Proteins regulate protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

The Arc transcript is dependent upon activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase or MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, a pathway important for regulation of cell growth and survival. (wikipedia.org)
Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of these cells are not well understood, activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway has been implicated in neuroprotective responses to excitotoxicity in other neuronal populations. (jneurosci.org)
Along these lines, accumulating evidence shows that the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in neuronal cell survival. (jneurosci.org)
Our data reveal that the vulnerable cells express high levels of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), which is a key regulator of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. (jneurosci.org)
Icariin can inhibit the proliferation and colony forming ability of medulloblastoma cells, induce cell arrest in synthesis phase by inhibiting the expression of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and cyclin B1, and induce cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase protein. (ijpsonline.com)
Ca 2+ /CaM binds to the death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Streptomyces coelicolor modulates polar growth via the Ser/Thr protein kinase AfsK, which phosphorylates DivIVA. (lu.se)
In this study, we compared how different signaling pathways determine extracellular nucleotide pools in control Jurkat cells versus Jurkat lines that lack the Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) cell death regulatory proteins. (aspetjournals.org)
The biologic function of LKB1 includes the regulation of downstream kinases, including adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the related kinases (microtube affinity-regulating kinase [MARK] 1 through MARK4 and brain-specific kinase/synapses of the amphid-defective kinase [Brsk/SAD]), which are involved in cellular metabolic regulation-stress response and cellular polarity, the latter through tubulin stabilization, tight junction formation, and E-cadherin localization. (medscape.com)

While Arc mRNA is subject to degradation by NMD, the translated protein contains a PEST sequence at amino acids 351-392, indicating proteasome-dependent degradation. (wikipedia.org)
E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate cellular protein composition by providing target recognition and specificity to the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation pathway 12 . (nature.com)
CUL3 is a conserved protein of the Cullin family, comprising eight members, which contain a conserved cullin homology domain, named after its ability to select cellular proteins for degradation. (nature.com)
Despite the well-understood process of CUL3-mediated protein ubiquitination and degradation 12 , its target proteins in the developing central nervous system and its role in brain development remain utterly understudied. (nature.com)
Surprisingly, RhoA (but not Rac1, Cdc42, or p190RhoGAP) protein levels increased due to reduced RhoA ubiquitination mediated by the adaptor protein CCM2 (cerebral cavernous malformation 2) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 and subsequent proteasomal degradation. (cytoskeleton.com)
Scholars@Duke publication: Protein phosphatase 1 regulates assembly and function of the beta-catenin degradation complex. (duke.edu)
CHIP-mediated degradation and DNA damage-dependent stabilization regulate base excision repair proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
benK encodes a hydrophobic permease-like protein involved in benzoate degradation by Acinetobacter sp. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The life cycle of a protein starts with a blueprint transcribed from a gene, followed by folding, which translates the blueprint to a three-dimensional structure that allows it to carry out its biological function, and ends with degradation. (cdc.gov)
Studies of the human proteome have enabled scientists to track protein synthesis, modification, and degradation over time and across different cell types. (cdc.gov)
A family of predominantly nuclear proteins that regulate gene transcription and protein degradation. (bvsalud.org)

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein is a plasticity protein that in humans is encoded by the ARC gene. (wikipedia.org)
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein predicts symptom response to cognitive behavioral therapy among individuals with first-episode psychosis. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, we found that Pls3 cell-autonomously regulates cell migration by regulating actin cytoskeleton organization, and its levels are inversely proportional to neural migration speed. (nature.com)
notably, integration of proteomics data with in situ subcellular microscopic analyses showed a high abundance of cytoskeleton proteins associated with acidified PBs at the early development stages. (nature.com)
Recently, the potential for the actin cytoskeleton (e.g., actin-binding protein complex Arp2/3) to regulate the activity and protein expression of upstream Rho-family GTPases (e.g. (cytoskeleton.com)

Salk Institute scientists have discovered that an interaction between two key proteins helps regulate and maintain the cells that produce neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
This protein helps regulate breathing in adult mice and gets breathing going in newborn mice, researchers report online December 21 in Nature . (sciencenews.org)
Magnesium helps maintain a healthy heart rhythm, it is vital for bone health, it is essential for muscular function, and it helps regulate optimal blood pressure levels. (canadianprotein.com)

ARC is a member of the immediate-early gene (IEG) family, a rapidly activated class of genes functionally defined by their ability to be transcribed in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
The ARC gene, located on chromosome 15 in the mouse, chromosome 7 in the rat, and chromosome 8 in the human, is conserved across vertebrate species and has low sequence homology to spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein involved in forming the actin cellular cortex. (wikipedia.org)
trnp: A conserved mammalian gene encoding a nuclear protein that accelerates cell-cycle progression. (nih.gov)
CUL3 ASD-associated genetic variants are most often de novo missense or loss of function (loF) mutations, dispersed throughout the entire gene and affecting distinct protein domains. (nature.com)
Another Salk professor and a coauthor on the paper, Martin Hetzer, previously found that proteins in the nuclear membrane influence gene expression in different kinds of cancer cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
The fact that we were able to connect transcription factors, which are mobile switches, to the pore complex, which is a very stable structure, offers a clue as to how cells maintain their identity through regulated gene expression," says Tomohisa Toda, a Salk research associate and first author of the paper. (neurosciencenews.com)
In Brachypodium distachyon, the BdCathB gene that encodes a Cathepsin B-like thiol-protease, orthologous to the wheat Al21 and barley HvCathB, is highly induced in germinating seeds and its expression is regulated by transcription factors (TFs) encoded by genes BdGa-myb and BdDof24, orthologous to the barley HvGamyb and BPBF-HvDof24, respectively. (upm.es)
In this work, we show that PcaQ also regulates the expression of the S. meliloti smb20568-smb20787-smb20786-smb20785-smb20784 gene cluster, which is predicted to encode an ABC transport system. (microbiologyresearch.org)
To investigate this transport system further, we generated a pcaM deletion mutant (predicted to encode the substrate-binding protein) and introduced a polar insertion mutation into pcaN , a gene that is predicted to encode a permease. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The IFIH1 gene provides instructions for making the MDA5 protein, which plays an important role in innate immunity, the body's early, nonspecific response to foreign invaders (pathogens) such as viruses and bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
The IFIH1 gene mutations involved in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome are described as "gain-of-function" because they lead to production of an MDA5 protein with enhanced activity. (medlineplus.gov)
The changes in the IFIH1 gene that cause this condition are described as "loss-of-function" mutations because they lead to an altered version of the MDA5 protein that cannot function. (medlineplus.gov)
A gene is a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and contains the code for a specific protein that functions in one. (msdmanuals.com)

Synaptically localized Arc protein interacts with dynamin and endophilin, proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and facilitates the removal of AMPA receptors from the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
MKRN2 Physically Interacts with GLE1 to Regulate mRNA Export and Zebrafish Retinal Development. (nih.gov)
p53 affects the transcription of many target genes and interacts with key cellular proteins. (molvis.org)

Previous reports have suggested that protein kinases play important roles in the regulation of circadian clocks ( Reischl and Kramer, 2011 ). (elifesciences.org)

Cell walls are dynamic structures that are regulated in part by cell wall integrity (CWI)-monitoring systems that feed back to modulate wall properties and the synthesis of new wall components [3]. (nih.gov)
Our results suggest that the SHOU4 proteins regulate cellulose synthesis in plants by influencing the trafficking of CESA complexes to the cell surface. (nih.gov)
It binds on the DNA, exerting an effect on DNA to regulate the synthesis of proteins regulated by DNA. (cdc.gov)
The action of hormones are transduced by regulating the synthesis of proteins (5% of proteins in the body are regulated by thyroid hormone). (cdc.gov)
The thyroid hormone regulates energy and fat metabolism and protein synthesis by regulating different enzymes that are involved in those processes. (cdc.gov)

Expression levels of PER2, a clock protein, were elevated in Sik3 -knockdown cells but down-regulated in Sik3 -overexpressing cells, which could be attributed to a phosphorylation-dependent decrease in PER2 protein stability. (elifesciences.org)
Wnt-regulated changes in axin phosphorylation, mediated by PP1, may therefore determine beta-catenin transcriptional activity. (duke.edu)

Thus, endomembrane-modifying proteins within the endomembrane system will have an influence on the final grain quality/yield and recombinant protein production. (nature.com)

In particular, the MDA5 protein recognizes a molecule called double-stranded RNA (a chemical cousin of DNA), which certain viruses, including rhinovirus (the virus that causes the common cold), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the influenza (flu) virus, have as their genetic material or produce when they infect cells and copy (replicate) themselves. (medlineplus.gov)

The mRNA (and aggregate protein) is carried along microtubules radiating out from the nucleus by kinesin (specifically KIF5) and likely translocated into dendritic spines by the actin-based motor protein myosin-Va. Arc has been shown to be associated with polyribosomes at synaptic sites, and is translated in isolated synaptoneurosomal fractions in vitro indicating that the protein is likely locally translated in vivo. (wikipedia.org)

At the molecular level, Cul3 regulates cytoskeletal and adhesion protein abundance in mouse embryos. (nature.com)

The circadian clock is an autonomous oscillator responsible for regulating physiology and behavior, thereby conferring adaptive advantage to living organisms by allowing them to anticipate regular changes in their environment. (jneurosci.org)

These genes produce proteins that regulate growth and alter cell division and other basic cell properties. (msdmanuals.com)

About 98% of estradiol is bound to transport proteins (SHBG and albumin). (cdc.gov)

ARC mRNA is localized to activated synaptic sites in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner, where the newly translated protein is believed to play a critical role in learning and memory-related molecular processes. (wikipedia.org)
The ARC protein can form virus-like capsids that package mRNA and can traffic between cells. (wikipedia.org)

p53 participates in relevant aspects of cell biology, including apoptosis and cell cycle control and must be strictly regulated to maintain normal tissue homeostasis. (molvis.org)

BREATHLESS Nerve endings in the lungs send signals - triggered by force-detecting proteins - to the brain and spinal cord that help regulate breathing. (sciencenews.org)
Interferons also help regulate inflammation, which is another part of the body's innate immune response. (medlineplus.gov)

The phenotypic effects are partially suppressed in an afsK sppA double mutant, indicating that AfsK and SppA to some extent share target proteins. (lu.se)

Here we show that Cul3 is essential to regulate neuronal migration and, therefore, constitutive Cul3 heterozygous mutant mice display cortical lamination abnormalities. (nature.com)
At the molecular level, we found that Cul3 controls neuronal migration by tightly regulating the amount of Plastin3 (Pls3), a previously unrecognized player of neural migration. (nature.com)
Here, we show that Cul3 is required during brain development to regulate neuronal migration and thus precisely assemble the cerebral cortex. (nature.com)
Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that the Adcy1 promoter is selectively activated by neuronal PAS-domain protein 2 (NPAS2)/BMAL1. (jneurosci.org)

Thus, extracellular nucleotide accumulation during regulated tumor cell death involves interplay between ATP/AMP efflux pathways and different cell-autonomous ectonucleotidases. (aspetjournals.org)
Tumor suppressor genes normally suppress the development of cancers by coding for proteins that repair damaged DNA or suppress the growth of cancerous cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Here, we report that high levels of the striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), a key regulator of ERK/MAPK signaling, are found in vulnerable somatostatin-immunoreactive hilar interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
This study adds a PPP-family protein phosphatase to the proteins involved in the control of polar growth and cell shape determination in S. coelicolor. (lu.se)
Using a directed RNAi screen we find that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a ubiquitous serine/threonine phosphatase, is a novel potent positive physiologic regulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. (duke.edu)

Disruption of SHOU4 and SHOU4L increases the abundance of CESA proteins at the plasma membrane as a result of enhanced exocytosis. (nih.gov)
Based on proteome annotation and a homology search, 94 proteins associated with the endomembrane system were identified that exhibited significant changes in abundance during grain development. (nature.com)

Although all these enzymes are essential for development, their cellular levels must be tightly regulated because increased amounts of BER enzymes lead to elevated mutagenesis and genetic instability and are frequently found in cancer cells. (ox.ac.uk)
We demonstrate that stability of BER enzymes increases after formation of a repair complex on damaged DNA and that proteins not involved in a repair complex are ubiquitylated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP and subsequently rapidly degraded. (ox.ac.uk)

p53 E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (Mdm2) is an important negative regulator of p53. (molvis.org)

In further research, the researchers hope to find out what is the exact molecular mechanism between the flotillin proteins and membrane fluidity. (uni-kiel.de)
"Our results indicate that unsweetened beverages rich in these dietary PPTs might provide a dietary mechanism to dampen, blunt or regulate intestinal sugar absorption, a potentially important factor in the management of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome," said Susana Manzano and Prof Gary Williamson, from the School of Food Science and Nutrition at the University of Leeds in the U.K. (nutraingredients.com)

Apparently, they regulate the fluidity of bacterial membranes, making them more fluid to a certain extent and thus, changing their properties," emphasises Bramkamp. (uni-kiel.de)

Trnp1 regulates expansion and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex by control of radial glial fate. (nih.gov)

Structure of monomeric full-length ARC sheds light on molecular flexibility, protein interactions, and functional modalities. (nih.gov)
By cataloguing the molecular processes by which cells maintain and modify protein levels, proteomic studies offer another dimension of information that may help advance our understanding of health and disease. (cdc.gov)

One group of these proteins is called immunoglobulins, or antibodies, that are produced by specialized cells called B cells. (sciencedaily.com)

Here, we characterize two genes encoding novel plant-specific plasma membrane proteins (SHOU4 and SHOU4L) that were identified in a suppressor screen of the cellulose-deficient fei1 fei2 mutant. (nih.gov)
ADRM1 is an integral plasma membrane protein which promotes cell adhesion. (neuromics.com)

In the precursors, they discovered high numbers of a protein called Nup153, which is part of a multiprotein complex that forms a gatekeeping pore in the nuclear membrane, controlling what goes in or out. (neurosciencenews.com)

The turnover of proteins is one of the cell's most essential processes and is necessary for responding to external stimuli and for maintaining homeostasis . (cdc.gov)

Because the proteome is a continuously changing set of proteins that differs from cell to cell, it is challenging for scientists to capture and study it. (cdc.gov)
In 2014, scientists developed a draft map of the human proteome , which catalogued proteins encoded by over 17,000 human genes, or about 84% of all protein-coding genes in the human genome. (cdc.gov)

Once transported, the translated protein is 396 residues in length, with an N-terminus located at amino acids 1-25, a C-terminus at 155-396 (note that the spectrin homology located at 228-380 within the C-terminal), and a putative coiled coil domain at amino acids 26-154. (wikipedia.org)

Selenium was selectively incorporated into regulatory sites on key metabolic proteins, including as selenocysteine-replacing cysteine at position 253 in uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). (nih.gov)
Synergistic transcriptional activation by one regulatory protein in response to two metabolites. (microbiologyresearch.org)
STK11/LKB1 encodes a 433 amino acid ubiquitously expressed protein with a central catalytic domain and regulatory N- and C-terminal domains. (medscape.com)

Cell walls play critical roles in plants, regulating tissue mechanics, defining the extent and orientation of cell expansion, and providing a physical barrier against pathogen attack [1]. (nih.gov)
Cereal endosperm is a short-lived tissue adapted for nutrient storage, containing specialized organelles, such as protein bodies (PBs) and protein storage vacuoles (PSVs), for the accumulation of storage proteins. (nature.com)

Together our data identified promising targets to be genetically engineered to modulate seed storage protein accumulation that have a growing role in health and nutritional issues. (nature.com)

Additionally, the protein has binding sites for endophilin 3 and dynamin 2 at amino acids 89-100 and 195-214, respectively. (wikipedia.org)

It regulates the serum cholesterol level by influencing the level of cholesterol uptake into cells. (cdc.gov)

Experiments in mice have identified a protein that senses when the lungs are full of air . (sciencenews.org)

Functional maturation of steroid hormone receptors requires ordered assembly into a large multichaperone complex consisting of receptor monomer, an Hsp90 dimer, the p23 cochaperone, and an FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family member or alternate peptidylprolyl isomerase-related cochaperone. (unboundmedicine.com)
This data will allow for analysis of the selected steroid hormones and related binding protein that can be used to assist in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), androgen deficiency, certain cancers, and hormone imbalances. (cdc.gov)

These proteins are present in cells from bacteria to humans. (uni-kiel.de)

Virtually all spirochetes in the midgut of an unfed nymph express outer surface protein (Osp) A. This protein is also the predominant surface antigen expressed by the spirochetes in vitro. (cdc.gov)

Until now, scientists assumed that these flotillins mainly help in the formation of other functional protein complexes and confine highly ordered areas of the cell membrane. (uni-kiel.de)
Until now, researchers assumed that the so-called flotillin proteins serve to contribute to the formation of the necessary functional protein complexes - for example by delimiting certain areas of the membrane. (uni-kiel.de)

When mice lack these proteins in particular clusters of nerves, the mice either die within 24 hours of birth (blue, purple) or have breathing problems as adults (red). (sciencenews.org)

Together, these findings reveal the existence of facultative protein selenation, which correlates with impacts on thermogenic adipocyte function and presumably other biological processes as well. (nih.gov)
We specialize in the production of purified proteins and easy-to-use kits to study biochemical and cellular processes. (cytoskeleton.com)

It comes from natural herbs and it helps manage and regulate blood glucose levels in a number of different ways, which is why it is considered so promising, because essentially, it provides several benefits at once. (canadianprotein.com)
It helps to force more glucose into the cells and out of the blood, plus it helps to regulate inflammatory responses, which, if allowed to get out of control, can result in elevated blood sugar levels. (canadianprotein.com)

Now researchers report that microbiota regulate the ability of lung dendritic cells to generate immune responses. (sciencedaily.com)
Microbiota--the trillions of bacteria that co-exist in the body--regulate the ability of lung dendritic cells to generate immune responses, according to a study led by researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, published online in the Journal of Experimental Medicine . (sciencedaily.com)
Gage's team conducted screens in cells from mice and rats to see which genes were being transcribed into proteins in precursor cells, immature neurons and astrocytes. (neurosciencenews.com)
Interestingly, Nup153 levels are also known to be high in cells with elevated levels of a mobile protein called Sox2, a transcription factor that floats around the nucleus and binds to genes and turns them on or off. (neurosciencenews.com)
We can regulate yeast precisely, so yeast cells are a good model for looking at the mechanisms of autophagy. (umich.edu)
In order to implement these properties, different types of proteins are active in cells, including the so-called flotillins. (uni-kiel.de)
It regulates the receptor for cholesterol, takes it out of the blood stream and puts it into the cells. (cdc.gov)

Both proteins consist of three domains: two FKBP12-like domains termed FK1 and FK2 and a tetratricopeptide repeat domain that targets binding to Hsp90. (unboundmedicine.com)
Upon Ca 2+ binding, CaM is capable of interacting with hundreds of protein targets to regulate the wealth of intracellular signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)

Ca 2+ -binding protein calmodulin (CaM) serves as a primary effector of calcium function. (frontiersin.org)
The small and highly expressed Ca 2+ -binding protein calmodulin (CaM) acts as a primary effector of calcium function ( Soderling and Stull, 2001 ). (frontiersin.org)
A team of international researchers, including researchers from Kiel University, has now found indications of a possible different function of the flotillins: together with colleagues from the Universities of Groningen (the Netherlands) and Bordeaux (France), among others, the Kiel researchers were able to show that flotillin proteins apparently have a direct influence on the structure of the cell membrane and can make it more fluid under certain conditions. (uni-kiel.de)
The work now presented by Professor Marc Bramkamp's Microbial Biochemistry and Cell Biology group at the Institute of General Microbiology at Kiel University contradicts this view: "Together with a group of international colleagues, we have found evidence that the flotillin proteins have a completely different function. (uni-kiel.de)
New insights into the genome have led to the emergence of proteomics , the study of the structure and function of an individual's entire set of expressed proteins. (cdc.gov)

The scaffold protein XRCC1, DNA polymerase beta, and DNA ligase IIIalpha play pivotal roles in BER. (ox.ac.uk)

When pieces of viral RNA are present inside a cell, multiple MDA5 proteins attach to it, one after another, forming a filament. (medlineplus.gov)
Studies suggest that the altered protein is unable to attach to viral RNA or to other MDA5 proteins to form filaments. (medlineplus.gov)

When a cell is perturbed, it responds by altering expressing levels of specific proteins and adjusting cellular functions in response to the new environmental stimuli. (cdc.gov)

Kinase9

Degradation11

Cytoskeleton5

Helps regulate3

Gene13

Interacts3

Kinases1

Synthesis5

Phosphorylation2

Recombinant protein1

Molecule1

Actin1

Cytoskeletal1

Circadian clock1

Produce proteins1

Albumin1

MRNA2

Apoptosis1

Help regulate2

Target proteins1

Neuronal4

Tumor2

Phosphatase3

Abundance2

Enzymes2

Ubiquitin protei1

Mechanism2

Bacterial1

Mammalian1

Molecular2

Antibodies1

Plasma membrane2

Nuclear1

Homeostasis1

Proteome2

Homology1

Regulatory3

Tissue2

Accumulation1

Amino acids1

Serum1

Lungs1

Steroid2

Humans1

Outer1

Complexes2

Clusters1

Processes2

Glucose2

Cells7

Targets2

Function5

Roles1

Viral2

Cellular functions1