (riken.jp)
We have learned that genes in mammalian cells are transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are to be translated into polypeptides (proteins). (intechopen.com)

Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of these cells are not well understood, activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway has been implicated in neuroprotective responses to excitotoxicity in other neuronal populations. (jneurosci.org)
Our data reveal that the vulnerable cells express high levels of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), which is a key regulator of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. (jneurosci.org)
We propose that the production of˙OH and extracellular proteolytic enzymes are regulated by similar nutritional signals. (lu.se)
We examined the correlation between nuclear deformation and cell functions such as cell proliferation, transfection and extracellular matrix protein type I collagen production. (cdc.gov)

To better understand how metal uptake is regulated, we identified IRT1-interacting proteins in Arabidopsis roots by mass spectrometry and established an interactome of IRT1. (nih.gov)

RegPhos 2.0 aims to provide a more comprehensive view of intracellular signaling networks by integrating the information of metabolic pathways and protein-protein interactions. (nih.gov)
Dishevelled (DVL) is a key scaffolding protein and a branching point in Wnt signaling pathways. (muni.cz)
In a study to better understand the neuroanatomical substrates and molecular pathways underlying ethanol sensitivity in Drosophila, we found that genetic manipulation of a small group of insulin producing cells results in a strong increase in sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation. (escholarship.org)
To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
Immunoflourescence images of expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 showing thealteration of key protein markers of antioxidant gene expression, read more in 'Melatonin targets ferroptosis through bimodal alteration of redox environment and cellular pathways in NAFLD model' from Saha et al, in this edition of Bioscience Reports. (portlandpress.com)
The IRS proteins (IRS1-4) are the family of adaptors regulating metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways ( Hanke and Mann , 2009 Hanke S and Mann M (2009) The phosphotyrosine interactome of the insulin receptor family and its substrates IRS-1 and IRS-2. (scielo.br)
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) protein defects occur in several pathways involved in the biologic function of muscle and can be divided into groups based on cellular localization. (medscape.com)

Ca2+/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CaMK) are mammalian calmodulin-dependent calcium-dependent protein kinases activated by elevation of Ca+2 and calmodulin concentration to phosphorylate Ser and Thr. (proteopedia.org)
We also studied the roles of other classes of protein kinases (Cla4) and additional post-translational modifications (SUMOylation) in septin complex assembly, formation of different septin-based supramolecular ensembles, disassembly of septin-containing structures, and the function of septin organization in the events required for cell division and membrane septation during cytokinesis. (berkeley.edu)
Activation of the pheromone receptor-coupled G protein initiates a four-tiered cascade of protein kinases, ultimately resulting in stimulation of a messenger-activated protein kinase or MAPK (Fus3) that translocates into the nucleus. (berkeley.edu)
Detection of nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor-regulated protein kinases in PC12 cells with synthetic peptide substrates. (aspetjournals.org)

Using yeast two-hybrid interaction cloning, we identified the HGF-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS) as a schwannomin interactor. (wustl.edu)

Collectively, these results indicate that the Phe/Tyr switch regulates product specificity through altering the affinity of an active-site water molecule whose dissociation is required for lysine multiple methylation. (rcsb.org)
Activity is regulated on two levels: overall activity and substrate specificity (as only one RNR catalyses the reduction of all four ribonucleotides under given physiological conditions). (lu.se)
dNTP products regulate the enzyme's specificity for the NTP or NDP substrates. (lu.se)
We have been able to explain how conformational changes a loop spanning the dimer interface communicate the substrate specificity signal to the active site for the class II RNR. (lu.se)

We showed that PcG proteins bind unmethylated CpG dinucleotides via the CxxC domain of KDM2B, which is a component of the non-canonical polycomb repressive complex 1 (ncPRC1). (riken.jp)
Here we define the precise Rab29 binding region of the LRRK2 Armadillo domain between residues 360-450 and show that this domain, termed 'Site #1', can also bind additional LRRK2 substrates, Rab8A and Rab10. (stanford.edu)
These ankyrin repeats form five domains termed ankyrin repeat clusters (ARCs), each predicted to bind substrate. (rcsb.org)
The matrix exposed C-terminal α-helical domain of Oxa1 can bind mitochondrial ribosomes to facilitate co-translational insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial membrane ( Jia et al . (tcdb.org)
Similar movements were observed for the class III enzyme but the full picture has still not been obtained as substrates were not observed to bind to the active site in this system. (lu.se)
Researchers speculate that it may bind to other proteins on the surface of cells or help cells attach to one another. (medlineplus.gov)

Additionally, we have determined that these adaptors regulate T cell activation, CD4 differentiation and effector function, and Treg cell metabolism and lineage stability. (upenn.edu)
In response to Streptococcus pyogenes infection, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is mostly regulated by TLR-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Gene expression must be appropriately maintained to regulate development, differentiation, and proliferation of cells. (intechopen.com)
Receptor glycosylation regulates the affinity of histamine H1 receptors during smooth muscle cell differentiation. (aspetjournals.org)

Here, we report that high levels of the striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), a key regulator of ERK/MAPK signaling, are found in vulnerable somatostatin-immunoreactive hilar interneurons. (jneurosci.org)

Using both functional and structural approaches we are focusing on how rhomboid proteases regulate cleavage of their substrates. (ualberta.ca)
The exact contribution that the cleavage of many caspase substrates makes to the biochemistry and morphology of apoptosis is unclear. (wikidoc.org)
Class III RNRs are strictly anaerobic and generate a stable glycyl radical on the protein by cleavage of S- adenosylmethionine, which can be regarded as a homologue of adenosylcobalamin. (lu.se)

To identify proteins interacting with alpha A-crystallin (CRYAA) and to investigate the potential role that these protein interactions play in the function of CRYAA using a human proteome (HuProt) microarray. (molvis.org)
A HuProt microarray composed of 17,225 human full-length proteins with N-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST) tags was used to identify protein-protein interactions. (molvis.org)
The protein-protein interactions may help CRYAA carry out multifaceted functions. (molvis.org)
To understand the functions of CRYAA and how these are regulated, protein-protein interactions need to be investigated. (molvis.org)
Investigating the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteasome, we found that peripheral interactions between the lid subunit Rpn5 and the base AAA+ ATPase ring are important for stabilizing the substrate-engagement-competent state and coordinating the conformational switch to processing states upon substrate engagement. (elifesciences.org)
The MARCKS domain regulates the nuclear localizations of type IV DGKs while the PDZ-binding and ankyrin domains regulate interactions with several proteins. (nih.gov)

We previously reported that importin 13 (IPO13), a member of the importin-β family of nuclear import proteins, regulates nuclear import of the glucocorticoid receptor in airway epithelial cells, IPO13 serves as a potential marker for corneal epithelial progenitor cells, and IPO13 is associated with corneal cell proliferation. (molvis.org)

Iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) is a key factor in regulating brain iron homeostasis. (nature.com)
Intracellular iron levels are elaborately balanced by iron efflux, uptake, and storage proteins that are regulated by iron regulatory proteins (IRPs, including IRP1 and IRP2) [ 16 ]. (nature.com)
This creates interfaces for efficient binding to CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 2 (CDK5RAP2) and centrosomal Nek2-associated protein 1 (C-NAP1), two proteins of the centrosomal linker. (muni.cz)
Immune cells must continually respond to external stimuli, and adjust their levels of key regulatory proteins, to transition between poised and active states. (upenn.edu)
To achieve this ordering, many cell cycle-regulatory proteins are expressed exclusively when their functions are needed. (umassmed.edu)
The Benanti lab is interested in understanding why cyclical expression of key regulatory proteins is important for maintaining a stable genome. (umassmed.edu)
CAMKII contains an N-terminal catalytic domain which binds ATP and substrate protein, regulatory domain (CBD) and association domain (ASD). (proteopedia.org)

Thus, regulating the uptake and cellular distribution of these minerals is extremely important for optimal cellular functioning and could lead to breeding crop plants with better adaptability to changing environments and may contribute to providing healthy food with improved mineral contents. (frontiersin.org)
In plants, iron uptake from the soil is tightly regulated to ensure optimal growth and development. (nih.gov)
We characterized the dynamics of the iron uptake complex and showed that FRO2 and AHA2 ubiquitination is independent of the non-iron metal substrates transported by IRT1. (nih.gov)
Overall, we propose that a dedicated iron-acquisition protein complex exists at the cell surface of Arabidopsis root epidermal cells to optimize iron uptake. (nih.gov)

Ubiquitylation is regulated by enzymes that add (E3 ubiquitin ligases) or subtract (deubiquitylating enzymes) ubiquitin from substrates. (upenn.edu)
We use systems biology approaches to define changes in ubiquitylation as activation states change, and to identify ubiquitin ligases that regulate immune cell fate. (upenn.edu)

Our study delineated the relationships between focal adhesions, nucleus and cell function and highlighted that the nanotopography could regulate cell phenotype and function by modulating nuclear deformation. (cdc.gov)

The structures show that both substrate translocation and release involve movements of the bulky transport domain through the lipid bilayer. (elifesciences.org)
2018 ). Through YidC, proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer via the SecYEG-dependent complex, but YidC functions as a chaperone in protein folding processes. (tcdb.org)

In summary, this study provides structural evidence of robust ATP-dependent antiparallel dimerization of human inducible Hsp70 protein and suggests a novel role of TPR domain cochaperones in multichaperone complexes involving Hsp70 ATP-bound dimers. (muni.cz)
Our research centers around studying membrane proteins involved in disease, using X-ray crystallography and other biophysical techniques, to reveal structural, functional and mechanistic details of membrane proteins that could one day aid in the development of new drugs and vaccines targeted towards membrane proteins. (ualberta.ca)

SET domain protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) regulate transcription and other cellular functions through site-specific methylation of histones and other substrates. (rcsb.org)
The Developmental Genetics Research Group studies epigenetic regulation of organ development and stem cell functions, mediated by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins and DNA methylation (5mC) mechanisms. (riken.jp)
Methylated CpGs, that are not bound by PcG proteins, are substrates of DNA methylation machinery. (riken.jp)

Here we report crystal structures of a representative ARC of TNKS2 bound to targeting peptides from six substrates. (rcsb.org)
Amyloid precursor protein is cut by enzymes to create smaller fragments (peptides), some of which are released outside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)

Horvitz and his colleague Junying Yuan [2] found in 1993 that the protein encoded by the ced-3 gene was a cysteine protease with similar properties to the mammalian interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE) (now known as caspase 1) which at the time was the only known caspase. (wikidoc.org)
A mutant enzyme protein impairs the reaction that leads to condensation of carbamyl phosphate and ornithine to form citrulline. (medscape.com)

Caspases are regulated at a post-translational level, ensuring that they can be rapidly activated. (wikidoc.org)
2001 ). Mitochondria have two, one for co-translational, and one for post-translational insertion of membrane proteins. (tcdb.org)

Our focus is on defining new mechanisms that regulate immune cell activation and protective immune responses. (upenn.edu)
These results raise the possibility that other dsRNA binding proteins, including the inactive human ADARs, regulate RNA editing through deaminase-independent mechanisms. (genengnews.com)
The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)
For these reasons, this pathway and the mechanisms by which TORC2 and Ypk1 are regulated are under continuing intensive study. (berkeley.edu)
We investigated control mechanisms that regulate the activity, localization, and stability of Wee1, especially the bud neck-localized protein kinase Hsl1 and its more distant paralogs (Gin4 and Kcc4), in particular their recruitment to septin filaments, which assemble at the presumptive site of cell division. (berkeley.edu)

The IRS proteins function as adaptors and transmit signals from multiple receptors. (scielo.br)

Membrane proteins are key targets for the drug development. (ualberta.ca)
Bacteria also export (to the periplasm) N-tails of membrane proteins synthesized without leader sequences by a Sec (Type IIPS)-independent mechanism. (tcdb.org)
We have recently shown that this same pathway modulates the content of integral membrane proteins and, in collaborative studies, that it is also involved in maintenance of the sterol composition of the plasma membrane. (berkeley.edu)

To accomplish these various tasks of substrate processing, the 26S proteasome undergoes significant conformational rearrangements whose origin and control still remain largely elusive. (elifesciences.org)
As in other protein unfoldases of the AAA+ family, the six Rpt subunits in the proteasome base use loops with conserved aromatic residues projecting into the central pore of the hexamer to interact with the substrate polypeptide, mechanically pull on it, and drive its translocation into the 20S core in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent manner. (elifesciences.org)

Schwannomin, a member of the 4.1 family of proteins, which are known to link the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, has little known function other than its ability to suppress tumor growth. (wustl.edu)
Nucleocytoplasmic transport is an essential phenomenon in eukaryotic cells controlled by the family of proteins called importins and exportins. (molvis.org)

Oxidation works in concert with proteolysis, improving N liberation from proteins in SOM. (lu.se)

Functional annotation clustering showed that they belong to cell cycle, organelle or nuclear lumen, protein transport, and DNA binding and repair clusters. (molvis.org)

Moreover, dimerization of ATP-bound Hsp70 is required for its participation in high molecular weight protein complexes detected ex vivo, supporting its functional role in vivo. (muni.cz)
We are now poised to define how cullin ligases form distinct ubiquitin complexes in T cells or other immune cells, and the unique set of substrates targeted by these complexes. (upenn.edu)
The Arabidopsis cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 is a downstream substrate of several PRR complexes. (uni-koeln.de)
More recently we have probed the allosteric regulation of class II and class III RNRs by solving the structures of complexes with several combinations of allosteric effector and substrate [2,5]. (lu.se)

Here, we report OTUD3 (OTU domain-containing protein 3) functions as a deubiquitylase for IRP2, interacts with IRP2 in the cytoplasm, de-polyubiquitylates, and stabilizes IRP2 protein in an iron-independent manner. (nature.com)

Furthermore, ADR-1 interacts directly with ADR-2 substrates, even in the absence of ADR-2, and mutations within its double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding domains abolish both binding and editing regulation," wrote the investigators. (genengnews.com)

The active full-length CRYAA protein corresponding to amino acids 1-173 of CRYAA was recombined. (molvis.org)
In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
The hepatic urea cycle is the major route for waste nitrogen disposal, which is chiefly generated by protein and amino acid metabolism. (medscape.com)
The drug is intended for patients who cannot be managed by a protein-restricted diet or amino acid supplements alone, and it must be used in conjunction with a protein-restricted diet and, in some cases, dietary supplements. (medscape.com)
The most common APP gene variant changes one of the protein building blocks (amino acids) in the amyloid precursor protein. (medlineplus.gov)
This variant replaces the amino acid valine with the amino acid isoleucine at protein position 717 (written as Val717Ile or V717I). (medlineplus.gov)
These variants change single amino acids in the amyloid precursor protein. (medlineplus.gov)
The Dutch type, the most common of all the types, is caused by the replacement of the amino acid glutamic acid with the amino acid glutamine at position 22 in the protein sequence (written as Glu22Gln or E22Q). (medlineplus.gov)

Coinduction of multiple hepatic cytochrome P-450 proteins and their mRNAs in rats treated with imidazole antimycotic agents. (aspetjournals.org)

The pheromone receptors have seven hydrophobic segments and are coupled to a heterotrimeric G protein. (berkeley.edu)
Cerebral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors interact with three kinds of GTP-binding proteins in a reconstitution system of purified components. (aspetjournals.org)
In addition to binding to the insulin receptor, IRS1 also binds to and transmits signals from the receptors of prolactin, growth hormone (GH), leptin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), insulin like growth factor (IGF1), and integrins ( Vuori and Ruoslathi , 1994 Vuori K and Ruoslahti E (1994) Association of insulin receptor substrate-1 with integrins. (scielo.br)

3.0: hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1 (HCLS1), Kelch domain-containing 6 (KLHDC6), sarcoglycan delta (SGCD), KIAA1706 protein (KIAA1706), RNA guanylyltransferase and 5′-phosphatase (RNGTT), chromosome 10 open reading frame 57 (C10orf57), chromosome 9 open reading frame 52 (C9orf52), and plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR). (molvis.org)
The BM niche is a highly vascularized tissue and endothelial cells (ECs) support and regulate blood cell formation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). (bvsalud.org)

We combine this information with genetic, cellular and biochemical approaches to define how ubiquitin enzymes regulate immune cell biology. (upenn.edu)
A series of biochemical experiments demonstrated that UBP12 and UBP13 can deubiquitinate VPS23A and maintain the protein stability of VPS23A. (phys.org)

Our crystal structures of this novel type of protease are providing information on how the rhomboid protease acts to cleave protein targets in the membrane. (ualberta.ca)
CASP3 , CASP6 , CASP7 ) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell resulting in the apoptotic process. (wikidoc.org)

We report Cryo-EM structures of Glt Ph reconstituted into nanodiscs, including those structurally constrained in the cytoplasm-facing state and either apo, bound to sodium ions only, substrate, or blockers. (elifesciences.org)
Mitochondria import nuclearly-encoded proteins, made in the cell cytoplasm, into the mitochondrial matrix where their mitochondrial targeting sequences are removed by proteolysis. (tcdb.org)

We conclude that ADR-1 acts as a major regulator of editing by binding ADR-2 substrates in vivo. (genengnews.com)
Here, we identify the protein phosphatase PP2C38 as a negative regulator of BIK1 activity and BIK1-mediated immunity. (uni-koeln.de)

Eukaryotic protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is largely dependent on the action of highly conserved Hsp70 molecular chaperones. (muni.cz)

As the transport domain translocates into the IFS, HP2 replaces HP1 on the domains interface, while HP1 now lines an intracellular vestibule leading to the substrate-binding site ( Figure 1-figure supplement 1 ). (elifesciences.org)

Recent evidence indicates that, apart from conserved molecular allostery, Hsp70 proteins have retained and adapted the ability to assemble as functionally relevant ATP-bound dimers throughout evolution. (muni.cz)
In this regard, we have recently shown that efficient activation of Ypk1 by TORC2 requires stimulation of TORC2 by the GTP-bound state of a Rab5 GTPase (Vps21/Ypt51) and that, in turn, Rab5-dependent endocytosis may be a mechanism to down-regulate TORC2 signaling after it has been activated. (berkeley.edu)
Most of the circulating testosterone is bound to carrier proteins (SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin). (cdc.gov)

Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are essential micronutrient mineral elements for living organisms, as they regulate essential cellular processes, such as chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis (Fe, Cu, and Mn), respiration (Fe and Cu), and transcription (Zn). (frontiersin.org)
The storage and distribution of these minerals in various cellular organelles is strictly regulated to ensure optimal metabolic rates. (frontiersin.org)
Different subcellular compartments are suggested to be linked through complex retrograde signaling networks to regulate cellular metal homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, modulation of the proteins involved in cellular metal homeostasis may help in the regulation of metabolism, adaptability to a diverse range of environmental conditions, and biofortification. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review progress in the understanding of different subcellular metal transport components in plants and discuss the prospects of regulating cellular metabolism and strategies to develop biofortified crop plants. (frontiersin.org)
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), a vitamin D 3 -upregulated protein in 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25[OH] 2 D 3 )-treated HL-60 cells ( 7 ), acts as an endogenous inhibitor of the antioxidant thioredoxin (Trx), which is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes including the response to oxidative stress, cancer development, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory processes ( 8 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
In cellular environment protein abundance and half-life are determined by ubiquitin-proteasomal system. (lu.se)

Metz H, Busch SE, Hanke ML, Kargl J, Kim KH and Houghton M (2014) Insulin receptor substrate-1 regulates immune cell content in lung adenocarcinoma. (scielo.br)

For this reason, today the energy content of food is instead obtained indirectly, by using chemical analysis to determine the amount of each digestible dietary component (such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats), and adding the respective food energy contents, previously obtained by measurement of metabolic heat released by the body. (wikipedia.org)
Sesti G, Federici M, Hribal ML, Lauro D, Sbraccia P and Lauro R (2001) Defects of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) system in human metabolic disorders. (scielo.br)

the apoptosome (regulated by cytochrome c and the Bcl-2 family ) which activates caspase-9 . (wikidoc.org)

The chloroplast albino 3 (ALB3) protein appears to integrate the light harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein into thylakoid membranes using a pathway that is distinct from the chloroplast Sec translocation pathway. (tcdb.org)

The neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor protein schwannomin/merlin is commonly mutated in schwannomas and meningiomas. (wustl.edu)
The reduction of Txnip protein facilitates tumor progression, whereas the overexpression of Txnip results in the inhibition of metastasis or further triggers cells undergoing apoptosis ( 9 , 14 , 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
Ma Z, Gibson SL, Byrne MA, Zhang J, White MF and Shaw LM (2006) Suppression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) promotes mammary tumor metastasis. (scielo.br)

Each first exon encodes the substrate binding site, and is regulated by its own promoter. (nih.gov)

For example, leucine plays an important role in the regulation of protein metabolism and suppresses an individual's appetite. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, they are investigating how cell cycle-regulation of chromatin proteins helps to coordinate the condensation of chromosomes with their segregation during mitosis. (umassmed.edu)
Role of hormone-sensitive low Km cAMP phosphodiesterase in regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
Metz HE and Houghton AM (2011) Insulin receptor substrate regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (scielo.br)

It is classified as a type IV DAG kinase (DGK), containing myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS), PDZ-binding, and ankyrin domains, in addition to C1 and catalytic domains that are present in all DGKs. (nih.gov)
Tankyrases recruit specific motifs (often called RxxPDG "hexapeptides") in their substrates via an N-terminal region of ankyrin repeats. (rcsb.org)

The prodomain of the initiator caspases contain domains such as a CARD domain (e.g. caspases-2 and -9) or a death effector domain (DED) (caspases-8 and -10) that enables the caspases to interact with other molecules that regulate their activation. (wikidoc.org)

Currently we are identifying crucial proteins in blood forming stem cells that are regulated by ubiquitin signaling. (lu.se)

A current area of focus is the molecular dissection of a novel KLF6-VAV3-RAC1 signaling axis that regulates hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and metastasis. (umassmed.edu)
However, in the mid 1990s, other proteins were also found to accumulate in the abnormal muscle fibers, and molecular genetic studies revealed several chromosomal loci. (medscape.com)

Ubiquitination of substrate proteins can determine their protein activity, subcellular localization and even protein stability. (phys.org)
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) inhibits the activity of thioredoxin (Trx) to modulate inflammatory responses. (frontiersin.org)
Corticosterone increases protein tyrosine kinase activity in the locus coeruleus and other monoaminergic nuclei of rat brain. (aspetjournals.org)
Oxidized protein substrates induced higher proteolytic activity than unmodified proteins. (lu.se)
The sAPP peptide may also control the function of certain other proteins by turning off (inhibiting) their activity. (medlineplus.gov)

So it is likely that a similar mechanism exists to regulate editing in humans," said Dr. Hundley, adding that she and colleagues will now turn to teasing out the specifics of how proteins like ADR-1 regulate editing and how they might be exploited "to modulate editing for the treatment of human diseases. (genengnews.com)
So what is the mechanism that plants adopt to maintain an appropriate ubiquitination level of key proteins? (phys.org)
Here we investigated the role of IPO13 in the pathogenesis of pterygium and the underlying mechanism including interaction with other cell proliferation-related factors: keratin 17 (K17), a lesional protein and a member of the type I keratins, and c-Jun, a protein of the activator protein-1 complex. (molvis.org)

This product contains substances regulated under REACH (EC 1907/2006 Annex XIV). (qiagen.com)

We aim to uncover the factors that regulate: (1) ncPRC1 recruitment to unmethylated CpGs, and, (2) cPRC1 recruitment downstream of PRC2. (riken.jp)

One-hundred and twenty-seven of 17,225 human full-length proteins were identified that interact with CRYAA. (molvis.org)

This 8-residue consensus allows us to rationalize all known Tankyrase substrates and explains the basis for cherubism-causing mutations in the Tankyrase substrate 3BP2. (rcsb.org)

How plant PTI is negatively regulated is not fully understood. (uni-koeln.de)

Anatomy13

Organisms10

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes66

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care3

Phosphorylation11

Target proteins4

Degradation12

Genes8

Extracellular4

MASS-SPECTROMETRY1

Pathways7

Kinases4

Kinase-substrate1

Specificity4

Bind6

Differentiation4

Tyrosine phosphatase1

Cleavage3

Interactions6

Airway epithelial cells1

Regulatory7

Uptake4

Ubiquitylation2

Focal adhesions1

Lipid bilayer2

Structural2

Methylation3

Peptides2

Enzyme2

Post-translational2

Mechanisms5

Adaptors1

Membrane Proteins3

Proteasome2

Family of proteins2

Liberation from proteins1

Nuclear1

Complexes4

Domain-contain1

Interacts1

Amino8

MRNAs1

Receptors3

Hematopoietic2

Biochemical2

Cleave2

Cytoplasm2

Regulator2

Eukaryotic1

Translocates1

Bound3

Cellular7

Immune cell1

Metabolic2

Cytochrome1

Translocation1

Tumor3

Encodes1

Regulation4

Ankyrin2

Effector1

Crucial1

Molecular2

ACTIVITY5

Mechanism3

Substances1

Downstream1

Interact1

Mutations1

Negatively1