Proteins axoneme. Medical search. Frequent questions

The axoneme of a primary cilium typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (called a 9+0 axoneme), and the axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubules in addition to the nine outer doublets (called a 9+2 axoneme). (wikipedia.org)
The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides binding sites for molecular motor proteins such as kinesin-2, that help carry proteins up and down the microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
each axoneme is composed of several microtubules aligned in a characteristic pattern known as the 9+2 axoneme as shown in the image at right. (wikipedia.org)
Besides the microtubules, the axoneme contains many proteins and protein complexes necessary for its function. (wikipedia.org)
When this is carried out in a synchronized fashion, with the microtubules on one side of the axoneme being pulled 'down' and those on the other side pulled 'up,' the axoneme as a whole can bend back and forth. (wikipedia.org)
Thought to be important in regulating the motion of the axoneme, this "T"-shape complex projects from each set of outer doublets toward the central microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
In 1952, using advancements in fixation, embedding, and ultramicrotomy, Fawcett and Porter proved by EM thin sections that the core of epithelial cilia within the ciliary membrane consisted of nine doublet microtubules surrounding two central, singlet microtubules (i.e., the "central pair microtubule apparatus"), and hence the term, the "9 + 2" axoneme. (wikipedia.org)
Axonemal doublet microtubules assemble from the ends of nine centriolar/basal body triplet microtubules, whose ninefold symmetry and clockwise pinwheel pattern (looking from inside the cell to the flagellar tip) is organized by the conserved protein of the SAS6 gene, and which is introduced into some eggs to establish the first mitotic spindle. (wikipedia.org)
The nine doublet microtubules are then connected around the axoneme by nexin links. (wikipedia.org)
Cilia consist of an axoneme built of microtubules, enveloped by a specialized membrane. (europa.eu)
7 IFT is an important bidirectional transport of multisubunit protein complexes (IFT particles) along the axonemal microtubules that is essential to normal cilia assembly, function, and maintenance. (nature.com)
The core of a sperm's whip-like tail is the axoneme, a long tube consisting of nine pairs of microtubules arranged in a column around a central pair, all of which extend the entire length of the tail. (eurekalert.org)
The CP, which is a unique structure exclusive to motile cilia, is a pair of structurally dimorphic singlet microtubules decorated with numerous associated proteins. (go.jp)
The '9+2' axoneme in most motile flagella comprises nine outer doublet and two central-pair singlet microtubules. (ox.ac.uk)
Flagella are complex molecular machines that consists of up to 1000 different proteins, which are neatly arranged around a complex microtubule cytoskeleton consisting of nine doublet microtubules surrounding two central singlet microtubules. (lu.se)
This structure forms an interrupted helix and binds to the inside surface of the tubulin heterodimer, the protein that forms microtubules. (lu.se)
Dyneins are a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells . (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, most kinesin motor proteins move toward the microtubules' plus-end, in what is called anterograde transport . (wikipedia.org)
Axonemal dynein causes sliding of microtubules in the axonemes of cilia and flagella and is found only in cells that have those structures. (wikipedia.org)
The gamma tubulin of an MTOC joins with other proteins to form ring complexes that provide a binding site for the microtubules. (sciencing.com)
Motile cilia and flagella, such as those found in the human trachea and the flagellum found on sperm cells , have axonemes that contain two additional microtubules running up the central axis. (sciencing.com)
The nine basal body microtubules provide the template for building the axoneme. (sciencing.com)
it connects the surface of a centriole to a protein complex called the 'gamma-tubulin ring complex', which initiates the growth of microtubules. (cellimagelibrary.org)
A centriole can also serve as the initiator for a more complex array of microtubules, called an 'axoneme,' which is the array of nine doublet microtubules that comprises the motile core of every cilium and flagellum. (cellimagelibrary.org)
The axoneme is a bundle of microtubules that is surrounded by a membrane that is a component of the plasma membrane and is 1 to 2 nm in length and 0.2 m in diameter. (risingacademy.org)
There are nine outside pairs of microtubules, known as doublets, and two centre singlet microtubules, each with 13 protofilaments, embedded in the ciliary matrix that fills each axoneme. (risingacademy.org)
Centrioles also exhibit this nine-way pattern of microtubules and related proteins in a regular configuration. (risingacademy.org)
However, unlike centrioles, cilia and flagella feature a centre pair of microtubules, leading to the term "9 + 2 axoneme" for the total structure. (risingacademy.org)
Thus kinesin-13 positively regulates the axoneme length, influences the properties of ciliary tubulin, and likely indirectly, through its effects on the axonemal microtubules, affects the ciliary dynein-dependent motility. (emory.edu)
The typical ciliary axoneme consists of two central microtubules surrounded by 9 microtubular doublets. (medscape.com)

The axoneme structure in non-motile primary cilia is of an outer nine microtubule doublets with no central microtubule singlets, and no dynein arms on the outer doublets. (wikipedia.org)
1998. Solution structure of the motile major sperm protein (MSP) of Ascaris suum-- evidence for two manganese binding sites and the possible role of divalent cations in filament formation. (fsu.edu)
We also determined the structures of factors involved in the IFT of large protein complexes known as Outer-Dynein-Arms (ODAs) required for the beating of motile cilia (Taschner et al. (au.dk)
Our results provide the first evidence for PACRG function within the axoneme, where we suggest that PACRG acts to maintain functional stability of the axonemal outer doublets of both motile and sensory cilia and flagella. (ox.ac.uk)
Eukaryotic flagella have far more proteins than motile cilia and share some of their motion and control mechanisms. (risingacademy.org)
PF2 and its homologues appear to be universal components of motile axonemes that are required for DRC assembly and the regulation of flagellar motility. (umn.edu)

Though distinctions of function and length may be made between cilia and flagella, the internal structure of the axoneme is common to both. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are highly conserved structures composed of a canonical 9+2 microtubule axoneme. (ox.ac.uk)
Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into cilia and flagella axonemes, which is required for their stability and maintenance. (stjohnslabs.com)

The proteins solubilized by detergent included a major 55,000-dalton protein, 1-3 high molecular weight proteins that comigrated, on SDS-PAGE, with the axonemal dynein, as well as several other proteins of 45,000-50,000 daltons. (ku.edu)
To determine whether this tubulin-like protein was associated with the membrane or whether it was an axonemal or matrix protein released by detergent treatment, three different methods to isolate ciliary membrane vesicles were developed. (ku.edu)
The fine structure, protein composition, and roles in flagellar movement of specific axonemal components were studied in wild-type Chlamydomonas and paralyzed mutants pf-14, pf-15A, and pf-19. (rupress.org)
The Parkin co-regulated gene product, PACRG, is an evolutionarily conserved axonemal protein that functions in outer-doublet microtubule morphogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
In axonemes from mutants that lack both the outer dynein arms and the MIA complex, I1 dynein failed to assemble, suggesting physical interactions between these three axonemal complexes and a role for the MIA complex in the stable assembly of I1 dynein. (emory.edu)

The major 55,000-dalton protein has proteins quite similar to those of tubulin, based on SDS-PAGE using three different buffer systems as well as two-dimensional maps of tryptic peptides from the isolated 55,000-dalton protein. (ku.edu)
These results suggest that a major ciliary membrane protein has properties similar to those of tubulin. (ku.edu)
They begin from centers which contain proteins needed for their formation (tubulin, etc. (cytochemistry.net)
As an example of the recognition of a cargo destined for the axoneme by the IFT system, we determined the structure of the N-terminal domain of the protein IFT81, which demonstrated a well-conserved tubulin-binding domain that is required for the transport of ab-tubulin hetero-dimers to the tip of the cilium by IFT (Bhogaraju et al. (au.dk)
The protofilaments are polymers of the protein tubulin . (sciencing.com)
The tubulin proteins in flagella and cilia are of the alpha and beta variety. (sciencing.com)
One protein (flagellin), which bears no resemblance to tubulin or dynein, makes up the bacterial flagellum, a specialised component of the extracellular cell wall. (risingacademy.org)

This indicates contrasting selection pressures on axoneme complexity, likely linked to the different mode of assembly of trypanosomatid versus Plasmodium flagella. (ox.ac.uk)
We found that the MIA1 and MIA2 genes encode conserved coiled-coil proteins, FAP100 and FAP73, respectively, which form the modifier of inner arms (MIA) complex in flagella. (emory.edu)

The Paranoiac A mutant, however, showed a reduction in cyclic GMP-stimulated protein kinase activity. (rupress.org)
These oligomeric proteins exhibit nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activity that catalyzes nonsubstrate specific conversions of nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates. (embl.de)
The subject of the study was the major fibrous sheath protein of the mouse sperm flagellum, AKAP82, a member of the A Kinase Anchor Protein (AKAP) family of polypeptides that bind the regulatory (RII) subunit of protein kinase A (PK-A). Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that AKAP82 is present throughout the transverse ribs and longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath. (elsevierpure.com)
cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. (nih.gov)

So far, our focus has been on the cooperation of the motor proteins driving IFT. (europa.eu)

axonemes of these mutants are missing three high molecular weight proteins which are probably components of the central tubule-central sheath complex. (rupress.org)

Six behavioral mutants of Paramecium, known to have defects in the excitable membrane that regulates the ciliary beat, showed normal patterns of ciliary protein phosphorylation in vitro, with and without added cyclic nucleotides, at both pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. (rupress.org)
Under conditions where wild-type axonemes reactivated, axonemes of the three mutants remained intact but did not form bends. (rupress.org)
This was because the traditional method of identification of CP proteins was mostly limited by available Chlamydomonas mutants of CP proteins. (go.jp)

Endogenous protein substrates for in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation in cilia and ciliary membranes. (rupress.org)
First, we have found that protein tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with filament formation along the pseudopod membrane. (fsu.edu)
Effect of cryopreservation on phosphorylation state of proteins involved in sperm motility initiation in sea bream. (upv.es)
Aquaporin inhibition changes protein phosphorylation pattern following sperm motility activation in fish. (upv.es)

Our data suggest that, although the talpid2 and talpid3 mutations affect a common ciliogenesis pathway, they are caused by mutations in different ciliary proteins that result in differences in craniofacial phenotype. (usda.gov)
The pleiotropic effects of TBX4 in lung disease may be in part explained by the differential effect of pathogenic mutations located in critical protein domains. (stanford.edu)
NPH is caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in cilia/centrosome structure, maintenance or function (Hildebrandt et al. (preventiongenetics.com)
Mutations of CP-associated proteins cause several different physical symptoms termed as ciliopathies. (go.jp)
Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)

Moreover, using transmission electron microscopy, structural defects were seen in the axoneme, with microtubule doublets missing from the canonical 9+2 formation. (ox.ac.uk)

Inside a cilium and a flagellum is a microtubule-based cytoskeleton called the axoneme. (wikipedia.org)
1999. Localized depolymerization of the major sperm protein cytoskeleton correlates with forward movement of the cell body in the amoeboid movement of nematode sperm. (fsu.edu)

To determine whether a mutation in the RP1-like protein 1 ( RP1L1 ) gene is present in a Japanese patient with sporadic occult macular dystrophy (OMD) and to examine the characteristics of focal macular electroretinograms (ERGs) of the patient with genetically identified OMD. (molvis.org)
Through additional fine mapping and whole-genome sequencing, we determined that the talpid2 phenotype was linked to a 1.4 Mb region on GGA1q that contained the gene encoding the ciliary protein C2CD3. (usda.gov)
In addition, we have cloned the MSP gene and expressed functional protein in bacteria. (fsu.edu)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
Duplication, deletion and mutation have created a new gene, denoted Sdic , that encodes a fly sperm axoneme protein. (biomedcentral.com)
CABYR is a polymorphic calcium-binding protein of the sperm fibrous sheath (FS) which gene contains two coding regions (CR-A and CR-B) and is tyrosine as well as serine/threonine phosphorylated during in vitro sperm capacitation. (biomedcentral.com)
PF2 is a coiled-coil protein that shares significant homology with a mammalian growth arrest-specific gene product (Gas11/Gas8) and a trypanosome protein known as trypanin. (umn.edu)

RP1L1 encodes a protein with a minimal length of 2,400 amino acids and a predicted weight of 252 kDa. (molvis.org)
ALMS1 encodes a ~ 0.5 megadalton protein that localises to the base of centrioles. (springer.com)

1998. Hydrostatic pressure shows that lammelipodial motility in Ascaris sperm requires membrane-associated major sperm protein filament nucleation and elongation. (fsu.edu)
1998. Amoeboid motility without actin: insights into the molecular mechanism of locomotion using the major sperm protein (MSP) of nematodes. (fsu.edu)
Thus, observations indicate that the FS plays important roles in energy metabolism, ATP generation for sperm motility, calcium signaling, and as a scaffold for signaling molecules in addition to its role as a structural girdle surrounding the outer dense fibers and axoneme. (biomedcentral.com)
A knockout of the conserved ciliary protein FAP206 in the ciliate Tetrahymena resulted in slow cell motility. (emory.edu)

Centrin is part of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. (prospecbio.com)

Comparative genomics of flagellated and non-flagellated eukaryotes provides one way to identify new putative flagellar proteins. (ox.ac.uk)

An axoneme, also called an axial filament is the microtubule-based cytoskeletal structure that forms the core of a cilium or flagellum. (wikipedia.org)
The fibrous sheath (FS), a unique cytoskeletal structure specific to the sperm, surrounds the axoneme and outer dense fibers and consists of two longitudinal columns connected by closely arrayed semicircular ribs. (biomedcentral.com)

In this study, we re-evaluated the CP proteins by conducting a similar comprehensive CP proteome analysis comparing the mass spectrometry results of the axoneme sample prepared from Chlamydomonas strains with and without CP complex. (go.jp)
Identification by proteome analysis of muscle proteins in sea bream (Sparus aurata). (upv.es)

Our research group studies proteins and protein complexes responsible for such intracellular transport that organizes the inner life of eukaryotic cells. (au.dk)
In our lab, we use techniques of protein co-expression in bacteria, insect cells and mammalian cells to produce large multi-subunit IFT complexes for structural and biochemical studies. (au.dk)
So far, we have reconstituted IFT protein complexes of up to 15 subunits (Taschner, Weber et al. (au.dk)

Hypomorphic mutation to intraflagellar transport protein IFT88 results in limited ciliogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Mucus is a hydrogel composed of water, salts, large mucin polymers, non-mucin proteins, lipids, and cellular debris [ 9 ] [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Improving Sperm Cryopreservation with Antifreeze Proteins: Effect on Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Plasma Membrane Lipids. (upv.es)

Four out of five computational assessment tools predicted that this mutation is damaging to the protein function. (molvis.org)

Centrin is a type of protein that is essential for practically all eukaryotic cells. (prospecbio.com)

NM23 belongs to a large family of structurally and functionally conserved proteins consisting of 4-6 identically folded subunits of approximately 16-20 kDa. (embl.de)
Electron microscope examination of the isolated axoneme of pf-14 showed that it lacks the radial spokes but is otherwise structurally normal. (rupress.org)
Cryo-electron tomography of mia mutant axonemes revealed that the MIA complex was located immediately distal to the intermediate/light chain complex of I1 dynein and structurally appeared to connect with the nexin-dynein regulatory complex. (emory.edu)

Centrin can be found in the transitional region of the axoneme, the bridge between the nucleus and the basal body, and both the proximal and distal fibres connecting the two basal bodies. (prospecbio.com)
The basal body transitions into a structure called an axoneme , which forms the skeleton of the flagellum or cilium. (sciencing.com)
The basal body also orients and positions the cilium or flagellum, which is critical to the correct movement of fluids within the axoneme. (sciencing.com)
The basal body, an intracellular granule that starts from the centrioles and is located in the cell cortex, is related to the axoneme. (risingacademy.org)

Sliding is changed into bending because the arms are activated in a certain order both inside and outside the axoneme and because the radial spokes and inter-doublet linkages limit how much sliding is possible. (risingacademy.org)

Basal bodies regulate the entry of proteins into the axoneme and play a role in cell division . (sciencing.com)

The assembly of the mammalian sperm flagellum is a complex developmental event requiring the sequential activation of genes encoding the component parts and the coordinated assembly of these proteins during the differentiation of the haploid spermatid. (elsevierpure.com)
CABYR protein gradually migrates into the sperm flagellum and localizes to the FS of the principal piece during steps 15-16. (biomedcentral.com)

Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). (springer.com)

Furthermore, by using Chlamydomonas strains lacking specific CP sub-structures, we present a more complete model of localization for these CP proteins. (go.jp)
A nonconventional nuclear localization sequence (NLS) has been found for this protein which suggests a role in DNA replication via the protein serving as a nuclear transport protein for the second subunit of the Replication Factor C (RFC40). (nih.gov)

It has also been shown [ ( PUBMED:2175255 ) ] that the Drosophila awd (abnormal wing discs) protein, is a microtubule-associated NDK. (embl.de)

The radial spoke is another protein complex of the axoneme. (wikipedia.org)
Radial spoke protein 9 is necessary for axoneme assembly in Plasmodium but not in trypanosomatid parasites. (ox.ac.uk)
Following an orthologue search for experimentally uncharacterised radial spoke proteins (RSPs), we identified and analysed RSP9. (ox.ac.uk)

GFP fusion proteins of both PACRG homologues localised along the full length of the axoneme. (ox.ac.uk)

They provide NTPs for nucleic acid synthesis, CTP for lipid synthesis, UTP for polysaccharide synthesis and GTP for protein elongation, signal transduction and microtubule polymerisation. (embl.de)
Prolyl hydroxylase inhibition results in primary cilia elongation also associated with accumulation of HIF-2α in the ciliary base and axoneme. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, there are important microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) projecting from one of the microtubule subunits. (cytochemistry.net)
Given that the complete IFT complex has a molecular mass in the MDa range and is composed of up to 30 different protein subunits, the tasks of reconstitution and structure determination represent significant challenges. (au.dk)

Simultaneous ablation of both proteins produced slow growth and paralysis of the flagellum with consequent effects on organelle segregation. (ox.ac.uk)
The occurrence of missing doublets increased toward the distal end of the flagellum and sequential loss of doublets was observed along individual axonemes. (ox.ac.uk)

Cargoes include both protein factors that are part of the ciliary backbone (known as the axoneme) as well as certain signaling factors such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that function in the ciliary membrane to transfer extracellular information to the interior of the cell. (au.dk)

Moreover, because axonemes of pf-14 remained intact under reactivating conditions, the nexin links alone are sufficient to limit the amount of interdoublet sliding that occurs. (rupress.org)

Finally, we identified a 19 bp deletion in talpid2 C2CD3 that produces a premature stop codon, and thus a truncated protein, as the likely causal allele for the phenotype. (usda.gov)
We sought genotype-phenotype correlations and undertook a comparative analysis with patients with PAH with BMPR2 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor type 2) causal variants (n = 162) or no identified variants in PAH-associated genes (n = 741) genotyped via the National Institute for Health Research BioResource-Rare Diseases. (stanford.edu)

Also called caltractin by some researchers, these proteins are mainly found in the centrosome, particularly the centrioles and the pericentriolar lattice. (prospecbio.com)

We found that ten viral proteins interact with key components in the maintenance of the molecular structure of axoneme. (preprints.org)

This protein was found to be a tissue-specific extinguisher that down-regulates the expression of seven liver genes in hepatoma x fibroblast hybrids. (nih.gov)

A barrier at the base of the cilium separates the organelle from the cell body necessitating active transport of both soluble and membrane associated protein cargoes via IFT. (au.dk)

In this study, the mechanism underlying the assembly of the fibrous sheath surrounding the axoneme was examined. (elsevierpure.com)
These data indicate that pro-AKAP82 is synthesized in the cell body, transported down the axoneme to its site of assembly in the fibrous sheath, and then proteolytically clipped to form mature AKAP82. (elsevierpure.com)

These enzymes tag HIFs prior to Von Hippel Lindau protein (vHL) ubiquitination and destruction in the proteosome. (biomedcentral.com)

Tetrahymena ciliary membranes were prepared by four different techniques, and their protein composition was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), electron microscopy, and two-dimensional thin-layer peptide mapping. (ku.edu)

In line with a more complex picture, multiple isoforms of the protein likely exist and non-centrosomal sites of localisation have been reported. (springer.com)
2009). ANKS6 is required to localize NPHP3/NEK8 complex to the axoneme (Hoff et al. (preventiongenetics.com)
EMBO J 2016) and determined the structures of several IFT proteins, which have significantly informed us on IFT complex assembly and function (see figure). (au.dk)
Immunolocalization studies show that the PF2 protein is distributed along the length of the axoneme, where it is part of a discrete complex of polypeptides. (umn.edu)

The axoneme serves as the "skeleton" of these organelles, both giving support to the structure and, in some cases, the ability to bend. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy9

Organisms7

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes5

Information Science2

Microtubules30

Motile6

Cilia and flagella3

Axonemal5

Tubulin7

Flagella2

Kinase4

Motor proteins1

High molecular weight proteins1

Mutants3

Phosphorylation4

Mutations5

Microtubule doublets1

Cytoskeleton2

Gene7

Encodes2

Motility4

Calcium-binding1

Flagellar1

Cytoskeletal2

Proteome analysis2

Complexes3

Intraflagellar transport1

Lipids2

PREDICTED1

Eukaryotic1

Structurally3

Basal body4

Doublet1

Regulate1

Sperm flagellum2

Ciliopathies1

Localization2

Drosophila1

Radial spoke3

Homologues1

Elongation2

Subunits2

Flagellum2

Ciliary membrane1

Nexin1

Phenotype2

Centrioles1

Molecular structure1

Regulates1

Cilium1

Fibrous sheath2

Ubiquitination1

Peptide1

Complex4

Skeleton1