• 2,3 In 2020, it was reported that the viability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in aerosol droplets varied on different surfaces. (rsc.org)
  • The newly-generated sequences were genetically and phylogenetically compared to the WHO-recommendedvaccines and other Africa strains sampled since 1994.Uganda strain hemagglutinin (n=206), neuraminidase (n=207), and matrix protein (MP, n=213) sequences had 95.23-99.65%, 95.31-99.79%, and 95.46-100% amino acid similarity to the 2010-2020 season vaccines, respectively, with several mutated hemagglutinin antigenic, receptor binding, and N-linked glycosylation sites. (cdc.gov)
  • E3 binding protein also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDHX gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by the human PDHX gene, also known as E3 binding protein (E3BP), is part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, a required complex for cellular respiration that catalyzes the dehydration of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ProQ/FinO family of RNA binding proteins mediate sRNA-directed gene regulation throughout gram-negative bacteria. (nature.com)
  • 11 SNPs exceeded genome-wide significance with the strongest association with rs12913832 SNP on chromosome 15, mapping to HERC2 gene (p=6.94x10-14). (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphorylation of both Vfphots and H + -ATPase showed similar sensitivity to BL and were similarly suppressed by protein kinase and flavoprotein inhibitors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We found that a 14-3-3 protein was bound to Vfphots upon phosphorylation, and this binding occurred earlier than the H + -ATPase phosphorylation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We conclude that Vfphots act as BL receptors in guard cells and that phosphorylation of a Ser residue between LOV1 and LOV2 and subsequent 14-3-3 protein binding are likely to be key steps of BL response in stomata. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Fig. 1: Serum mitogen-induced phosphorylation of PI3KC2-β induces complex formation with 14-3-3 proteins. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 5: mTORC2 signalling triggers PKN2 activation to control PI3KC2-β phosphorylation and sequestration with 14-3-3 proteins. (nature.com)
  • Blocking the interaction between PIF7 and 14-3-3 proteins or reducing the expression of 14-3-3 proteins accelerates shade-induced nuclear localization and de-phosphorylation of PIF7, and enhances the shade phenotype. (elifesciences.org)
  • These studies demonstrate a phosphorylation-dependent translocation of PIF7 when plants are in shade and a novel mechanism involving 14-3-3 proteins, mediated by the retention of PIF7 in the cytoplasm that suppresses the shade response. (elifesciences.org)
  • A single evolutionarily divergent mutation determines the different FAD-binding affinities of human and rat NQO1 due to site-specific phosphorylation. (cuni.cz)
  • To determine if the anti-PTM antibody does recognize the protein member in a specific assay, it is advised to perform a western blotting experiment, and refer to the size of the target protein member to assess its phosphorylation state. (eurogentec.com)
  • Phosphorylation of serine residues within Histone H3 is a highly dynamic process that associates with acetylation and methylation to create combinatorial patterns which are read by specific detector proteins (A. Sawicka & C. Seiser (2012) Biochimie 94, 2193-2201). (eurogentec.com)
  • The project has been structured in 3 main pathways or "tracks": a Discovery track, aiming at designing gp41-based antigens (Ag) using an iterative improvement process, and two development tracks (Parenteral and Mucosal) to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the Ags and the optimal administration conditions before selecting the most promising candidate for clinical development. (europa.eu)
  • A previous study identified that in vivo treatment with EGCG reduced I/R injury by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 pathways in rat hearts ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The two conductance states are governed by the S-S bonds reaction with Au which controls the orientation of the protein in the circuit, and via which different electron pathways are created. (rsc.org)
  • 14-3-3 homologues mediates signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Green tea, a beverage consumed worldwide, has been suggested to possess significant health-promoting effects, while polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the predominant catechin from tea, has been reported to exert a variety of beneficial cardiovascular effects by influencing the activity of receptor and signal transduction kinases ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This protein is also a minor antigen for antimitochondrial antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the reactivity of microglia (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, IBA-1) and astroglia (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP), as well as blood vessel density (rat endothelial cell antigen 1, RECA-1) and albumin extravasation. (lu.se)
  • We demonstrate that protein kinase N (PKN) facilitates mTORC1 signalling by repressing PI3KC2-β-mediated phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate synthesis downstream of mTORC2. (nature.com)
  • Our previous report showed that FO inhibits HCC cell invasion via AKT-, mitogen-activated protein kinase- (MAPK-), and EMT-related signals [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
  • Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It has previously been demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt and cleaved caspase‑3 serve critical roles in the apoptosis of cardiac myocytes following ischemia/reperfusion injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A set of tools for detecting differentially abundant peptides and proteins in shotgun mass spectrometry-based proteomic experiments with tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling. (bioconductor.org)
  • Utilization of Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins and Both Bottom-up and Top-down Mass Spectrometry for Structural Characterization of a Transcription Factor-dsDNA Complex. (cuni.cz)
  • Method: Solid-phase extraction and parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry were used to quantify 17 synaptic proteins in CSF, in two cross-sectional studies including AD (n = 52) and controls (n = 37). (lu.se)
  • Bound proteins were purified by DNA affinity precipitation assays (DAPA) and eluted proteins analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS), demonstrating that rs14798008 bound H1 histones. (cdc.gov)
  • Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell types using 14-3-3 ε Antibody. (cellsignal.com)
  • Therefore, when raising an anti-PTM antibody to one protein from a family, the risk is high that this antibody will also cross-react to other family members in the same sample. (eurogentec.com)
  • Indeed, modified residues close to one PTM may prevent the PTM-specific antibody to bind its epitope. (eurogentec.com)
  • Careful analysis of the surrounding region of a PTM is necessary when requesting the production of a PTM-specific antibody, to make sure that the sequence around the PTM will allow the antibody binding. (eurogentec.com)
  • A polyclonal antibody targeting the dimethyl-Lysine 9 of Histone 3 was tested against various H3 peptides and shown to bind to all peptides containing the dimethyl-Lysine 9, no matter the surrounding residues. (eurogentec.com)
  • Available residual clinical serum specimens were collected from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, serum antibody levels (anti-spike fully vaccinated hospitalized control patients at all sites and tested immunoglobulin G [IgG] and anti-receptor binding domain at CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, these studies showed that E3 binds to E2.E3BP outside the central dodecahedron of the PDH complex, and that this interaction creates a lower binding affinity for the E1 subunit. (wikipedia.org)
  • The conformation of the active site of the enzyme is a key determinant of binding affinity ( K m ), so we also wanted to investigate metabolism in an intact cellular system in which the enzyme is maintained as close as possible to the environment in situ . (aspetjournals.org)
  • Alprazolam, a triazolo 1,4 benzodiazepine analog, binds with high affinity to the GABA benzodiazepine receptor complex. (jamyewaxman.com)
  • NeuAc2,6Gal linkages on the epithelial cells of the from chickens have significantly lower affinity for human trachea ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The composition of E2.E3BP was thought to be 60 E2 plus approximately 12 E3BP, however, equilibrium sedimentation and small angle x-ray scattering studies showed that the E3BP/E2 binding complex has a lower mass than the E2 subunit alone. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, her growth markers were increased: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 36 nmol/l (reference range for age 4.7-22), IGF-1 binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) 14 mg/l (1.7-3.5), and acid labile subunit (ALS) 409 nmol/l (60-280). (bmj.com)
  • The 3 × 10 −4 G 0 level is attributed to a single SARS-CoV-2 protein connecting to the two STM Au nano-electrodes from the receptor binding domain (RBD) subunit and the S1/S2 cleavage site. (rsc.org)
  • A lower 4 × 10 −6 G 0 conductance is attributed to the spike protein connecting to the STM electrodes from the RBD subunit and the N-terminal domain (NTD). (rsc.org)
  • For example, the spike proteins (S1 and S2) of SARS-CoV-2 contain 14 S-S bonds in well-defined regions, with 10 S-S bridges in the S1 subunit. (rsc.org)
  • The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)
  • 2) For the HIV fusion protein gp41, we have determined the oligomeric structure of the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and the TMD. (lu.se)
  • E3BP similarly binds to E3, having linker regions that connect an E3-binding domain and a lipoyl domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly, a minimal ProQ/FinO domain protein, NMB1681, has been shown to bind a range of structured RNAs in Neisseria meningitidis 15 . (nature.com)
  • The reaction of the spike protein with Au enabled single-molecule protein circuits, by connecting the spike S1 protein between two Au nano-electrodes using the scanning tunnelling microscopy-break junction (STM-BJ) technique. (rsc.org)
  • Computational Alanine Scanning with Interaction Entropy for Protein-Ligand Binding Free Energies, J. Chem. (utoronto.ca)
  • We are the first to report novel A(H1N1)pdm09 subclades 6B.1A.3, 6B.1A.5(a,b), and 6B.1A.6 (T120A) that circulated in Eastern, Western, and Southern Africa in 2017-2019. (cdc.gov)
  • Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics , 2022, Roč. (cuni.cz)
  • Quart Rev Biophys Discovery (2022) 3 , E10. (lu.se)
  • This protocol has been validated solely for the detection of surface or intracellular protein expression with the corresponding TotalSeq™-B antibodies. (biolegend.com)
  • Thus, users are advised to fully validate their application if they desire to obtain high quality data that includes surface proteins, intracellular proteins, and RNA expression data. (biolegend.com)
  • Total RNA from tumors the expression of thousands of genes (3) to address complex questions was isolated using two successive rounds of Trizol. (lu.se)
  • Statistical tools are required to analyze the large and hybridized as described previously (3, 10, 11) and according to standard amount of expression data generated by this methodology. (lu.se)
  • The E3 binding protein directly interacts with the dihydrolipoamide transacetylase (E2) core, anchoring it to the complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • PIF7 interacts with 14-3-3 proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • Likewise, the ProQ/FinO domain-containing protein RocC of Legionella pneumophila interacts with only one trans -acting sRNA (RocR) to repress post-transcriptionally multiple mRNA targets 6 . (nature.com)
  • To understand how cholesterol interacts with M2 to generate membrane curvature, we have determined the cholesterol-binding site of M2 by measuring protein-cholesterol distances and cholesterol orientation in the membrane. (lu.se)
  • This indicates that AE1 and probably other integral membrane proteins have a 'lipid-anchoring' function. (dana-farber.org)
  • Triglycerides are lipid compounds composed of a glycerol esterified to 3 fatty acid chains of varying length and composition. (medscape.com)
  • The data represent the first direct determination of the cholesterol-binding structure of a membrane protein in lipid bilayers, and moreover indicate a specific mechanism by which cholesterol concentration gradients in the membrane drive the M2 protein to the neck of the budding virus to conduct membrane scission. (lu.se)
  • Cooperativity of a-synuclein binding to lipid membranes. (lu.se)
  • In this talk we develop an efficient approach (Interaction Entropy) to computing quantitative residue-specific contributions to protein-protein and protein-ligand binding free energies. (utoronto.ca)
  • The approach provides explicit contribution of the entropic loss in binding free energy of individual residues directly from fluctuation of the interaction energy in MD simulation. (utoronto.ca)
  • Studies for an extensive set of realistic protein-protein interaction systems and for specific protein-ligand binding systems showed that by including the entropic contribution, the computed residue-specific binding free energies are in better agreement with the corresponding experimental data. (utoronto.ca)
  • 1. Duan, L.L., X. Liu, and J.Z.H. Zhang, Interaction Entropy: A New Paradigm for Highly Efficient and Reliable Computation of Protein-Ligand Binding Free Energy. (utoronto.ca)
  • Zhang, J.Z.H., Interaction entropy for protein-protein binding. (utoronto.ca)
  • The interaction between drugs and transport proteins is a key factor in drug bioavailability. (mdpi.com)
  • In Vitro Evolution Reveals Noncationic Protein-RNA Interaction Mediated by Metal Ions. (cuni.cz)
  • anti-RBD), and the nucleocapsid protein (anti-nucleocapsid). (cdc.gov)
  • At an electric field of 1.5 × 10 8 V m −1 , the original conductance magnitude decreases accompanied by a lower junction yield, suggesting a change in the structure of the spike protein in the electrified junction. (rsc.org)
  • Above an electric field of 3 × 10 8 V m −1 , the conducting channels are blocked and this is attributed to the spike protein denaturing in the nano-gap. (rsc.org)
  • Fig. 1a(ii) ), 5-7 MERS-CoV contains 11 S-S bonds, and HCoV-229E spike protein contains 13 S-S bonds. (rsc.org)
  • 8 The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 is composed of three domains, the receptor binding domain (RBD) that contains 4 S-S bridges, the N-terminal domain (NTD) that contains 3 S-S bridges and the S1/S2 cleavage site that contains 3 S-S bridges ( Fig. 1a(iii) ). (rsc.org)
  • Predicting tissue-specific mRNA and protein abundance in maize: A machine learning approach. (usda.gov)
  • The eponymous FinO protein was discovered as a regulator of F plasmid conjugation nearly 50 years ago, and acts to bind a single partner sRNA called FinP to stabilize FinP and facilitate its interactions with its antisense partner, the mRNA encoding the major F plasmid transcription factor, TraJ 5 . (nature.com)
  • The mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Moderna and Pfizer- for inclusion in this test-negative case-control assessment ( 1 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The following protocol describes combined surface and intracellular protein staining with TotalSeq™-B antibodies, with or without TotalSeq™-B hashtag antibodies using the Single Cell 3' v3.1 Feature Barcoding technology from 10x Genomics. (biolegend.com)
  • This includes TotalSeq™ antibodies targeting intracellular proteins of interest. (biolegend.com)
  • The effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on human liver metabolism, in vitro , of 14 C-phenytoin (PHT) was studied. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The K m u values determined in the presence of albumin in both microsomes and slices were similar to those based on in vivo human steady state data ( K m u = 2-3 μM), and the intersubject variation, in vitro , was decreased in the presence of BSA. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Because phenytoin is principally bound to albumin, we also explored the effect of albumin on the V max and K m values obtained, in vitro . (aspetjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, administration of EGCG in vitro was observed to prevent apoptosis of cardiomyocytes by regulating pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, including B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein, and by simultaneously regulating caspase-3 in isolated rat hearts ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. (frontiersin.org)
  • The E3 binding protein is a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex found only in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structure reveals specific recognition of the 3' nucleotide of the terminator by a conserved pocket involving a β-turn-α-helix motif, while the hairpin portion of the terminator is recognized by a conserved α-helical N-cap motif. (nature.com)
  • Targeting a DNA binding motif of the EVI1 protein by a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide. (rochester.edu)
  • In primary biliary cholangitis, activated T lymphocytes attack and destroy epithelial cells in the bile duct where this protein is abnormally distributed and overexpressed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) located in renal mesangial and distal tubular cells, and had been shown to be a sensitive marker of renal injury, potentially be a mediator in pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). (medsci.org)
  • Although little information exists about avian neuraminidase (NA) protein removes SA to liberate newly influenza viruses at the time of the Spanish influenza pan- synthesized viruses from infected cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Identification of binding sites of EVI1 in mammalian cells. (rochester.edu)
  • H9c2 cells were subjected to 3‑h hypoxia, followed by 1‑h reperfusion. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 3) The influenza virus buds from host cells in a cholesterol-dependent manner using the matrix protein M2. (lu.se)
  • Cells , 12 (14), Article 1859. (lu.se)
  • Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Click "Protein Details" for further information about the protein such as half-life, abundance, domains, domains shared with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Estrogens are important regulators of growth and differentiation in (range, 0 -9 fmol/mg protein, median 0.7). (lu.se)
  • Growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) was normal at 1.5 nmol/l (0.14-3.28). (bmj.com)
  • 1 , 2 , 3 In each menstrual cycle, the dominant follicle that ovulates its egg originates from a primordial follicle that was recruited to initiate growth almost 1 year earlier (Fig. 2). (glowm.com)
  • Since avian influenza receptor-binding specificity and NA sialidase activity. (cdc.gov)
  • Results: Increased concentrations of beta-synuclein, gamma-synuclein, neurogranin, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1, and 14-3-3 proteins were observed in AD patients compared to controls, while neuronal pentraxin-2 and neuronal pentraxin receptor were decreased. (lu.se)
  • More recently, the application of RNA-seq technologies has enabled the elucidation of the biological partners and targets of several ProQ/FinO family proteins. (nature.com)
  • While these studies have built the case that certain ProQ/FinO family members bind to only a very limited number of partners in a highly specific manner, other family members appear to have multiple biological sRNA targets. (nature.com)
  • for example, kinases such as MAP kinases, JAK, PI3K and many others, when activated upon a specific stimulus in a specific cellular context, will not phosphorylate one target only, but usually a subset of different protein targets which will collectively lead to the expected stimulation. (eurogentec.com)
  • SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)
  • In this work, we use both approaches to study drug-albumin binding and support the results by comparison with other complementary techniques and by structural and computational analysis. (mdpi.com)
  • Here, we investigate the structural basis for RNA recognition by ProQ/FinO proteins, through the crystal structure of the ProQ/FinO domain of the Legionella pneumophila DNA uptake regulator, RocC, bound to the transcriptional terminator of its primary partner, the sRNA RocR. (nature.com)
  • Structural analysis and RNA binding studies reveal that other ProQ/FinO domains also recognize related transcriptional terminators with different specificities for the length of the 3' ssRNA tail. (nature.com)
  • I will present our recent structural studies, using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, of three membrane proteins that give insights into the mechanisms of virus-cell membrane fusion and virus budding. (lu.se)
  • Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) identified oligonucleotide-protein binding for risk and non-risk SNPs to nuclear extracts of A549, BEAS 2B, and IMR-90 lung cell lines. (cdc.gov)
  • EMSA detected A549 nuclear extract binding to 10 variants, with 8 displaying preferential binding to non-risk alleles (rs1001304, rs2287231,rs2513789, rs2513791, rs11571537, rs14798008) or risk alleles (rs2513788, rs2513790). (cdc.gov)
  • 1961: Electron microscopy (EM) studies by Yardley et al provided more evidence for an infectious cause of Whipple disease by finding bacillary bodies within membrane-bound vesicles in the cytoplasm of macrophages. (medscape.com)
  • 2010. Xanthohumol and related prenylated flavonoids inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated THP-1 monocytes: structure-activity relationships and in silico binding to myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). . (oregonstate.edu)
  • By contrast, the 14-3-3 overexpressing line displays an attenuated shade phenotype. (elifesciences.org)
  • We aimed to assess the value of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in comparison to ultrasonography. (scirp.org)
  • Although the pathogenesis of CKD remains unclear, evidence indicates that early recognition and interventions may delay the progression to ESRD and cardiovascular disease [ 3 ]. (medsci.org)
  • Dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease is achieved using L-DOPA or dopamine D2/3 agonists, such as ropinirole. (lu.se)
  • Accurate prediction of critical residues along with their specific and quantitative contributions to protein-protein binding free energy is extremely helpful to reveal binding mechanisms and identify drug-like molecules that alter protein-protein interactions. (utoronto.ca)
  • Data from family studies confirmed familial clustering [3-5]. (springer.com)
  • galactose (sialyloligosaccharides terminated by SA linked to galactose by an 2,6 linkage [Ac2,6Gal] or an 2,3 linkage [Ac2,3Gal]) on the host cell surface. (cdc.gov)
  • Analysis of transcription factor (TF) and ChIP- seq datasets identified overlap of 70 SNPs with TF binding regions of relevant lung cell lines (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • Insight into how these proteins recognize their cognate RNAs initiated with FinO. (nature.com)
  • Specifically, there are three hydrophobic residues within the binding domain of E3BP - Pro133, Pro154, and Ile157 - that interact with the surface of both E3 polypeptide chains. (wikipedia.org)
  • These studies have revealed that 14-3-3 proteins can interact with the phosphorylated forms of their client proteins in response to certain signals, and that this binding finalizes the signaling event by enabling a change in the subcellular localization, protein stability or intrinsic enzymatic activity of the client, or by promoting an association between the client and other proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • Crystallography of the complex has shown that, E3BD also binds to E3, though no significant conformational changes occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein tethers E3 dimers to the E2 core of the PDH complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Active PKN2 phosphorylates PI3KC2-β to trigger PI3KC2-β complex formation with inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins. (nature.com)
  • Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process. (frontiersin.org)
  • a model has been proposed, where 14-3-3 binding to H3S10ph at target promoters is stabilized by additional acetylation of H3K9 or H3K14. (eurogentec.com)
  • Changing the central residues at the E3BD/E3 interface affect binding much more drastically than does changing peripheral residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins have peripheral disulfide bonds (S-S), which are common in all spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants, in other types of coronaviruses ( e.g. (rsc.org)
  • Theoretical calculation of protein-protein and protein-ligand binding free energies is a grand challenge in computational biology. (utoronto.ca)