Proteins guanosine triphosphate. Medical search. Frequent questions

The communication or cross-talk between dopamine receptors and its effectors is mediated by the stimulation of molecular switches known as heterotrimeric G proteins on which dopamine receptors initiate a repetitive exchange cycle between two guanosine nucleotides: guanosine diphosphate or GDP-bound G proteins (switch off) guanosine triphosphate or GTP-bound G proteins (switch on). (ohri.ca)
Ras-GTPases are considered inactive when bound to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and active when bond to guanosine triphosphate (GTP). (bionity.com)

Experiments carried out in the presence of saturating concentrations of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or in PMA-desensitized cells, suggested that stimulation by p[NH]ppG is mediated by a mechanism additional to protein kinase C (PKC) activation. (ox.ac.uk)
Gi proteins primarily inhibit the cAMP dependent pathway by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity, decreasing the production of cAMP from ATP, which, in turn, results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the ultimate effect of Gi is the inhibition of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase c-Raf , and localizes them to the membrane resulting in their activation. (bionity.com)
Previous analyses suggest that lack of normal cilia causes the small-body phenotype through the activation of a signaling pathway which consists of the EGL-4 cGMP-dependent protein kinase and the GCY-12 receptor-type guanylyl cyclase. (stanford.edu)

A similar inhibition was observed with adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate, probably by its conversion into GTP[S]. These results suggest that the stimulatory actions of guanine nucleotides can be accounted for by the combined activation of PKC and generation of cAMP, resulting from activation of conventional signal-transducing GTP-binding proteins. (ox.ac.uk)

This is a bond-graph model of the metabolism of the G-protein coupled receptor ( β -1 adrenergic receptor, R) and the associated Gs protein in the cardiac cell. (physiomeproject.org)

The general function of Gi/o/z/t is to activate intracellular signaling pathways in response to activation of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (wikipedia.org)
It is suggested that G-protein-coupled receptors might modulate cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular traffic, and cellular architecture. (jneurosci.org)
Cytoskeletal proteins appear to be involved in the control of intracellular signaling. (jneurosci.org)
An absence of δ receptors reduced neither the density of VDCCs nor their inhibition by either the GABA B receptor agonist baclofen or intracellular guanosine 5′- O -(3-thio)triphosphate. (aspetjournals.org)
In cells lacking expression of Ca 2+ -mobilizing G proteins, coexpression of human GPR40 and Gα q allowed medium- and long-chain fatty acids to elevate intracellular [Ca 2+ ]. (aspetjournals.org)
While dopamine receptors mediate their effects on cells through the classical regulation of G proteins, they can also control cell activity in a G protein-independent manner via direct protein-protein interactions with effectors and other intracellular partners. (ohri.ca)
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is an intracellular protein that regulates expression of various cellular functions. (preprints.org)

The concept of intrinsic efficacy has been enshrined in pharmacology for half of a century, yet recent data have revealed that many ligands can differentially activate signaling pathways mediated via a single G protein-coupled receptor in a manner that challenges the traditional definition of intrinsic efficacy. (aspetjournals.org)
The current studies provide novel insights into the pharmacology of GPR40 and indicate that G protein-coupled receptors which respond to fatty acids, and potentially to other lipid ligands, can be occupied by endogenous agonists before assay and that this may mask the pharmacology of the receptor and may be mistaken for high levels of constitutive activity. (aspetjournals.org)

The Transducins Gt1 and Gt2 serve to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors that receive light during vision. (wikipedia.org)
Gt3/Gustducin subunits transduce signals in the sense of taste (gustation) in taste buds by coupling to G protein-coupled receptors activated by sweet or bitter substances. (wikipedia.org)
Research in our laboratory focuses on the elucidation of the molecular and regulatory mechanisms controlling the functionality of a class of proteins called receptors located on the cell surface and to which the brain chemical dopamine attaches and induces their activation. (ohri.ca)
The dopamine receptors (D1R, D2R, D3R, D4R and D5R) are plasma membrane proteins sharing structural and functional similarities with one of the largest family of receptors found in living organisms. (ohri.ca)
Indeed, dopamine receptors belong to the large family of G protein-coupled receptors or GPCRs. (ohri.ca)
Ras signaling can be thought of in simple terms as occuring downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases, triggered by association of adaptor proteins with the phosphorylated cytoplasmic tails of these receptors. (sdbonline.org)

GTP binds to the heterotrimeric protein and thereby switches the signal "on. (biophysics.org)
Using biochemical approaches and the stalk protein from a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus horikoshii, we here provide evidence that the conserved C terminus of the stalk protein aP1 binds directly to domain I of the elongation factor aEF-2, irrespective of whether aEF-2 is bound to GTP or GDP. (utmb.edu)

This review focuses on emerging topics encompassing the functional involvement of aquaporin channel proteins (AQPs) and membrane transport systems, also allowing permeation of NO and hydrogen peroxide, a major ROS, in oxidative stress physiology and pathophysiology. (hindawi.com)
The functional significance of the C terminus of the stalk protein was also shown using the eukaryotic proteins P1/P2 and P0. (utmb.edu)

It is shown here for p21ras, a well studied example of GTP hydrolysing proteins, that the GTP-hydrolysis rate is significantly faster if Mg2+ is replaced by Mn2+, both in the presence or absence of its GTPase-activating protein Ras-GAP. (rcsb.org)
The normal rate of Ras catalytic GTPase (GTP hydrolysis) activity can be increased by proteins of the RasGAP family, which bind to Ras and increase its catalytic rate by a factor of one thousand - in effect, increasing the rate at which Ras is inactivated. (bionity.com)
Protein synthesis on the ribosome requires translational GTPase factors to bind to the ribosome in the GTP-bound form, take individual actions that are coupled with GTP hydrolysis, and dissociate, usually in the GDP-bound form. (utmb.edu)
It is likely that the conserved C terminus of the stalk proteins of archaea and eukaryotes can bind to translation factors both before and after GTP hydrolysis. (utmb.edu)

The 5' cap open reading frame encodes a variety of non-structural proteins. (medsci.org)
Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
Coronaviruses have at least four major structural proteins, including spikes (S), membranes (M), envelopes (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. (medsci.org)
Structural proteins are all encoded by the 3' terminus of the viral genome. (medsci.org)
13 , 14 However, the amino acid perfectly maintains the stability of the mutual structural conformation of the virus S-protein and the ACE2 receptor in a holistic manner. (medsci.org)
Structural complexes between proteins and their substrates can be studied in the gas-phase to determine equilibrium dissociation constants. (biosyn.com)

Appropriate regulation of autophagy is crucial for clearing toxic proteins from cells. (elifesciences.org)
Our major endeavors employ recombinant DNA technologies, RNA interference, biochemical and cell biological approaches to probe the underlying molecular relationships between dopamine receptor structure, G protein and effector regulation, kinases, phosphatases and drug action. (ohri.ca)

Gi protein alpha subunit is a family of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits. (wikipedia.org)
There are four distinct subtypes of alpha subunits in the Gi/o/z/t alpha subunit family that define four families of heterotrimeric G proteins: Gi proteins: Gi1α, Gi2α, and Gi3α Go protein: Goα (in mouse there is alternative splicing to generate Go1α and Go2α) Gz protein: Gzα Transducins (Gt proteins): Gt1α, Gt2α, Gt3α Gi1α is encoded by the gene GNAI1. (wikipedia.org)
The transducer in this system is a heterotrimeric G protein, composed of three subunits: a Gα protein such as Giα, and a complex of two tightly linked proteins called Gβ and Gγ in a Gβγ complex. (wikipedia.org)
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are molecular switches that are omnipresent in animal and plant cells. (biophysics.org)

To allow effective ligand equilibration, GPR40-Gα q was used in guanosine 5′- O -(3-[ 35 S]thio)triphosphate ([ 35 S]GTPγS) binding assays. (aspetjournals.org)
Objective -To evaluate alterations in ligand-stimulated activity of G proteins in thyroid gland cells of hyperthyroid cats. (avma.org)
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -Ligand-stimulated activation of G proteins was the same in thyroid cell membranes obtained from hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats. (avma.org)

Because most tubulin is not membrane associated, this study investigates whether tubulin translocates to the membrane in response to an agonist so that it might regulate G-protein signaling. (jneurosci.org)

Gi and Go proteins are substrates for pertussis toxin, produced by Bordetella pertussis, the infectious agent in whooping cough. (wikipedia.org)
Pertussis toxin is an ADP-ribosylase enzyme that adds an ADP-ribose moiety to a particular cysteine residue in Giα and Goα proteins, preventing their coupling to and activation by GPCRs, thus turning off Gi and Go cell signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
Gz proteins also can link GPCRs to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, but Gz is distinct from Gi/Go by being insensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin. (wikipedia.org)
Procedures -Isolated thyroid cell membranes were treated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and activation of G protein was quantified by measurement of the binding of guanosine triphosphate γ labeled with sulfur 35 (GTPγ 35 S). The separate effects of G-protein inhibitory (G i ) and G-protein stimulatory (G s ) proteins were determined by the use of pertussis toxin and cholera toxin, respectively. (avma.org)

By using Rap1A and Ran, we show that the acceleration of the GTPase by Mn2+ appears to be a general phenomenon of GTP-binding proteins. (rcsb.org)
The predicted amino acid sequence contains a high concentration of charged amino acids in the carboxy terminal quarter of the molecule, three guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein motifs, and a consensus nuclear localization signal. (elsevierpure.com)
The arrangement and spacing of the GTP-binding protein motifs indicate that Ngp-1 belongs to a newly described subfamily of GTPases. (elsevierpure.com)
Inhibition of luteinizing-hormone exocytosis by guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate reveals involvement of a GTP-binding protein distal to second-messenger generation. (ox.ac.uk)
The inhibitory effect of GTP[S] can be clearly distinguished and indicates the involvement of a distinct GTP-binding protein in exocytosis at a site distal to second-messenger generation. (ox.ac.uk)
The interaction of tubulin with these polypeptides involves a GTP transfer from the exchangeable GTP-binding site (E site) of tubulin to Gα, which activates the G-protein (transactivation) ( Roychowdhury and Rasenick, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) block the interaction of eIF4E with eIF4G to negatively regulate the formation of the eIF4F complex. (biosyn.com)
This consistent binding ability of the stalk protein may contribute to maintaining high concentrations of translation factors around the ribosome, thus promoting translational efficiency. (utmb.edu)
Crystal structures of the GTP-bound active form complexed with Ran binding proteins (RanBP) show that the C-terminus undergoes a large conformational change, embracing Ran binding domains (RanBD). (tau.ac.il)

The microtubule protein tubulin regulates adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase Cβ 1 (PLCβ 1 ) signaling via transactivation of the G-protein subunits Gαs, Gαi1, and Gαq. (jneurosci.org)

Autophagy is a degradation system that involves sequestration of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles by double-layered membranes that form vesicles called autophagosomes. (elifesciences.org)

The RNA helicase eIF4A and the scaffold protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the capping protein eIF4E are part of the complex that loads the mRNAs onto the 40 S ribosomal subunit, together with eIF3. (biosyn.com)

The Gβγ liberated by activation of Gi and Go proteins is particularly able to activate downstream signaling to effectors such as G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs). (wikipedia.org)

This may be explained because the SOS1 protein adopts an auto-inhibited conformation dependent on multiple domain-to-domain interactions that cooperate to block access of the SOS1 catalytic core to its Ras-GTPase targets [7] . (bionity.com)

There are solutions that address this problem, such as using the λ-phage GamS protein 5 or DNA containing Chi sites 6 as protective agents, or directly protecting the linear DNA by chemical modification of its ends 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 . (jove.com)

Risdiplam and Branaplam are oral medications which can cross the blood-brain barrier and increase the number of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) full length proteins by targeting the SMN2 gene. (wjgnet.com)
The 2100 amino acid protein frataxin is encoded within the first intron of the FXN gene on chromosome 9q13. (wjgnet.com)
If the neurofibromatosis - 1 gene on chromosome 17 is either mutated or deleted, either no protein product is formed, or a mutated protein is made. (wjgnet.com)
Specifically we evaluate the effect of increased dietary protein intake and caloric restricted diets on gene expression in skeletal muscle, particularly focusing on biosynthesis, degradation and the expression of genes in the ubiquitin-proteosome (UPP) and mTOR signaling pathways, including MuRF-1, MAFbx/atrogin-1, mTORC1, and S6K1. (biomedcentral.com)

Subsequent mechanisms that may play a role include diversity of G proteins, scaffolding and signaling partners, and receptor oligomers. (aspetjournals.org)
There are a number of plausible mechanisms, several of them mediated by dietary protein that may provide some explanation for the negative net protein balance. (biomedcentral.com)
And d) Another very basic problem is that cancer cells tend to be remarkably clever and naturally seek to take advantage of numerous cellular survival mechanisms to stay alive under stress, for example by upregulating heat shock proteins or DNA repair mechanisms. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

1. Mathematical analysis of catalytic G protein activation. (ac.be)

Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. (nih.gov)

Here, we report that the microRNA miR-1 regulates the autophagy pathway through conserved targeting of the orthologous T re-2/ B ub2/ C DC16 (TBC) Rab GTPase-activating proteins TBC-7 and TBC1D15 in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells, respectively. (elifesciences.org)

Maintenance of fat free mass is dependent upon nutrient stimulation of protein synthesis via the mTOR complex, although during caloric restriction a decrease (atrophy) in skeletal muscle may be driven by a homeostatic shift favouring protein catabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging evidence suggests a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate in a low-fat, caloric restricted (CR) diet may mitigate FFM reductions during weight loss through increasing muscle protein synthesis and/or reducing protein catabolism, thereby improving net muscle protein balance[ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This is a fast, easy, and direct approach for expression in cell-free protein synthesis systems using linear DNA templates. (jove.com)
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has recently become very popular in the field of synthetic biology due to its numerous advantages. (jove.com)
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are increasingly being used as a fast, simple, and efficient method for biosensor engineering, decentralized manufacturing, and prototyping of genetic circuits 1 . (jove.com)

When not stimulated by a receptor, Gα is bound to GDP and to Gβγ to form the inactive G protein trimer. (wikipedia.org)

DI-fusion Activation of guanosine 5'-[gamma-(35)S]thio-triphosphate. (ac.be)

Mass spectrometry combined with X-ray crystallography allows the characterization of cap protein interactions. (biosyn.com)
The Kds of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), GMP, and cap derivatives interactions with eIF4E were determined. (biosyn.com)

However, the precise mechanism by which a high protein diet may mitigate dietary weight loss induced reductions in fat free mass has not been fully elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
The precise mechanism by which an increased dietary protein intake may mitigate weight loss induced reductions in FFM has not been fully elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)

These TCRs will be combined with the PD1-41BB and/or the CD40L-CD28 costimulatory switch proteins to enhance penetration, proliferation, persistence and enhanced cytotoxic function of Medigene's TCR-T cells while mitigating the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment. (nwahomepage.com)
This was also observed when human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were transfected with a GPR40-Gα q fusion protein. (aspetjournals.org)

Anatomy7

Organisms3

Chemicals and Drugs110

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes17

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Diphosphate2

Kinase5

Nucleotides1

Metabolism1

Intracellular7

Ligands2

Receptors6

Binds2

Functional2

Hydrolysis4

Structural6

Regulation2

Heterotrimeric4

Ligand3

Agonist1

Pertussis toxin4

Binding9

Subunits1

Cytoplasmic1

Eukaryotic1

Effectors1

Conformation1

Chemical1

Gene4

Mechanisms3

Catalytic1

Eukaryotes1

GTPase1

Synthesis5

Bound1

Gamma1

Interactions2

Mechanism2

Cells2