Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition in which the blood contains large amounts of pathological cold sensitive antibodies called cryoglobulins - proteins (mostly immunoglobulins themselves) that become insoluble at reduced temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are proteins that help the body fight infection. (msdmanuals.com)
In this configuration, the protein elicits only weak levels of needed protective antibodies. (nih.gov)
Antibodies are serum- and tissue-produced globulin proteins (immunoglobulins) that respond specifically with the antigen that prompted their synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
Antibodies are one of the key plasma proteins and are often referred to as the "first line of defence" against infection. (microbiologynote.com)
As -globulins are proteins with a high molecular weight, it was hypothesised that further characterization of antibodies involves breaking them into smaller, more manageable bits. (microbiologynote.com)
The classification distinguishes three subtypes of cryoglobulinemic diseases based on two factors, the class of immunoglobulins in the cryoglobulin and the association of the cryoglobulinemic disease with other disorder. (wikipedia.org)
More recent high resolution protein electrophoresis methods have detected a small monoclonal immunoglobulin component in type III cryoglobulins and/or a micro-heterogeneous composition of oligo-clonal (i.e., more than one monoclonal) immunoglobulin components or immunoglobulins with structures that do not fit into any classifications in the cryoglobulins of ≈10% of type II and III disease cases. (wikipedia.org)
These immunoglobulins are called paraproteins ' , or the so-called M-component' (M - monoclonal). (wikilectures.eu)
If only light chains of immunoglobulins are synthesized, these penetrate the glomerular membrane into the urine, where they can be detected as the so-called Bence-Jones protein . (wikilectures.eu)
Cryoglobulinemia is a disease characterized by immunoglobulins that are soluble at 37°C, precipitate in the cold, and redissolve when heated. (biomedcentral.com)
Macroglobulinemia is a plasma cell cancer in which a single clone of plasma cells produces excessive amounts of a certain type of large antibody (IgM) called macroglobulins. (msdmanuals.com)
Monoclonal immunoglobulin1
The following table lists these three types of cryoglobulinemic disease, characterized on the monoclonal immunoglobulin(s) comprising the involved cryoglobulin, percentage of total cryoglobulinemic disease cases, and class of disorders associated for each type. (wikipedia.org)
Immunoglobulin1
Immunoglobulin is the word used to describe these related proteins. (microbiologynote.com)
Polyclonal2
The monoclonal or polyclonal IgM proteins involved in Types II and III cryoglobulinemic disease have rheumatoid factor activity. (wikipedia.org)
Type II (mixed cryoglobulins) is characterized by both polyclonal γ globulins as well as a monoclonal (usually IgM) antibody with rheumatoid factor activity. (medscape.com)
Symptoms5
While this disease is commonly referred to as cryoglobulinemia in the medical literature, it is better termed cryoglobulinemic disease for two reasons: 1) cryoglobulinemia is also used to indicate the circulation of (usually low levels of) cryoglobulins in the absence of any symptoms or disease and 2) healthy individuals can develop transient asymptomatic cryoglobulinemia following certain infections. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to these benign instances of circulating cryoglobulins, cryoglobulinemic disease involves the signs and symptoms of precipitating cryoglobulins and is commonly associated with various pre-malignant, malignant, infectious, or autoimmune diseases that are the underlying cause for production of the cryoglobulins. (wikipedia.org)
The rationale behind anti-B-cell therapy in mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis includes the presence immune complex deposition as the cause of symptoms in the so-called 'hepatitis C virus syndrome', in which chronic stimulation by hepatitis C virus induces the production of cryoglobulins by infected B cells. (medscape.com)
Many people who have macroglobulinemia have no symptoms, and the disorder is discovered by chance when an elevated level of blood proteins is found during routine blood tests. (msdmanuals.com)
At a significant concentration, it causes the so-called hyperviscosity syndrome (impairment of vision, thrombosis , neurological symptoms). (wikilectures.eu)
Serum2
The presence of paraproteins causes the formation of a narrow and high peak in the area of γ-globulins during serum protein electrophoresis. (wikilectures.eu)
These account for 20 to 25 percent of total serum proteins. (microbiologynote.com)
Rituximab5
In this article, patients with type I cryoglobulins were less responsive to therapy with rituximab. (medscape.com)
Three factors were found to be associated with increased risk of side effects: high complement activation, higher rituximab doses and elevated level of cryoglobulins. (medscape.com)
Systemic B-cell depletion and clinical remission of the systemic effects of cryoglobulins have already been achieved using rituximab in hepatitis C virus-positive immunocompetent patients. (biomedcentral.com)
The vasculitis was refractory to conventional and antiviral therapy but rituximab use led to a fall in cryoglobulin levels and disease control. (biomedcentral.com)
We report here a case of HBV-associated type II cryoglobulinemia with severe multisystem disease, which was refractory to conventional therapy and antiviral agents but in which rituximab led to a fall in cryoglobulin levels and disease control. (biomedcentral.com)
Deposition1
The vascular deposition of these types of cryoglobulin-containing immune complexes and complement can cause a clinical syndrome of cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis characterized by systemic vasculitis and inflammation termed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. (wikipedia.org)
Cryoglobulinemia1
Differential diagnoses include cryoglobulinemia, warfarin-induced necrosis, purpura fulminans, emboli to the skin, thrombocythemia, protein C deficiency, Sneddon syndrome, and skin ulcers in patients with sickle cell anemia or hemolytic anemia. (medscape.com)
Levels1
The phenotype of EndoMT in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), gene expression levels, protein secretion and activity of signaling pathways were measured by real-time RT-PCR, ELISA or western blotting. (bvsalud.org)
Electrophoresis1
This protein is not detectable with ordinary test strips - electrophoresis of urine or its heating (protein denaturation) is required for capture. (wikilectures.eu)
Immune1
Graham's NIH team discovered a way to lock the protein into its original prefusion state, which the immune system can better detect. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis2
In one investigation, the vast majority of patients with renal involvement had type II cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (74%), and 87% of patients with type II cryoglobulins were found to be hepatitis C positive. (medscape.com)
Several newer medicines, called direct-acting antiviral medicines, have been approved to treat hepatitis C since 2013. (hepatitisprohelp.com)
Clinical features2
The clinical features of cryoglobulinemic disease can reflect those due not only to the circulation of cryoglobulins but also to any underlying hematological premalignant or malignant disorder, infectious disease, or autoimmune syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
The following sections of clinical features focuses on those attributed to the cryoglobulins. (wikipedia.org)
Cells2
[ 42 ] CD20 is a membrane protein that appears in the late pre-B-cell stage and persists until the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. (medscape.com)
These are big, Y-shaped blood proteins that plasma cells make. (microbiologynote.com)
Single clone2
Because this antibody is made by a single clone, it is called a monoclonal antibody and also is known as the M-protein. (msdmanuals.com)
Monoclonality of proteins is caused by excessive multiplication of a single clone of plasmocytes , often on the basis of malignant growth - plasmocytomau . (wikilectures.eu)
Cold1
If the M-component has the character of cryoglobulins, specific microcirculation disorders arise, Raynaud's syndrome (cryoglobulins precipitate here in the cold acral parts of the body). (wikilectures.eu)
Production2
Currently most cases of this disease are found to be associated with premalignant, malignant, infectious, or autoimmune disorders that are the known or presumed causes for the production of cryoglobulins. (wikipedia.org)
Possible capture of Bence-Jones protein during the production of light chains in the urine. (wikilectures.eu)
Infection1
But these versions have a key viral surface protein that changes its shape after fusing with a cell to start an infection. (nih.gov)
Blood3
Cryoglobulins typically precipitate (clumps together) at temperatures below normal body temperature - 37 degrees Celsius (99 degrees Fahrenheit) - and will dissolve again if the blood is heated. (wikipedia.org)
The precipitated clump can block blood vessels and cause toes and fingers to become gangrenous. (wikipedia.org)
1) where Q3 is the 4 × 3 matrix formed by the three leftmost columns of Q. Na Transport and Blood Buffering Carbon dioxide (CO2) does not bind to iron, but forexx to the protein por- tion of hemoglobin. (forexsignalx.com)