• The HIV-1 regulatory proteins Tat and Rev are frequently targeted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes derived from HIV-1-infected individuals. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, the extent to which these proteins are targeted in natural HIV-1 infection as well as precise epitopes targeted by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) remain to be defined. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These are probably synthesized by macrophages and even by T lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
  • SATB1 is expressed by thymocytes (especially single positive CD4+ thymocytes), T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, and macrophages. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The microenvironment, consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial elements, and stroma in which hematopoietic cells reside, creates a regulatory niche that determines the local area network. (medscape.com)
  • The exaggerated immune response to repeated inhalation of these particles leads to infiltration and proliferation of activated pulmonary macrophages and lymphocytes, resulting in lymphocytic alveolitis and bronchiolitis with noncaseating granulomas. (cdc.gov)
  • The mucosal immune system is uniquely regulated to manage its constant exposure to viruses, parasites, and bacterial antigens, all of which are in close proximity to a large reservoir of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (medscape.com)
  • The degree of lymphocyte proliferation, regulatory T-cell generation and cytokine secretion were measured. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This linkage leads to the nonspecific activation of large numbers of regulatory T lymphocytes, producing cytokine storms that can have a variety of serious clinical consequences. (cdc.gov)
  • This cytokine can be produced locally by intestinal epithelial and epithelial goblet cells, and may serve as a regulatory factor for intestinal mucosal lymphocytes. (prospecbio.com)
  • To date, interleukui-4 is the only cytokine recognized to be capable of upregulating CD25 in human B lymphocytes. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). (antikoerper-online.de)
  • The complement system as understood today is a multimolecular system composed of more than 32 proteins and consisting of serum proteins, serosal proteins, and cell membrane receptors that bind to complement fragments. (medscape.com)
  • The complement system consists of 7 serum and 9 membrane regulatory proteins, 1 serosal regulatory protein, and 8 cell membrane receptors that bind complement fragments. (medscape.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene binds to several chemokine receptors, including chemokine binding protein 2 and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5). (creativebiomart.net)
  • CD39 is the dominant ecto nucleotidase of vascular and placental trophoblastic tissues and appears to modulate the functional expression of type 2 purinergic (P2) G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). (biolegend.com)
  • Endometrium from pregnant heifers had greater mRNA abundance for the inhibitory molecules, CD274 and lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG3), and greater cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), molecules that can interact with receptors on antigen-presenting cells and induce lymphocyte tolerance. (psu.edu)
  • A comparative analysis of gene expression arrays from antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells differentiating to either an effector/memory or a regulatory phenotype revealed Treg-selective expression of LAG-3, a CD4-related molecule that binds MHC class II. (nih.gov)
  • Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • CD25+ D4+ regulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes which control intestinal inflammation and autoimmunity express low levels of CD45RB. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The effects of iPSCs-imDCs and SN-iPSCs-imDCs on T-cell stimulatory function, and regulatory T (Treg) cell proliferative function in vitro were analyzed by mixed lymphocyte reaction. (newswise.com)
  • Among immune cells, Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are potent inhibitors of cancer immunity, and their presence within solid tumors is generally associated with a poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)
  • Background: Regulatory T (Treg) cells are immunosuppressor lymphocytes that play a crucial function in the establishment and development of cancers. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
  • It belongs to the gene family of complement regulatory proteins. (beckman.com)
  • The proposed Th1-Tr1 switch appears to bridge two stable, self-reinforcing immune states, pro- and anti-inflammatory, each with a characteristic gene regulatory network. (frontiersin.org)
  • Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • This thesis describes the regulation of CD25 gene expression by interleukin-4-activated signal transduction pathways in quiescent human B lymphocytes. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In particular, the importance of a cAMP-dependent pathway, which down-regulates binding of a putative transcriptionally repressive protein factor from a negative regulatory element in the promoter region of the CD25 gene, is highlighted. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • The 14/SATB1 monoclonal antibody specifically binds to the special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 that is encoded by the SATB1 (SATB homeobox 1) gene. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In the X-linked recessive form, the gene defect lies in the DKC1 gene (located at Xq28), which encodes for the protein dyskenin. (medscape.com)
  • We used the minimal gene regulatory network of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) to reprogram cancer cells into professional antigen-presenting cells (tumor-APCs). (lu.se)
  • RFX-B is the gene responsible for the most common cause of the bare lymphocyte syndrome, an MHC class II immunodeficiency. (lu.se)
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) limit autoimmunity but also attenuate the magnitude of antipathogen and antitumor immunity. (nih.gov)
  • Natural CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs express LAG-3 upon activation, which is significantly enhanced in the presence of effector cells, whereas CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs from LAG-3(-/-) mice exhibit reduced regulatory activity. (nih.gov)
  • Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
  • Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, suppressor immune cells such as FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert dominant immune suppression to control autoreactive T and B cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Drives the maturation of B-lymphocytes into Ig secreting cells (PubMed:12626569). (abcam.com)
  • Dendritic cells derived from blood cells were exposed to HIV-1 proteins or whole inactivated HIV-1 virus in the presence or absence of ADA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Curiously, their work revealed that in contrast to the effects on other immune cells, reactive oxygen species actually suppress the movement of T lymphocytes toward pro-inflammatory stimuli. (bath.ac.uk)
  • CD45RB expression appears to decrease as T lymphocytes progress from naive to memory cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • CCL3L1 MS Standard C13 and N15-labeled recombinant protein (NP_066286) with a C-terminal MYC/DDK tag, was expressed in HEK293 cells. (creativebiomart.net)
  • This study focused on exploring sinomenine (SN) to promote differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into imDCs (SN-iPSCs-imDCs), and found SN-iPSCs-imDCs with worse donor-specific T-cell stimulatory function, and higher regulatory T-cell proliferative function in vitro and in vivo to induce high immune tolerance. (newswise.com)
  • Transcriptional Control of Regulatory T Cells in Cancer: Toward Therapeutic Targeting? (mdpi.com)
  • Expression of CD39 is found on activated lymphocytes, a subset of T cells and B cells, and dendritic cells with weak staining on monocytes and granulocytes. (biolegend.com)
  • CD39 and CD73 have been found on regulatory T cells, specifically the effector/memory like T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Activated lymphocytes, and also on a subset of T cells, regulatory T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Mechanistically, in vitro data support these findings, as co-culture of hESC-MSCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BWF1 lymphocytes decreased lymphocyte secretion of TNFα and IL-6 and enhanced the percentage of putative regulatory T cells. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, we have demonstrated that IL-4-induced cAMP production is dose dependent and leads to the activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA, in primary human B cells. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Recently it has been reported that repression of SATB1 was essential for the phenotype and function of mouse regulatory T cells but inhibitory for the establishment of transcriptional programs expressed by effector T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Furthermore, a large percentage of uterine immune cells coexpressed these proteins. (psu.edu)
  • Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) rendered suppressive by treatment with mitomycin C and loaded with the autoantigen myelin basic protein demonstrated earlier their ability to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). This provides an approach for prophylactic vaccination against autoimmune diseases. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The number and inhibitory activity of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells were analysed by histology, flow cytometry and in vitro mixed lymphocyte cultures. (uni-koeln.de)
  • As such, they take advantage of the regulatory mechanisms that govern T cell activation to strengthen the immune response against cancer cells and minimize tumor evasion from host immunity. (acc.org)
  • Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies thus prevent inhibitory signaling to effector T cells, thereby increasing the ratio of effector cells to regulatory cells and augmenting the antitumor immune response. (acc.org)
  • Recent studies using neutralizing anti-CCL5 antibodies have suggested that the constitutive expression of CCL5 plays a regulatory role in maintaining tissue-resident memory (Trm) T cells in the human vaginal tract 9 and mouse skin 10 , suggesting that constitutive CCL5 expression in noninflamed conditions, hereafter referred to as homeostatic CCL5 expression, might be important for homeostasis of tissue-resident lymphocytes. (nature.com)
  • Depletion of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (T reg ) in mice leads to a polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGAIS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human primary tumor cells could also be reprogrammed to increase their capability to present antigen and to activate patient-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. (lu.se)
  • Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional regulator highly expressed in regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs). (hhs.gov)
  • This antigen is involved in B-lymphocyte activation and proliferation. (beckman.com)
  • Despite the small size of these proteins, multiple CTL epitopes were identified in each. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The full-length S protein in this vaccine has common epitopes that could protect against all the SARS-CoV-2 viral variants. (medscimonit.com)
  • We have found that the inactive conformations of the Tec kinase Itk and Src preferentially bind ADP over ATP, stabilising both proteins. (rcsb.org)
  • Activator of protein kinase A (cyclic AMP agonist). (biolog.de)
  • It seemed possible therefore, that the ability of IL-4 to promote increases in intracellular calcium, protein kinase C activation and cAMP generation might have a role in IL-4-induced CD25 expression. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, these anergic lymphocytes were extremely sensitive for protein kinase C-mediated apoptosis, indicating that immunosuppressive mechanisms are inter-related. (biomedcentral.com)
  • (13) One study that compared markers of inflammation in patients with and without COVID-19 observed modestly lower leukocyte, lymphocyte, and platelet counts and higher hemoglobin values in patients with COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunotherapeutic options have elicited a promising approach in some malignancies with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approving the first checkpoint inhibitor anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) ipilimumab for the treatment of melanoma ten years ago. (stanford.edu)
  • First data seem to confirm this as we have found altered protein composition of raft-associated proteins with inhibitory capacity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Importance: The protein p53 is an unequivocal tumor suppressor that is altered in half of all cancers. (stanford.edu)
  • Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mutations in three genes coding for the amyloid precursor protein ( APP ), presenilin 1 ( PS-1 ), and presenilin 2 ( PS-2 ) account for most cases of early onset, autosomal dominant familial AD (FAD), but only for 2% of all the AD cases. (bmj.com)
  • Alvarez JD, Yasui DH, Niida H, Joh T, Loh DY, Kohwi-Shigematsu T. The MAR-binding protein SATB1 orchestrates temporal and spatial expression of multiple genes during T-cell development. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • all genes associated with this syndrome (ie, DKC1 , TERT, TERC, NOP10 ) encode proteins in the telomerase complex responsible for maintaining telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. (medscape.com)
  • The bare lymphocyte syndrome: molecular clues to the transcriptional regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II genes. (lu.se)
  • The development, clinical evaluation, regulatory approvals, and vaccination programs for messenger RNA (mRNA) and viral vector-based vaccines to SARS-CoV-2 have rapidly progressed during the past two years [1,2]. (medscimonit.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry was also performed to detect Fas and FasL protein, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT in situ PCR to detect FasL messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). (ersjournals.com)
  • FasL mRNA was expressed in BAL lymphocytes from 15 of 20 patients with sarcoidosis, but from only one of 10 patients with normal lung parenchyma. (ersjournals.com)
  • Biotin has an extremely high affinity for the Avidin family of proteins (Kd = 10-15 M), making it the perfect tool to link two molecules. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • This collection of short reviews by experts in the field provides a complete overview of microbial superantigens, an unusual family of proteins that form an abnormal linkage between the major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and specific T-cell repertoire Vβ families. (cdc.gov)
  • Both methods yield antibody in solution that is free of most other soluble proteins, lipids, etc. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Dysfunction of the regulatory mechanisms maintaining this balance between active immunity and tolerance in the gut may lead to mucosal inflammation and damage and GI diseases. (medscape.com)
  • These antigens include organic dusts containing bacteria, fungi,4 animal or plant proteins, or low-molecular-weight chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Source of all serum proteins is from USDA inspected abattoirs located in the United States. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • (12) This study also noted that serum albumin, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and red cell distribution width were each associated with disease severity. (cdc.gov)
  • Regardless of the type or the physiological or pathological state of the originating cell, exosomes share common features as enriched with nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Further studies are needed to determine the role of Fas, FasL and other regulatory factors in apoptosis in the granulomatous inflammation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. (ersjournals.com)
  • Specifically, hESC-MSC treatment prevented disease-associated interstitial inflammation, protein cast deposition and infiltration of CD3 + lymphocytes in the kidneys. (nature.com)
  • Positive signals for TUNEL were detected in epithelioid histiocytes and lymphocytes within granulomas and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) lymphocytes from patients with sarcoidosis. (ersjournals.com)
  • A series of studies have revealed that exosomes-mediated intercellular transfer of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of HCC, hypoxia and angiogenesis, chemotherapy sensitivity, and cell death mode and regulates the immune microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
  • The Nuvaxovid™ (NVX-CoV2373) Novavax vaccine is a recombinant spike (S) protein nanoparticle vaccine combined with the Matrix-M adjuvant. (medscimonit.com)
  • Nuvaxovid™ (NVX-CoV2373) (Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA) is the first recombinant protein-based vaccine to SARS-CoV-2, combined with an adjuvant, to receive regulatory approval, currently in Great Britain and the European Union (EU) [10,11]. (medscimonit.com)
  • Preclinical studies have shown that the NVX-CoV2373 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine consists of full-length, stabilized, prefusion, recombinant S protein components combined with a saponin-based adjuvant, Matrix-M [12]. (medscimonit.com)
  • In the present study, 57 HIV-1-infected individuals were screened for responses against Tat and Rev by using overlapping peptides spanning the entire Tat and Rev proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The main pathological features of AD are characterised by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques caused by the progressive deposition of Aβ peptides in the brain, composed mainly of 39-43 peptides generated by proteolytic cleavage of the Aβ precursor protein (APP). (bmj.com)
  • With respect to the expression of the bcl-2 protein, 76% (26/34) of the samples were positive in OLR, while 97% (30/31) were positive in the group with OLP. (ecancer.org)
  • Finally, we assessed the impact of these polymorphisms on the level of OLR1 expression in lymphocytes from AD cases compared with controls. (bmj.com)
  • The apoptosis-related proteins of iPSCs-DCs and SN-iPSCs-DCs were analyzed by western blotting. (newswise.com)
  • The HIV-1 regulatory proteins Rev and Tat are expressed early in the virus life cycle and thus may be important targets for the immune control of HIV-1-infection and for effective vaccines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The research team led by Professors Steve Ward from the Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Will Wood (University of Bristol) studied the effect of hydrogen peroxide, one such danger signal, on the movement of T lymphocytes which orchestrate the immune response to infection and wound healing. (bath.ac.uk)
  • ADA addition resulted in adenosine degradation leading to a reduction of regulatory T-cell mediated suppression. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In order to assess the specificity of MICCop-induced suppression, treated EAE mice were challenged with the control protein ovalbumin. (uni-koeln.de)
  • By taking T lymphocytes from healthy human volunteers, the team were explored the ability of the T lymphocytes to migrate and respond to inflammatory stimuli in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins that function in inflammatory and immunoregulatory processes. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The two vaccine components elicit both B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, including viral neutralizing antibodies [12,13]. (medscimonit.com)
  • Human CD39 is an integral membrane protein with two transmembrane domains. (biolegend.com)
  • Remarkably, hydrogen peroxide was able to activate a molecule called SHIP-1, a key negative regulatory protein which suppresses a major activating signaling pathway linked to facilitating cell movement. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Nakashima K , Hiyoshi S , Ohno K , Prognostic factors in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy . (avma.org)
  • CD8+ T cell responses against Tat and Rev were found in up to 19 and 37% of HIV-1-infected individuals, respectively, indicating that these regulatory proteins are important targets for HIV-1-specific CTL. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We propose that LAG-3 marks regulatory T cell populations and contributes to their suppressor activity. (nih.gov)
  • Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
  • Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the past decade, many clinical trials have been investigating anti-CTLA-4 as well as anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapies in various solid tumors, including HCC. (stanford.edu)
  • Using 3′-UTR sequence probes, we have observed specific DNA protein binding with nuclear proteins from lymphocyte, astrocytoma, and neuroblastoma cell lines, but not from the microglia cell line. (bmj.com)
  • To date, development of these agents has focused on two major targets: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway. (acc.org)
  • CD72 (Cluster of Differentiation 72), also known in murine biology as Lyb-2, is a protein active in the immune system of animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Tec kinases, closely related to Src family kinases, are essential for lymphocyte function in the adaptive immune system. (rcsb.org)
  • CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV, and binding of this protein to CCR5 inhibits HIV entry. (creativebiomart.net)
  • This review summarizes and integrates research on vitamin D and CD4 + T-lymphocyte biology to develop new mechanistic insights into the molecular etiology of autoimmune disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • Each of these pathways uses different proteins. (medscape.com)