Protein synthesis in vitro. Medical search. Frequent questions

Furthermore, we try to apply our findings to improve methods for protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro . (ibpc.fr)
Moreover, BTBPE activated the IRX3/NOS2 axis both in vivo and in vitro. (bvsalud.org)

Here, we use an in vitro assay of protein synthesis in the hippocampus of male Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in this core biochemical phenotype under conditions where aberrant synaptic physiology has been observed. (jneurosci.org)
Development of a quantitative in vitro assay. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In this work, FMDV 3A homodimerization was evidenced by an in situ protein fluorescent ligation assay. (asm.org)
Replacements L38E and L41E, involving charge acquisition at residues predicted to contribute to the hydrophobic interface, reduced the dimerization signal in the protein ligation assay and prevented the detection of dimer/multimer species in both transiently expressed 3A proteins and in synthetic peptides reproducing the N terminus of 3A. (asm.org)
Once sensitized local lymph node assay (LLNA) (6), as no vali- to that chemical, the person is susceptible to dated in vitro alternatives exist to date (7). (cdc.gov)
You will also employ functional assays investigating host-pathogen interactions in vitro, such as serum bactericidal assay or adherence to eukaryotic cells. (lu.se)

Conversely, either NO or cGMP analogs paired with one-train tetanization produced late-phase potentiation, and the cGMP-induced potentiation was blocked by inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis and an inhibitor of PKG, but not by an inhibitor of PKA. (jneurosci.org)

Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis at the level of the bacterial ribosome. (theodora.com)
The antibacterial activity of tedizolid is mediated by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. (centerwatch.com)
Since 2000, the technical revolution of structural biology (x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy) allows us to have a precise view of the molecular mechanisms involved in protein synthesis catalyzed by the ribosome. (ibpc.fr)

Controlled Axial Coordination: Solid-Phase Synthesis and Purification of Metallo-Radiopharmaceuticals Angewandte Chemie. (nottingham.ac.uk)

Nevertheless, even if we can reproduce mRNA translation in vitro under specific conditions (different from the cellular conditions), the current in vitro translation assays are far from matching the efficiency of in vivo translation. (ibpc.fr)
For the end-point of skin sensitization, the ultimate goal, i.e. the development and validation of alternative in vitro/in silico assays by 2013, may be achieved through a better understanding of the skin sensitization process on the cellular and molecular levels. (cdc.gov)
Thus, the principle of protein or peptide haptenation could be used in in vitro assays to predict the sensitization potential of a new chemical entity. (cdc.gov)
It is likely that should lead to useful insights for the development improving our understanding of the cellular and of in vitro assays (17, 18). (cdc.gov)
There will be involved gene engineering and molecular biology methods such as PCR, SDS-PAGE, qPCR, western blot, DNA-protein interaction assays, flow cytometry etc. (lu.se)

These proteins were unrelated to murine mammary tumor viral structural proteins, as suggested from tryptic peptide mapping and immunoprecipitation data. (elsevierpure.com)
Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins, or function as chemical messengers and as intermediates in metabolism. (nih.gov)

One source of confusion may be that proxy measures of protein synthesis, such as mGluR-LTD or phosphorylation of signaling molecules, have been used in intact hippocampal slice preparations, whereas metabolic labeling experiments have been performed in synaptoneurosome preparations of cortex that are not easily related to altered hippocampal synaptic plasticity. (jneurosci.org)

Are the yields with NEBExpress® Cell-free E. coli Protein Synthesis System comparable with the PURExpress In Vitro Protein Synthesis Kit? (neb.com)
Protein yield, using either the PURExpress In Vitro Protein Synthesis Kit or the NEBExpress Cell-free E. coli Protein Synthesis System, is dependent on the nature of the target protein and the reaction conditions. (neb.com)
The NEBExpress Cell-free E. coli Protein Synthesis System routinely produces up to 0.5 mg/ml (up to 25 μg per 50 μl reaction). (neb.com)
Specifically, by using lipid nanodiscs as cellular membrane mimics, we obtained yields of up to 440 µg/mL for the single-subunit OST enzyme, 'Protein glycosylation B' (PglB) from Campylobacter jejuni , as well as for three additional PglB homologs from Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari , and Desulfovibrio gigas . (biorxiv.org)
Nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding the nonstructural protein NCVP2 of bovine rotavirus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
E. coli, P. pastoris , Mammalian cells, Plant cells and in vitro by cell free synthesis. (lu.se)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by loss of the FMR1 gene product FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein), a repressor of mRNA translation. (jneurosci.org)
Our data suggest that elevated protein synthesis in the Fmr1 KO is due to saturation of mRNA translation downstream of the MAP kinase ERK1/2 which is basally activated by mGluR5. (jneurosci.org)

The constituent proteins are normally synthesised in specialised glands where the epithelial cells are responsible for the biosynthesis. (bioone.org)

The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein infects host epithelial cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and subsequently fusing the membranes. (news-medical.net)

Studies on the kinetics of translation of these three proteins established that they were synthesized independently and that the smaller proteins were not post-translational cleavage products of the larger proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
Specifically, we are interested in post-translational modifications, changes to a protein after it's produced, which add an incredible level of diversity to the underlying proteins within a cell and can control a diverse array of processes, including protein stability, interactions, and activity. (upenn.edu)

Recovery of enzymatic activity in vivo, which occurred within 24 h of low-dose MDMA treatment, appeared not to involve synthesis of new enzyme protein, because the return of enzymatic activity was not prevented by prior cycloheximide. (erowid.org)
Chymotrypsin -- An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis (the breakdown) of proteins into peptides or amino acids in the small intestine. (nih.gov)
Enzyme -- A protein molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered by the reactions. (nih.gov)

We find that elevated basal protein synthesis in Fmr1 KO mice is selectively reduced to wild-type levels by acute inhibition of mGluR5 or ERK1/2, but not by inhibition of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). (jneurosci.org)
The bacterial type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway is an attractive target for the development of inhibitors and is particularly favourable due to the differences from mammalian type I fatty acid synthesis. (rcsb.org)

Although a 24S polyadenylated RNA had been identified as the intracellular mRNA for env precursor polyprotein, no such protein could be translated from the 24S polyadenylated RNA isolated from the virions. (elsevierpure.com)
NS proteins are involved in crucial aspects of the viral cycle and pathogenesis, such as rearrangements of intracellular membranes required for endomembrane recruitment and the lysis of host cells ( 1 , 12 , 14 , 18 , 73 ). (asm.org)
in poliovirus (PV), the interaction between the RNA replication complex and intracellular membranes appears to be accomplished by proteins 3A and 2C, which have membrane-binding properties ( 11 , 60 ). (asm.org)
On the other hand, 3AB presumably anchors 3B in intracellular membranes originated de novo during the early steps of RNA replication, where uridylylated 3B primes the synthesis of nascent viral RNAs ( 2 , 37 , 68 , 69 ). (asm.org)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)

Nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide (derived from the sulfur containing amino acids in undigested protein) that escapes to the air creates acid when dissolved in raindrops causing acid rain, which increases the acidity of soil and surface water (Wolfe and Patz, 2002). (thedairysite.com)

The mRNAs are extruded into the cytoplasm where they serve as mRNA for protein synthesis and as templates for packaging and replication into dsRNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural protein 3A plays important roles in virus replication, virulence, and host range. (asm.org)
Even though HMDMs phagocytosed the virus, they did not allow early-phase viral replication or protein synthesis to induce inflammatory responses due to the absence of ACE2. (news-medical.net)
Cell-free system -- A mixture of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear components from cells used for in vitro protein synthesis, transcription, DNA replication, or other purposes. (nih.gov)

Mutations of the APC gene result in a truncated/nonfunctional protein. (medscape.com)
We measured the levels of gene 5 and gene 6 mRNA and showed that they were not significantly different, and protein analysis indicated no difference in stability of NSP1 compared with VP6. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the simian rotavirus gene 6 that codes for the major inner capsid protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Moreover, using choroid plexus in vitro cell cultures, gene expression and protein synthesis were further investigated upon rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 stimulation as compared to rhIGF-1 alone, and found not to be differently altered. (lu.se)

3 hr, and is reduced by inhibitors of PKA and of protein or RNA synthesis. (jneurosci.org)
Three-train L-LTP was also blocked by inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase or cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (jneurosci.org)
Inhibitors designed to target FabG proteins and thus prevent fatty acid synthesis may provide a platform for use against multidrug-resistant pathogens including A. baumannii. (rcsb.org)

A particular challenge is the synthesis of oligosaccharyltransferases (OSTs), which catalyze the attachment of glycans to specific amino acid residues in target proteins. (biorxiv.org)
Despite containing residues for catalysis and the ACP coordinating motif, biochemical analyses showed limited activity against an acetoacetyl-CoA substrate in vitro. (rcsb.org)
A molecular model of the FMDV 3A protein, derived from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the poliovirus 3A protein, predicted a hydrophobic interface spanning residues 25 to 44 as the main determinant for 3A dimerization. (asm.org)

The viral particle is composed of a protein capsid that contains a positive-sense RNA molecule of about 8,500 nucleotides that is infectious and encodes a single polyprotein, which is processed in infected cells by cis - and trans -acting viral proteases ( 55 ) to yield different polypeptide precursors and the mature viral proteins ( 9 , 62 ). (asm.org)
The viral genome encodes four structural capsid proteins (VP1 to VP4) and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins, the leader Lb/ab protease, and proteins encoded in the P2 (2B and 2C) and P3 (3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D) regions ( 9 ). (asm.org)

When expressed as a recombinant protein in transfected cells, PV 3A cofractionates with endoplasmic reticulum markers ( 66 ), and its single transient expression can disrupt the secretory apparatus ( 23 ) and decrease major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression ( 22 ). (asm.org)
Using a preterm rabbit pup model, we investigated the uptake of systemic recombinant human (rh) IGF-1 in complex with its main binding protein IGF-binding protein 3 (BP-3) to the brain parenchyma via the choroid plexus. (lu.se)
Lund Protein Production Platform (LP3) has recently published its standard operating procedures for recombinant protein expression using the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) in insect cells. (lu.se)

However, macrophages support the early phase of viral infection, particularly the entry and synthesis of new viral RNA and protein. (news-medical.net)

Although clindamycin phosphate is inactive in vitro , rapid in vivo hydrolysis converts this compound to the antibacterially active clindamycin. (theodora.com)

Importantly, all of these enzymes catalyzed N -glycosylation reactions in vitro with no purification or processing needed. (biorxiv.org)

One-Pot Synthesis, Characterisation, and Kinetic Stability of Novel Side-Bridged Pentaazamacrocyclic Copper(II) Complexes RSC Advances. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Protein glycosylation, or the attachment of sugar moieties (glycans) to proteins, is important for protein stability, activity, and immunogenicity. (biorxiv.org)
As shown for the Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α, de novo RNA synthesis correlates with the number of CpG dinucleotides, whereas RNA splicing, stability, nuclear export and translation are not affected by the sequence modification. (nih.gov)

Discrete enzymes in this pathway include two reductase enzymes: 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (FabG) and enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI). (rcsb.org)
In addition to the endocannabinoids and their receptors, this endocannabinoid system (thereafter called ECS) comprises synthesis and degradation enzymes and transporters [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In vitro covalent modification of serum albumin by acrolein. (cdc.gov)

however, it may be used in combination with other antimicrobials based on its in vitro synergy. (cdc.gov)

The coding potential of murine mammary tumor viral genomic RNA was investigated by in vitro translation of various size classes of RNAs isolated from the virions. (elsevierpure.com)

Furthermore, it remains unclear whether this virus replicates within macrophages to synthesize new viral RNA and protein, which leads to the possibility of new virion assembly. (news-medical.net)

Our principal interest is to understand the fundamental aspect of protein synthesis mechanisms and regulations. (ibpc.fr)
Derived from tetracycline, glycylcyclines have added substituents that interfere with the mechanisms bacteria employ to resist tetracycline, including both the efflux pumps and ribosomal protection proteins. (kenyon.edu)
In this review, we consider some of the theoretical aspects of protein haptenation, how mechanisms of protein haptenation can be investigated experimentally and how we can use such knowledge in the development of novel, alternative approaches for predicting skin sensitization potential in the future. (cdc.gov)
The basis of hapten- molecular mechanisms of the sensitization pro- protein binding work is the hypothesis that upon cess will result in novel opportunities for the skin absorption, only protein-reactive chemicals development of alternative methods for assessing (or those that can be metabolically or chemically skin sensitization hazard and relative potency of converted to protein-reactive species) are able to chemicals. (cdc.gov)

2001), estimate ruminal and animal N requirements, supply of ruminally degradable protein (RDP) and RUP, and are used in ration balancing software. (thedairysite.com)
By simulating ruminal fermentation through in vitro gas production, the fermentation characteristics of dried cladodes were compared with that of lucerne hay and oat hay. (scielo.org.za)
These results suggested that ruminal microorganism fermented dried cladodes as well as when lucerne hay or oat hay were used as substrates in an in vitro fermentation system. (scielo.org.za)

Its most important function may be to sequester the growth stimulatory effects of b-catenin, a protein that transcriptionally activates growth-associated genes in conjunction with tissue-coding factors. (medscape.com)
The reports on base sequences of spider silk protein genes have gained importance as the mechanical properties of silk fibers have been revealed. (bioone.org)
Transcriptomic analysis on 72 h-exposed fetal testis explants revealed 187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including genes involved in steroid synthesis and toxic substance response. (biomedcentral.com)
Our project offers a unique opportunity for Master's student to gain hands-on experience focused on transcriptional regulators with importance in expression of genes of outer membrane proteins that are essential in host-pathogen interaction. (lu.se)

34.5 ± 0.3 kg of milk per cow per day), nutritionists reported feeding diets with 17.8 ± 0.1 per cent crude protein (CP) (Caraviello et al. (thedairysite.com)
The samples were subsequently ground to pass through a 1-mm sieve (Mill Thomas Wiley Mill, Philadelphia, Pa, USA) and analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ash (AOAC, 1990). (scielo.org.za)

The functional significance of this metabolic heterogeneity was assessed by comparing protein synthesis in metabolically responsive and unresponsive subpopulations, shortly after their separation by autofluorescence-activated cell sorting. (jci.org)
Its higher biosynthetic activity was mainly caused by recruitment of cells into active synthesis and, to a lesser extent, by higher biosynthetic activity per recruited cell. (jci.org)
To test a possible downstream target of PKG, we examined changes in phospho-CRE-binding protein (phospho-CREB) immunofluorescence in the CA1 cell body area and obtained results similar to those of the electrophysiology experiments. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we address this challenge by establishing a bacterial cell-free protein synthesis platform that enables rapid production of a variety of OSTs in their active conformations. (biorxiv.org)
Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of cell-free synthesized OSTs to glycosylate multiple target proteins with varying N -glycosylation acceptor sequons. (biorxiv.org)
PGRs can affect the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones, destroy the structure and function of the reproductive system, and harm the growth and development of offspring, which may be related to germ cell cycle disorders, apoptosis and oxidative stress. (bvsalud.org)
2022 ) Protein domain-dependent vesiculation of Lipoprotein A, a protein that is important in cell wall synthesis and fitness of the human respiratory pathogen Haemophilus influenzae . (lu.se)

In addition to the increased muscle protein degradation found during cancer growth, the presence of the tumor also induces an increased rate of DNA fragmentation in skeletal muscle in both rats and mice ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

6] Normal APC protein promotes apoptosis in colonic cells. (medscape.com)
In vitro incubated rat islet B cells differ in their individual rates of protein synthesis. (jci.org)
Identification, synthesis, and modifications of simian rotavirus SA11 polypeptides in infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Since human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) do not express ACE2, these cells were used as in vitro models for ACE2-negative macrophages. (news-medical.net)
Antibody -- Any of the protein molecules produced by specialized immune system cells (B cells) that can recognize and bind to a particular foreign antigen. (nih.gov)

Here, we define the conditions under which P. cynomolgi can be adapted to long term in vitro culture to yield parasites that share many of the morphological and phenotypic features of P. vivax . (nature.com)

Automated radiosynthesis and preclinical in vivo evaluation of [18F]Fluoroethylpuromycin as a potential radiotracer for imaging protein synthesis with PET Nuclear Medicine and Biology. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Synthesis, in Vitro Evaluation, and Radiolabeling of Fluorinated Puromycin Analogues: Potential Candidates for PET Imaging of Protein Synthesis Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. (nottingham.ac.uk)
A fluoroacetamidine-based inactivator of protein arginine deiminase 4: design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. (umassmed.edu)

Based on in vitro susceptibility data, rather than studies of clinical efficacy. (cdc.gov)

Hana is a senior postdoc in the Jim Shorter Lab who is studying ways to prevent and reverse pathogenic protein aggregation. (upenn.edu)

Silks are composed principally of proteins with a predominance of alanine, serine and glycine and silk proteins are able to undergo irreversible transformations from soluble protein to insoluble fibres. (bioone.org)
Despite this finding, the authors proposed that SARS-CoV-2 fails to enter the HMDM cytoplasm because the S protein fails to undergo the necessary conformational changes required for membrane fusion in the absence of ACE2. (news-medical.net)

These results suggest that the ERK1/2 pathway, and other neurotransmitter systems that stimulate protein synthesis via ERK1/2, represent additional therapeutic targets for FXS. (jneurosci.org)

Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis. (umassmed.edu)

Deplection of lean body mass is one of the main consequences of cachexia which involves not only skeletal muscle but also affects cardiac proteins, resulting in alterations in heart performance. (spandidos-publications.com)

Abnormalities associated with cancer cachexia include anorexia, weight loss, muscle loss and atrophy, anemia and alterations in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

For example, some favorite modifications can lead to the protein being degraded which provides a mechanism to get rid of proteins which cause disease. (upenn.edu)

A strong rationale for taking this approach is that slice has been shown to accurately reproduce the in vivo phenotype of elevated basal protein synthesis in the Fmr1 KO hippocampus (cf. (jneurosci.org)

In affected indivi- chemicals possessing the ability to react with duals, it has a serious impact on their quality of proteins, and hence these methods do not esti- life. (cdc.gov)

The development of a protocol for the routine continuous in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum in 1976 1 released malaria researcher from the reliance on in vivo observations. (nature.com)
Recent projects include development of new radiotracers for imaging bacterial infection, hypoxia imaging in cancer patients using 18 F-HX4 (OXYPET Trial), development of new fluorine-18 labelled molecules for protein synthesis imaging, and various early stage radiochemistry projects using fluorine-18, zirconium-89 and technetium-99m. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Since then, the translation factors, essential to recapitulate the translation process in vitro , have been identified leading to the development of different in vitro translation systems. (ibpc.fr)

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of a Hydrophilic 64Cu-Bis(thiosemicarbazonato)-glucose Conjugate for Hypoxia Imaging Journal of Nuclear Medicine. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The results of in vitro time-kill studies show that tedizolid is bacteriostatic against enterococci, staphylococci and streptococci. (centerwatch.com)
Consistent with previous in vitro studies, the current study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 did not replicate in BAL macrophages or HMDM. (news-medical.net)

Anatomy23

Organisms18

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs128

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science3

Health Care4

Vivo and in vitro2

Assay6

Inhibitor1

Ribosome3

Solid-Phase Syn1

Assays5

Peptide2

Signaling molecules1

Coli6

MRNA translation2

Biosynthesis1

Epithelial cells1

Post-translational2

Enzyme3

Mammalian2

Intracellular5

20021

Replication4

Gene4

Inhibitors3

Residues3

Capsid2

Recombinant3

Viral infection1

Hydrolysis1

Purification1

Stability3

Enzymes2

Serum1

Antimicrobials1

RNAs1

Virion1

Mechanisms4

Ruminal3

Genes4

Crude protein2

Cell7

Mice1

Cells5

Yield1

Evaluation3

Clinical1

Pathogenic1

Undergo2

Pathway1

Organic1

Involves1

Metabolism1

Modifications1

Reproduce1

Methods1

Development3

Nuclear1

Studies2