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Cytopathogenic Effect, ViralTrichomonasAdenoviruses, HumanDiarrhea Viruses, Bovine ViralTorovirus InfectionsAdenoviridaeBovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal DiseaseAdenovirus Infections, HumanPestivirusClassical swine fever virusAdenovirus E1A ProteinsAdenoviridae InfectionsTissue Culture TechniquesAdenovirus Early ProteinsRNA HelicasesAdenovirus E1B ProteinsVirusesChicken anemia virusAdenovirus E3 ProteinsAdenovirus E4 ProteinsDefective VirusesVirus CultivationCell LineGenome, ViralAdenovirus E1 ProteinsVirus ReplicationViral Nonstructural ProteinsCattleRNA, ViralPeptide HydrolasesGenetic VectorsMolecular Sequence DataResearchAdenoviruses, CanineCulture TechniquesAviadenovirusAtadenovirusAdenoidsMastadenovirusEncyclopedias as TopicCommon ColdGeesePneumonia, ViralPneumoniaPneumonia, BacterialParamyxoviridae InfectionsParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanInfluenza, HumanInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
Bovine viral diarrhoea virusGenesAntigenGenomeDiarrhoeaInfectionCytopathic effectSerotypesHepatitisVirusesPneumoniaPathogenRotavirusBacterialParticleAntibodyReplication processMembranePenton basePathogensStrainsReceptorRespiratoryBVDVNucleusGeneSynthesisGlycoproteinCellsAmantadineEfficacyEnvelopeTranscriptionImmune responseFiber proteinVirusPrimaryHumanLevelDrugsProducts
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus3
  • Cross-infection studies of normal calves infected with homologous pairs of non-cytopathic and cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) showed significant differences in both humoral and cell- mediated immune responses against either biotype over a period of 5 months. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Lymphocyte proliferation in response to bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This was also the case for the p7 from the related virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Genes7
  • The genes of adenoviruses can generally be divided into well-conserved sets of transcription units with six early transcription units (E1A, E1B, E2A, E2B, E3 and E4) and one late transcription unit ranging from L1-L5. (wikipedia.org)
  • To increase the viral gene economy, adenoviruses accommodate genes on both strands of its dsDNA meaning that most of its genome is utilized for coding proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The second generation (G2) of engineered OVs armed with viral and/or non-viral genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The late transcribed genes are L1-L5, encoding viral capsid components (Fig. 7B). (genemedi.com)
  • Top panel: a simplified map of the adenovirus serotype 5 genome showing the early genes (E1-E4) and the region from which the major late transcript is produced. (genemedi.com)
  • An adenovirus vector shuttled 3 HIV genes into the body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV ), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE). (lookformedical.com)
Antigen3
  • Viral-antigen detection is one of the new tests, but the results are generally less sensitive and less specific than those of conventional cell cultures. (medscape.com)
  • the distribution of viral antigen in intestinal tissues was determined by immunofluorescent staining with anti-simian rotavirus (sa-11) serum. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Frequent mutations change some viral antigens so that the lymphocytes are unable to create an antibody that can neutralize the original antigen and its replacement. (unboundmedicine.com)
Genome12
  • Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90-100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adenovirus genome is linear, non-segmented double-stranded (ds) DNA that is between 26 and 48 Kbp. (wikipedia.org)
  • An interesting feature of this viral genome is that it has a terminal 55 kDa protein associated with each of the 5' ends of the linear dsDNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are used as primers in viral replication and ensure that the ends of the virus' linear genome are adequately replicated. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Adenoviruses possess a linear dsDNA genome and are able to replicate in the nucleus of vertebrate cells using the host's replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The capsid is destabilized and protein VI, which is one of the capsid constituents (see Adenovirus genome) is released from it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then, viral gene expression can occur, without integrating the viral genome into host cell chromosomes, and new virus particles can be generated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, the rebound could be attributed to host immune response to yellow fever virus Comparative Analysis of rather than to another pathogen or to direct effects of the vi- Whole-Genome Sequence of rus itself. (cdc.gov)
  • Schematic of the adenovirus genome and adenovirus-based vectors. (genemedi.com)
  • Without integration into host genome, adenovirus genome remains in an episomal state, which guarantees the low risk of mutation (Fig. 8). (genemedi.com)
  • After the synthesis of viral genome and capsid, they are assembled into viral products, releasing out of cell, and the infected cell starts lysis [45]. (genemedi.com)
  • Viral architecture is very complex, but every virus contains at least a genome and a capsid. (unboundmedicine.com)
Diarrhoea1
  • dose effect on experimental reproduction of rotavirus diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived newborn calves. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Infection6
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • For most serotypes, adenovirus infection is mediated by the high-affinity binding of the fiber-knob region to a receptor of target cell, named as the coxsackie-Ad receptor (CAR), which mainly determines the viral tropism [44]. (genemedi.com)
  • Infection process of adenovirus. (genemedi.com)
  • Of particular interest was the finding that PC-positive DBs induced an antibody response that blocked the infection of fibroblasts by a PC-positive viral strain more efficiently than sera following immunizations with PC-negative particles. (asm.org)
  • Using a subviral particle vaccine candidate, we show here that one protein complex of HCMV, termed the pentameric complex (PC), enhances the neutralizing antibody response against viral infection of different cell types. (asm.org)
  • Although some of these candidates have shown a moderate protective effect against primary infection, there are still open questions regarding the goals and the most appropriate formulation for a successful HCMV vaccine ( 8 ). (asm.org)
Cytopathic effect3
  • METHODS: The antiviral activities of KD-1 against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E were assessed in Vero E6 cells using cytopathic effect and plaque-reduction assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte. (lookformedical.com)
  • Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV . (lookformedical.com)
Serotypes1
  • The two currently established receptors are: CD46 for the group B human adenovirus serotypes and the coxsackievirus/adenovirus receptor (CAR) for all other serotypes. (wikipedia.org)
Hepatitis2
  • Recurrences of viral hepatitis A [in Croatian]. (cdc.gov)
  • We previously identified the function of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) p7 protein as an ion channel in artificial lipid bilayers and demonstrated that this in vitro activity is inhibited by amantadine. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Viruses6
  • The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • Meanwhile, these non-engineered viruses sometimes inevitably infect and spread to normal tissues, indiscriminately killed both tumor and normal cells, causing a series of unpredicted side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
  • Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2 . (lookformedical.com)
Pneumonia6
  • Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between the various etiologic agents, both viral and bacterial, causing pneumonia, the workup for symptomatic patients with an infiltrate on chest radiograph should include laboratory studies. (medscape.com)
  • Viral pneumonia can be diagnosed by isolation and identification of the pathogen through viral culture. (medscape.com)
  • The reported incidence of viral pneumonia (see the image below) has increased during the past decade. (medscape.com)
  • Depending on the virulence of the organism, as well as the age and comorbidities of the patient, viral pneumonia can vary from a mild, self-limited illness to a life-threatening disease. (medscape.com)
  • Their efficacy in patients with influenza viral pneumonia or severe influenza is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • Viral pneumonia decreases in frequency in healthy young and middle-aged adults, but it then increases substantially among the elderly. (medscape.com)
Pathogen1
  • A pathogen that is composed of nucleic acid within a protein shell but can grow and reproduce only after infecting a host cell. (unboundmedicine.com)
Rotavirus1
  • effects of tunicamycin on rotavirus morphogenesis and infectivity. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Bacterial1
  • New EMBO members' review: viral and bacterial proteins regulating apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Particle1
  • With the help of cellular microtubules, the virus is transported to the nuclear pore complex, whereby the adenovirus particle disassembles. (wikipedia.org)
Antibody1
  • Molecular specificity of the antibody responses of cattle naturally and experimentally infected with cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Replication process2
  • The adenovirus life cycle is separated by the DNA replication process into two phases: an early and a late phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Life cycle of adenovirus is separated by DNA replication process into two distinct phases: the early and late, occurring before and after viral DNA replication, respectively. (genemedi.com)
Membrane3
  • This amphipathic helix enables the binding of protein VI to the endsomal membrane leading to a severe membrane curvature that ultimatly disrupts the endosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Induction of membrane proliferation by poliovirus proteins 2C and 2BC. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Penton base1
  • This is followed by a secondary interaction, where a motif in the penton base protein (see capsomere) interacts with an integrin molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogens4
  • However, the detection of viral pathogens does not always indicate active disease. (medscape.com)
  • Viral cultures are still the criterion standard for most viral pathogens, but they take a long time to complete. (medscape.com)
  • The interactions between pathogens and their hosts involve complex and diverse processes at the genetic, biochemical, phenotypic, population, and community levels, while the distribution and abundance of microorganisms in nature and their microbial processes are affected by both biotic and abiotic factors that act at different scales. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Failure to consider these effects may result in spurious conclusions that do not truly reflect the abundance and distribution of waterborne pathogens. (nationalacademies.org)
Strains2
  • Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
  • So, these viral-specific drugs are not able to become viral resisting drugs for new strains. (springeropen.com)
Receptor3
  • Entry into the host cell is initiated by the knob domain of the fiber protein binding to the cell receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is the co-receptor interaction that stimulates entry of the adenovirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • CAR receptor-fiber-knob adenovirus interaction and internalization process [46]. (genemedi.com)
Respiratory1
  • Tissue from the upper or lower respiratory tract, sputum samples, and samples obtained by nasopharyngeal washing, bronchoalveolar lavage, and biopsy may be submitted for viral culture. (medscape.com)
BVDV1
  • Significant biotype-specific differences were also observed in the lymphocyte proliferative responses of cattle following in vitro stimulation by non-cytopathic/ cytopathic BVDV and the non-structural p80 protein (NS3). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Nucleus2
  • Viral DNA is subsequently released, which can enter the nucleus via the nuclear pore. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then the endosome acidifies, resulting in disassociation of capsid proteins and transportation of viral DNA into nucleus. (genemedi.com)
Gene7
  • With the leap of gene cloning in the molecular virology, the scientists focus on improvement of their antitumor specificity and efficiency by manipulating the viral genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B) Adenovirus gene map. (genemedi.com)
  • To prevent infected cell lysis, recombinant replication deficiency virus has been developed as a gene delivery tool to replace wild-type adenovirus (recombinant AdV in "application" part). (genemedi.com)
  • Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. (lookformedical.com)
Synthesis1
  • They damage the host cell by blocking its normal protein synthesis and using its metabolic machinery for their own reproduction. (unboundmedicine.com)
Glycoprotein2
  • results showed that glycosylation of vp7 is not required for normal viral morphogenesis and infectivity and suggested that the nonstructural glycoprotein is involved in assembly of the outer capsid. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The viral pentameric protein complex consisting of glycoprotein H (gH)/gL/UL128-131A (PC) is considered to be an important vaccine component. (asm.org)
Cells3
  • Once packaged into a E1-complementing cell line, which provides the E1 products in trans, such as QBI 293A Cells, recombinant viral will be easily propagated. (genemedi.com)
  • Western blot assay was used to determine the protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, p-NF-κB p65, IκBα, and p-IκBα in Huh-7 cells, which are the key targets of the NF-κB pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, KD-1 could significantly reduce the protein expression of p-NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65, and p-IκBα, while increasing the expression of IκBα in Huh-7 cells. (bvsalud.org)
Amantadine1
  • Demonstration of p7 ion channel activity in cellular membranes and its inhibition by amantadine affirm the protein as a target for future anti-viral chemotherapy. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Efficacy1
  • What effect do sampling and environmental variations have on the efficacy of indicators? (nationalacademies.org)
Envelope3
  • DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease. (lookformedical.com)
  • It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41 . (lookformedical.com)
Transcription2
  • In addition, adenoviruses also contain two intermediate transcription units named XI and IVa2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adenovirus transcription is a two-phase event, early and late, occurring before and after viral DNA replication, respectively (Figure. (genemedi.com)
Immune response1
  • PURPOSE: The study was designed to investigate the antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities of KD-1 against the novel SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E and its potential effect in regulating host immune response in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
Fiber protein1
  • Hexon and penton structures form the capsid of AdV, and fiber protein mediates the binding of the virion to the cell surface and is a major determinant of viral tropism. (genemedi.com)
Virus4
Primary1
Human2
  • In 2010, the structure of the human adenovirus was solved at the atomic level, making it the largest high-resolution model ever. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adenovirus (AdV) is a member of the family Adenoviridae, whose name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953 [42]. (genemedi.com)
Level1
  • This limitation is overcome by using quantitative PCR, which shows the level of viral load. (medscape.com)
Drugs1
  • However, the therapeutic effects of these drugs have not been fully demonstrated in clinical studies. (bvsalud.org)
Products2
  • The anti-influenza effects of plants have been extensively studied, and many pharmaceutical companies have prepared their products on this basis. (springeropen.com)
  • The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. (lookformedical.com)