• The most well-studied are the p16(INK4A) and the p14(ARF) proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The p16(INK4A) protein attaches (binds) to two other proteins called CDK4 and CDK6. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most of these mutations lead to production of little or no functional p16(INK4A) protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A different type of alteration involving the CDKN2A gene can result in reduced amounts or an absence of the p16(INK4A) or p14(ARF) protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The CDKN2A gene mutations found in melanoma result in a nonfunctional p16(INK4A) protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This loss is accompanied with an increased expression of the histone demethylase Jmjd3 and with the recruitment of the MLL1 protein, and correlates with the expression of the Ink4a/Arf genes. (plos.org)
  • Finally, we demonstrate that Polycomb proteins and associated epigenetic marks are crucial for the control of the replication timing of the INK4a/ARF locus during senescence. (plos.org)
  • Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • also known as CDK4I, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor A, Multiple tumor suppressor 1, MTS-1, p16-INK4, p16-INK4a, p16INK4A) is encoded by the CDKN2A (also known as CDKN2, MTS1) gene (Gene ID 1029) in human. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In this model, the senescence-sensitive promoter from the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A ( Cdkn2a ) gene, also known as p16 INK4a , drives expression of 3MR, a fusion protein that is composed of luciferase and red fluorescent protein (RFP) reporters and herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase, which converts ganciclovir (GCV) into an apoptosis inducer. (jax.org)
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
  • IMR-90 fibroblast populations cultured in magnesium-deficient conditions had increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and increased p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1) protein expression compared with cultures from standard media conditions. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Conditional deletion of the Bmi-1 polycomb protein depleted pre-GEPCOT and GEPCOT cells, though pre-GEPCOT cells were more dependent upon Bmi-1 for Cdkn2a ( p16 Ink4a ) repression. (elifesciences.org)
  • This study correlates the biomarker protein p16(INK4A) expression levels dependent on HPV copy number with the infrared absorption spectral signatures of the cervical cancer cell lines, HPV negative C33A, HPV-16 positive SiHa and CaSki and HPV-18 positive HeLa. (tcd.ie)
  • A series of 76 cases of gastrointestinal tract endocrine tumors, including 21 poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas (PDECs, small cell carcinomas) and 55 well-differentiated endocrine neoplasms (WDENs, carcinoids), 18 metastatic and 37 nonmetastatic rectal carcinoids, were examined by immunohistochemical analysis for p16 INK4a , cyclin D1, and retinoblastoma protein (pRB) expression. (nycu.edu.tw)
  • p15 INK4b and p16 INK4a are closely related proteins and both act on the Rb-pathway through the inhibition of the proliferation-promoting cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A) Organization of the human INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus (not drawn to scale), encoding three distinct proteins, p15 INK4b , p14 ARF and p16 INK4a . (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: : Inherited mutations in the CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene, which encodes the p16(INK4a) protein, and in the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) gene confer susceptibility to cutaneous malignant melanoma. (lu.se)
  • The CDKN2A gene provides instructions for making several proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Genetic alterations were used to propose a new molecular classification for cutaneous melanomas, based upon differentially expressed proteins and genes such as B-RAF, K-RAS, cyclin D1 e CDKN2A. (fapesp.br)
  • Western blot analysis of HepG2 cell lysate using P16INK4a Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (CDKN2A/4844R). (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Two powerful tumour suppressor pathways, controlled by the p53 and retinoblastoma (pRB) proteins, are important for establishing and maintaining the senescence growth arrest. (nature.com)
  • Both proteins are also involved in stopping cell division in older cells (senescence). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The p53 protein is an important tumor suppressor that is essential for regulating cell division, senescence, and self-destruction (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Together, the germline and somatic mutations impair the function of proteins that regulate division and senescence, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of a melanoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Upon senescence, Jmjd3 is overexpressed and the MLL1 protein is recruited to the locus provoking the dissociation of Polycomb from the INK4/ARF locus, its transcriptional activation and its replication during early S-phase. (plos.org)
  • The activation/upregulation of these proteins are used as indicators of cellular senescence. (dojindo.com)
  • Phosphorylated ETS1 and ETS2 stimulate p16INK4A transcription, resulting in cell cycle arrest with arrested cells exhibiting high p16INK4A level and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity. (reactome.org)
  • It is possible that ETS2 is the main transmitter of RAS signaling to p16INK4A at the initiation of the senescence program, and that ETS1 maintains high p16INK4A level once the senescence is already established (Ohtani et al. (reactome.org)
  • Crucial mediators Nesbuvir in BS69-shRNA-induced senescence At the moment two connected however specific senescence-associated pathways have already been determined: one concerning p53/p21Cip1 and the next concerning p16INK4a/Rb (Beausejour and in IMR90 cells in conjunction with knockdown. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • Polycomb-group proteins (PcG proteins) are a family of protein complexes first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel chromatin such that epigenetic silencing of genes takes place. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polycomb-group proteins are well known for silencing Hox genes through modulation of chromatin structure during embryonic development in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein products of the three Ras genes are almost identical. (nature.com)
  • There are three Ras genes that generate four almost identical proteins: HRAS, NRAS, KRAS4A and KRAS4B [ 2 ]. (nature.com)
  • 8 9 This lack of an absolute phenotype:genotype concordance could be attributed to incomplete screening of the p53 gene, inactivation of the p53 protein through interaction with other cellular proteins or viruses, or defects in other genes involved in p53 mediated cell cycle regulatory pathways. (bmj.com)
  • 10 Similarly, in recent studies, at least one third of genes in diverse organisms can exhibit alternative transcription, leading to the production of N-terminally extended proteins or alternative reading frames. (biorxiv.org)
  • General objective: To evaluate the cell-cycle proteins, the supressor genes and oncogenes in acral lentiginous melanomas. (fapesp.br)
  • 3. Evaluate the genes p16INK4A, CCDN1 e PTEN for amplification or deletion, through FISH. (fapesp.br)
  • Trithorax-group (trxG) proteins maintain the active state of gene expression while the Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins counteract this activation with a repressive function that is stable over many cell generations and can only be overcome by germline differentiation processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • NRAS»HRAS protein expression in cells that correlate with the rank order of Ras mutation frequencies in cancer. (nature.com)
  • Likewise, advances in mass spectrometry proteomics now permit highly sensitive and accurate studies of protein expression at the whole proteome-scale. (biorxiv.org)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Combining these new datasets with existing published gene expression and protein expression data have identified selected panels of novel biomarkers which have been evaluated on over 100 cervical cancer and pre-cancer cases using standard immunohistochemistry approaches. (europa.eu)
  • Using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blots experiments, we compared changes in ETS-1 and ETS-2 expression, their protein levels, and the regulation of some of their target gene expressions at different stages of the ocular tumoral progression in the transgenic mouse model, Tyrp-1-TAg, with those in normal eyes from control mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
  • Expression of cell cycle proteins in 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced mouse lung tumors. (jax.org)
  • Expression of p16INK4a, as determined by RT-PCR, was variable in lung tumors. (jax.org)
  • Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)
  • Dr. Greg Enders developed TetOp16 transgenic mice which would allow for cell, tissue or organ-specific expression of p16INK4a, thereby allowing a broad control of cell proliferation in mice. (foxchase.org)
  • TetOp16 transgenic mice allow for the inducible expression of p16INK4a. (foxchase.org)
  • TetOp16 transgenic mice offer a way to selectively manipulate cell proliferation by allowing for temporal and spatial regulation of p16INK4a expression. (foxchase.org)
  • Exogenous expression of ABCB5fl and ABCB5β was achieved in HEK293T cells, but the recombinant protein expressed poorly and localised to the endoplasmic reticulum. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • Point mutations introduced into the ATP catalytic domain failed to improve expression levels suggesting that protein function was not deleterious to the cell. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • However, one antibody recognised both ABCB5fl and ABCB5β, and was subsequently used to evaluate protein expression levels in other cell types.siRNA knockdown of ABCB5 in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) caused a concomitant reduction in p16 expression and an increase in cellular proliferation. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • The p16INK4a/cyclin D1/pRB pathway was altered in gastrointestinal tract endocrine tumors, and the loss of expression of pRB may be helpful in identifying patients at high risk of metastasis in rectal WDENs. (nycu.edu.tw)
  • Expression of p16INK4a (p16 positive) is highly correlated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Our data indicated that this induction of p21Cip1 protein expression by BS69-shRNA was mainly due to enhanced transcription of gene. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • Signatures of somatic mutations and gene expression from p16INK4A positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). (cdc.gov)
  • Regulation of Polycomb-group proteins at bivalent chromatin sites is performed by SWI/SNF complexes, which oppose the accumulation of Polycomb complexes through ATP-dependent eviction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusion: p63, p16, MIB, Cal A, Cys A are markedly expressed and p16 is strongly suppressed in oral cavity tumors, which suggests that the latter protein may play a role in negative regulation of cell cycle progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Another protein, calgranulin A (Cal A), is involved in the regulation of several cell processes, including the cell cycle and cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, recent studies in many organisms and in humans have revealed significant protein sequence variation due to the presence of somatically acquired genetic variants, alternative transcription, and mRNA splicing, which are not necessarily annotated in reference databases. (biorxiv.org)
  • ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNA and protein levels were much higher in the ocular tissues of Tyrp-1-TAg mice than in control ocular tissues from wild-type mice. (molvis.org)
  • In chemically induced mouse lung tumors, the p16INK4a gene is a target of inactivation, and Rb is reduced at the mRNA level (Northern blot) although similar at the protein level (Western blot) when compared to normal lung tissues. (jax.org)
  • METHODS: The QuantiGeneTM 2.0 Plex Assay platform was chosen for the effective multiplexing and quantitative detection of seven HPV-E7 mRNA targets (HPV6, 16, 18, 31, 45, 59, and 68) and the cellular mRNA of p16INK4a as a biomarker for HPV-induced transformation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutations in p16INK4a were not found by SSCP analysis. (jax.org)
  • Recent analyses of the p16INK4a gene revealed homozygous deletions, nonsense, missense, or frameshift mutations in several human cancers. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) are proteins that bind to and inhibit the activity of CDKs. (prospecbio.com)
  • This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)
  • They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
  • Previously the Li lab has identified an interesting protein, known as casein kinase 2, which plays an integral role in adult brain tumor growth. (stanford.edu)
  • My goal is to expand on this initial finding and determine if casein kinase 2 could be a therapeutically relevant drug target in adult brain tumors and whether this protein plays a role in pediatric brain tumors. (stanford.edu)
  • Approaches to improving cervical cancer screening and diagnostic methodologies include molecular biological analysis, targeting of biomarker proteins, but also exploration and implementation of new techniques such as vibrational spectroscopy. (tcd.ie)
  • Overexpression of the p16INK4a protein can act as a surrogate biomarker of HPV-induced carcinomas. (rmmj.org.il)
  • p16INK4a has been identified as a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for CIN. (ucsf.edu)
  • The protein p16INK4a is a potent cell cycle inhibitor and is a relatively selective CDK inhibitor. (foxchase.org)
  • Cystatin A (Cys A), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is a precursor of proteins involves in keratinocyte keratinization, and is expressed during the late phase of differentiation of these cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • These marker proteins are known to be tumor suppressors and regulate the cell cycle mainly through two pathways (p16Ink4a-RB and p53-p21CIP1). (dojindo.com)
  • In contrast overexpression of PcG proteins correlates with the severity and invasiveness of several cancer types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polycomb Bmi1 is known to regulate ink4 locus (p16Ink4a, p19Arf). (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results suggest that in young cells Polycomb proteins are recruited to the INK4/ARF locus through CDC6 and the resulting silent locus is replicated during late S-phase. (plos.org)
  • Immunohistochemical analyses of lung tumors showed focal areas which lacked p16INK4a staining. (jax.org)
  • Western blot analysis indicated the presence of both hypophosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated Rb protein in lung tumors and in normal lung tissues. (jax.org)
  • Although the frequency of p16INK4a abnormalities is higher in tumor derived cell lines than in unselected primary tumors, significant subsets of clinical cases with aberrant p16INK4a gene have been reported among melanomas, gliomas, esophageal, pancreatic, lung, and urinary bladder carcinomas, and some types of leukemia. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • In Drosophila, the Trithorax-group (trxG) and Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins act antagonistically and interact with chromosomal elements, termed Cellular Memory Modules (CMMs). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Bmi1 polycomb ring finger protein promotes neural stem cell self-renewal. (wikipedia.org)
  • PRC1 PRC2 PHC1 PHC2 Heterochromatin protein 1 (Cbx) BMI1 PCGF1, KDM2B PCGF2 (Polycomb group RING finger protein 2) ortolog Bmi1 RYBP RING1 SUV39H1 (histone-lysine N-methyltransferase) L3mbtl2 EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2) EED SUZ12 (Suppressor of Zeste 12) Jarid2 (jumonji, AT rich interactive domain 2) RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) RNF2 CBFβ YY1 Bivalent chromatin Portoso M, Cavalli G (2008). (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, we show that the Polycomb protein BMI1 interacts with CDC6, an essential regulator of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. (plos.org)
  • FTIR spectra revealed differences in nucleic acid, lipid and protein signatures between the cell lines with varying HPV copy number. (tcd.ie)
  • In these transgenic mice, the nucleic acid sequence encoding human p16INK4a has been linked to an inducible promoter or an operon capable of activation by the reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator (rtTA), mediating p16 transcription. (foxchase.org)
  • Methods: We developed a Locked Nucleic Acid Reverse Transcription real-time PCR assay (LNA-RTqPCR) to detect the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) Rotarix non-structural protein 2 in children with acute gastroenteritis and healthy controls and validated it using sequence confirmed RV1 strains. (cdc.gov)
  • The multidomain-containing cellular protein BS69 interacts with adenovirus E1A and several other viral and cellular factors and acts as a transcription repressor. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • Western Blotting Analysis: A 1:500 dilution of this antibody detected p16INK4a in 10 µg of HEK293 cell lysate. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • 247-OAEF00516 Mouse monoclonal Yellow Fever Virus NS1 Suitable for: ELISA Isotype: IgG1 Specificity This antibody is specific for the NS1 protein of Yellow Fever virus, and does not cross-react with NS1 from other. (bioscience-explained.org)
  • For example, most human tissues in healthy individuals acquire somatic nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions and DNA rearrangements, leading to the production of variant protein isoforms. (biorxiv.org)
  • In Physcomitrella patens the PcG protein FIE is specifically expressed in stem cells such as the unfertilized egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The p14(ARF) and p53 proteins are often made in cells that are unable to undergo cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Indeed we detected induction of p21Cip1 but not p53 or p16INK4a in IMR90 cells infected with the lentivirus expressing BS69-shRNA (Fig 1D). (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • It is located on chromosome 9p21 and its three exons encode a 156 amino acid, 15.8 kDa protein. (bmj.com)
  • PG2 integrates genome and transcriptome sequencing to incorporate protein variants containing amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions, as well as non-canonical reading frames, exons, and other variants caused by genomic and transcriptomic variation. (biorxiv.org)
  • Most commonly, this approach leverages high-resolution mass spectrometric measurements of proteolyzed proteins, combined with tandem peptide fragmentation to match observed spectra with those expected from their amino acid composition. (biorxiv.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
  • Cyclin D1 dysregulation and differential inactivation of p16INK4a and Rb have been observed in human lung cancer. (jax.org)
  • This is the first study describing the production and distribution of ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNAs and proteins using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in murine ocular tissue sections of normal control eyes and tumoral eyes from mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
  • Immunohistochemistry Analysis: A 1:50 dilution from a representative lot detected p16INK4a in human kidney and small intestine tissue sections. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • 11 And human diseases, including cancer in particular, tend to be defined by the presence of proteins with altered and pathogenic sequences. (biorxiv.org)
  • To explore the effect of DNA methyltransferase, demethylase and methyl-CpG binding protein MeCP2 on the expressions and methylation of hMSH2 and proto-oncogene in human gastric cancer. (wjgnet.com)
  • To study the correlation between the putative cancer stem cell (CSC) markers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), and octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT4) and human papilloma virus (HPV) infection using p16, the surrogate marker of HPV in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and normal mucosa. (rmmj.org.il)
  • Deciding whether a missense allelic variant affects protein function is important in many contexts. (nih.gov)
  • Finally, direct measurement of mutant versus wildtype KRAS protein abundance revealed a frequent imbalance that may suggest additional non-gene duplication mechanisms for optimizing oncogenic Ras dosage. (nature.com)
  • Evidence supporting the direct control of the cell cycle by Pc-G proteins in vertebrates came from studies on mouse Bmi1 mutants. (plos.org)
  • Testing for protein biomarkers expressed in the presence of cervical dysplasia has shown the potential to increase accuracy of detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), a precancerous lesion. (ucsf.edu)