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GonorrhoeaeTetracyclineAntibiotic resistanceAntibioticsPathogensStrainsAzithromycinChromosomalMutationsMechanismsAntimicrobialPenA geneTreat gonorrheaIsolatesGeneHighGeneralIncludeGonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistanceCephalosporinsSusceptibilityMeningitidisBeta-lactamaseCeftriaxone resistanceEncodesPiperacillinOuter membranePBP2GonococcalTazobactamCiprofloxacinMolecularSurveillanceBacterialMechanismResistantGonorrheaHumanStepHealthTreatment
Gonorrhoeae13
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacterium that causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, has developed antibiotic resistance to many antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overuse of penicillin contributed to Neisseria gonorrhoeae developing high resistance to penicillin through two main mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
  • mtr encodes for the protein MtrD which is the efflux pump for N. gonorrhoeae. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penB gene encodes the porins for N. gonorrhoeae and when this gene undergoes mutations, there is a decrease in permeability of the cell wall to hydrophilic antibiotics like penicillin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Penicillinase-mediated resistance in N. gonorrhoeae is mediated by the plasmid borne TEM-1 type beta-lactamase which falls under the third general mechanism for beta-lactam resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global concern. (cdc.gov)
  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global concern and affects all classes of antimicrobial drugs used for treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • The Gram-negative coccus that causes the disease is called Neisseria gonorrhoeae . (pediagenosis.com)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are the two pathogens most commonly isolated from women with positive cultures for PID. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) of major importance. (peerj.com)
  • We collected draft genome sequence data and associated metadata data on 76 N. gonorrhoeae strains from around the globe and searched for known determinants of antibiotics resistance within the strains. (peerj.com)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae , a Gram-negative bacterium, causes gonorrhea, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STIs), causing more than 106 million cases per year globally ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2012 ). (peerj.com)
  • All patients with urethritis should be tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. (medscape.com)
Tetracycline1
Antibiotic resistance2
  • Gonococci develop their antibiotic resistance through plasmidmediated and chromosomal mechanisms. (pediagenosis.com)
  • As a result of antibiotic resistance, there are now limited options for treating patients. (peerj.com)
Antibiotics5
  • There are three general mechanisms that may allow bacteria to become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics: inability to access/target penicillin-binding protein (PBP) enzyme inhibition of binding to PBP via modification of the enzyme hydrolysis/inactivation of the antibiotic by beta-lactamases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Efflux pumps mediate resistance to a variety of compounds including antibiotics, detergents, and dyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance is more general and involves mutations that alter cell wall permeability or the affinity of binding proteins to antibiotics. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Strains with resistance phenotypes to more recent antibiotics ( azithromycin and cefixime ) were mostly found in two of the five population subgroups. (peerj.com)
  • With direct and indirect costs for treating these conditions annually exceeding $33 billion in the United States alone, and nearly ubiquitous resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among M. catarrhalis clinical isolates, a greater understanding of this pathogen's genome and its variability among isolates is needed. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathogens1
  • These findings are in stark contrast with the reported heterogeneity of the species as a whole, as wells as to other bacterial pathogens mediating OM and COPD, providing important insight into M. catarrhalis pathogenesis that will aid in the development of novel therapeutic regimens. (biomedcentral.com)
Strains1
  • In the 1940s effective treatment with penicillin became available, but by the 1970s resistant strains predominated. (wikipedia.org)
Azithromycin1
  • We described the epidemiologic characteristics of genetically distinct clusters of infection with reduced susceptibility to cefixime, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin and resistance to ciprofloxacin and penicillin. (cdc.gov)
Chromosomal1
  • The spread of the penicillinase resistance was much faster compared to the chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations2
  • citation needed] Fluoroquinolones were a useful next-line treatment until resistance was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene, which encodes DNA gyrase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ceftriaxone resistance has been linked to mutations in the penA gene, which has been reported in several continents, including North America and Europe ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Mechanisms1
  • Resistance to penicillin has developed through two mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
Antimicrobial1
  • However, ceftriaxone resistance has been reported in many countries and frequently in East and Southeast Asia, probably because of poor antimicrobial stewardship ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
PenA gene1
  • The penA gene encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein, PBP-2. (wikipedia.org)
Treat gonorrhea1
Isolates1
  • Alpit is a combination product consisting of a penicillin-class antibacterial, piperacillin, and a β-lactamase inhibitor, tazobactam, indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria in the conditions listed below. (sdrugs.com)
Gene3
High1
  • More recent studies have also suggested high rates of recombination within the Neisseria genus ( Didelot & Maiden, 2010 ). (peerj.com)
General2
Include1
Gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance1
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men and men who have sex exclusively with women: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 2005-2010. (cdc.gov)
Cephalosporins3
Susceptibility5
  • The focus of this review is on the mechanism of reduced susceptibility to penicillin and other β-lactams due to the modification of chromosomally encoded penicillin-binding proteins (PBP), in particular PBP2 encoded by the penA gene. (nih.gov)
  • Phylogenetic tree of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from England and other countries in Europe in a study of antimicrobial susceptibility, 2013-2016, including metadata for study type, MICs for ceftriaxone and cefixime, and presence of penA -34 alleles. (cdc.gov)
  • Whole-genome phylogenomic heterogeneity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with decreased cephalosporin susceptibility collected in Canada between 1989 and 2013. (cdc.gov)
  • Genomic epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to cefixime in the USA: a retrospective observational study. (cdc.gov)
  • The first step in decreased susceptibility/resistance to ESCs is alteration of the penA gene encoding the transpeptidase PBP2 (Figure 2), the lethal target for ESCs and other β-lactam antibiotics. (medscape.com)
Meningitidis2
Beta-lactamase1
  • Penicillinase-mediated resistance in N. gonorrhoeae is mediated by the plasmid borne TEM-1 type beta-lactamase which falls under the third general mechanism for beta-lactam resistance. (wikipedia.org)
Ceftriaxone resistance1
Encodes5
  • citation needed] Fluoroquinolones were a useful next-line treatment until resistance was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene, which encodes DNA gyrase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penA gene encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein, PBP-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) gene encodes for an efflux pump. (wikipedia.org)
  • mtr encodes for the protein MtrD which is the efflux pump for N. gonorrhoeae. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penB gene encodes the porins for N. gonorrhoeae and when this gene undergoes mutations, there is a decrease in permeability of the cell wall to hydrophilic antibiotics like penicillin. (wikipedia.org)
Piperacillin1
  • Piperacillin sodium is derived from D(-)-α-aminobenzyl- penicillin . (rxlist.com)
Outer membrane3
  • Finally, numerous outer membrane proteins have recently been identified as important components of pathogenesis and immunity. (medscape.com)
  • The most well-known porin in Acinetobacter baumannii is CarO (carbapenem-associated outer membrane protein). (bvsalud.org)
  • The current study identifies a potent drug candidate with a better binding affinity to the carbapenem-resistant outer membrane protein. (bvsalud.org)
PBP23
  • The structure of PBP2 is from Neisseria gonorrhoeae . (medscape.com)
  • [ 80 ] However, it was subsequently shown that while reversion of these three amino acids to wild-type dramatically decreased ESC resistance, introduction of these same amino acids into the wild-type PBP2 sequence had little to no effect on resistance. (medscape.com)
  • Inspection of the crystal structure of PBP2 reveals that the G545S mutation is present at the beginning of the α11 helix, one of the two helices on top of the five anti-parallel β-strands typical of β-lactam-interacting proteins. (medscape.com)
Gonococcal1
  • Drifting towards ceftriaxone treatment failure in gonorrhoea: risk factor analysis of data from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme in England and Wales. (cdc.gov)
Tazobactam1
Ciprofloxacin2
Molecular2
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae molecular typing for understanding sexual networks and antimicrobial resistance transmission: A systematic review. (cdc.gov)
  • We investigated the specificity of carbapenems such as imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, biapenem, doripenem, and fluoroquinolone drugs such as sitafloxacin against the imipenem-resistant CarO protein was demonstrated using the computational approaches molecular docking and dynamic simulation for 50 ns. (bvsalud.org)
Surveillance1
Bacterial1
  • The ubiquitous emergence of bacterial resistance is a challenging problem in infectious diseases treatment. (bvsalud.org)
Mechanism2
Resistant2
  • In the 1940s effective treatment with penicillin became available, but by the 1970s resistant strains predominated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acquisition of resistance determinants from a resistant strain to a susceptible strain can be achieved in the laboratory by step-wise transformation. (medscape.com)
Gonorrhea1
Human1
  • Pili (or fimbriae), fibrils, and a protein called Hia mediate adherence of Hib to cells of the human respiratory tract. (medscape.com)
Step1
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance occurred through step-wise changes over many years. (wikipedia.org)
Health1
  • Resistance to antimicrobial drugs (termed antimicrobial resistance [AMR]) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is recognized as a public health problem of global importance ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Treatment1
  • Intrinsic resistance in A. baumannii is a significant problem framing a perfect treatment regimen. (bvsalud.org)