Protein phosphorylation growth cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
Ray Erikson discovered that v-Src was a kinase and Tony Hunter found that v-Src phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins in the 1970s. (wikipedia.org)
In the early 1980, the amino-acid sequence of the first protein kinase was determined which helped geneticists understand the functions of regulatory genes. (wikipedia.org)
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the first protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) was purified and the discovery, as well as, cloning of JAK kinases was accomplished which led to many in the scientific community to name the 1990s as the decade of protein kinase cascades. (wikipedia.org)
We now provide evidence that two growth-regulated, nucleus- and cytoplasm-localized protein kinases, 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), contribute to the serum-induced phosphorylation of c-Fos. (nih.gov)
The major phosphopeptides derived from biosynthetically labeled c-Fos correspond to phosphopeptides generated after phosphorylation of c-Fos in vitro with both RSK and MAP kinase. (nih.gov)
The phosphorylation sites identified for RSK (Ser-362) and MAP kinase (Ser-374) are in the transrepression domain. (nih.gov)
This study suggests a role for nuclear RSK and MAP kinase in modulating newly synthesized c-Fos phosphorylation and downstream signaling. (nih.gov)
The cell cycle is a tightly regulated process that is controlled by the conserved cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-cyclin protein complex 1 . (nature.com)
Here we demonstrate that p38 MAPK gamma (p38γ) acts as a CDK-like kinase and thus cooperates with CDKs, regulating entry into the cell cycle. (nature.com)
The protein interaction landscape of the human CMGC kinase group. (nature.com)
In this study, we found that hSulf-1 overexpression in melanoma cells can inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by decreasing the protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and limiting CDK4 nuclear import. (oncotarget.com)
Here, we reported that mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) kinase is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth and invasion. (techscience.com)
Most recently, Dixon's lab has identified a new group of enzymes in the protein kinase family that phosphorylate casein in the biomineralization of teeth and bone. (ucsd.edu)
This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)
This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
Contact with these chemicals altered the enzymatic activities of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, and protein phosphatase-2A. (researcher.life)
aspergillusnidulans response regulators (rrs), sska and srra, and histidine kinase (hk), nika, are involved in the growth inhibitory effects of these fungicides. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are now standard treatment in the clinic for patients with advanced EGFR mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (researchgate.net)
53BP1 is involved in the phosphorylation of various ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) substrates such as cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) [ 3 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This gene encodes a member of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (nih.gov)
This protein kinase is calcium-independent and phospholipid-dependent. (nih.gov)
This kinase is found to be necessary for BCL-ABL-mediated resistance to drug-induced apoptosis and therefore protects leukemia cells against drug-induced apoptosis. (nih.gov)
A series of signal transduction events starting from the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) to binding of E2F -target transcription to phosphorylation of Rb helps maintain cell-cycle progression. (bdbiosciences.com)
in response to androgen, HER2 promoted the phosphorylation and degradation of MAD1 via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling, enabling increased dimerization of MYC and MAX proteins at the promoters of AR target genes. (aacrjournals.org)
Inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit by small molecule inhibitor NU7026 sensitizes human leukemic K562 cells to benzene metabolite-induced apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
We have previously reported that exposure of workers to benzene and to benzene metabolite hydroquinone in cultured cells induced DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to mediate the cellular response to DNA double strand break (DSB) caused by DNA-damaging metabolites. (cdc.gov)
Treatment with NU7026 did not alter the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress by hydroquinone but repressed the protein level of DNA-PKcs and blocked the induction of the kinase mRNA and protein expression by hydroquinone. (cdc.gov)

In mouse hepatocytes, p38γ induces proliferation after partial hepatectomy by promoting the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein at known CDK target residues. (nature.com)
The N-terminal phosphorylation of RB by p38 bypasses its inactivation by CDKs and prevents proliferation in cancer cells. (nature.com)
Genes clustering in the categories fatty acid beta oxidation, cell adhesion, DNA replication and polyamine biosynthesis were up-regulated indicating increased lipolysis, cell attachment, proliferation and growth. (wada-ama.org)
Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa L), has proven to be a modulator of multiple intercellular signalling pathways linked to inflammation, to proliferation, growth, invasion, drug sensitivity, angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. (researchgate.net)
Deletions of multiple GID subunits compromise cell proliferation, and this defect is accompanied by deregulation of critical cell cycle markers such as the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor, phospho-Histone H3 and Cyclin A. We identify the negative regulator of pro-proliferative genes Hbp1 as a bonafide GID/CTLH proteolytic substrate. (elifesciences.org)
ERK pathway mediates the activation of Cdk2 in IGF-1-induced proliferation of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells. (uni-muenster.de)
In most cancers, hSulf-1 is inactivated, which endows cancer cells with increasesed cell proliferation and metastatic activities, inhibition of apoptosis, and decreased sensitivity to radio- and chemotherapy. (oncotarget.com)
It is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. (oncotarget.com)
In normal human tissues, hSulf-1 is stably expressed, and it plays important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
The decreased expression of hSulf-1 is closely related to cancer cell proliferation, increased metastatic activity, inhibition of apoptosis, and reduced sensitivity to radio- and chemotherapy [ 3 - 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
One important mechanism of carcinogenesis is uncontrolled cell proliferation caused by the excessive activation of cell proliferation signals. (oncotarget.com)
In vitro, palbociclib reduced cellular proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cell lines by blocking progression of the cell from G1 into S phase of the cell cycle. (shu.edu)
In addition, AKT/mTOR signaling and MAPK signaling were inhibited by JIB extract to suppress melanoma cell growth and proliferation. (medsci.org)
The results demonstrated that JIB extract combined with cisplatin enhanced the inhibition of cell growth, proliferation, and survival through the obstruction of cell cycle progression and AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling as well as the induction of cell apoptosis. (medsci.org)
In the present study, we assessed the possible effects of frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils on cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion as well as the possible mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
In the present study, we clearly revealed that frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils suppressed cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion in human BC MCF-7 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Moreover, we elucidated the regulatory AMPK/mTOR pathway involving essential oils in BC cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis development. (spandidos-publications.com)
MTT assay was performed to determine the proliferation of cancer cells. (techscience.com)
In addition, overexpression of ZYX in hepatoma cell lines (PLC/PRF/5, HCCLM3) enhanced their proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas ZYX knockdown had the opposite effects (SK HEP-1, Huh-7). (techscience.com)
It is involved in the proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transformation of malignant tumor cells. (techscience.com)
They help regulate cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and in the case of neurons, synaptic plasticity. (ucsd.edu)
A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
Objective-Proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in response to vascular injury is central to neointimal CX-6258 vascular remodeling. (cret-signal.com)
The mechanisms underlying this reduction of SMC proliferation by HDAC inhibition involve a growth arrest in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle that is due to BVD-523 cost an inhibition of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. (cret-signal.com)
Cell division, proliferation, and apoptosis and death are integral parts of life. (bdbiosciences.com)
Cell proliferation is an increase in the number of cells as a result of growth and division. (bdbiosciences.com)
The balance of cell proliferation and apoptosis is important for both development and normal tissue homeostasis. (bdbiosciences.com)
A number of techniques are used to assess cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Using analogs to these nucleosides provides a way to measure cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Several cell cycle-associated proteins, such as Ki-67, are also used as indicators of cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Fluorescent or nonfluorescent cytoplasmic proliferation dyes can also be used as a measure cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
BD Biosciences offers BD Horizon™ Violet Proliferation Dye 450 and BD Horizon™ CFSE for the detection of cell proliferation with the violet laser and blue laser, respectively, which facilitates the use of larger panels. (bdbiosciences.com)
These include modes that are predominately genotoxic (i.e., chromosomal abnormalities, oxidative stress, and gene amplification) vs. more nongenotoxic (i.e., altered growth factors, enhanced cell proliferation and promotion of carcinogenesis, and altered DNA repair). (cdc.gov)

By counteracting the activities of kinases, phosphatases play an important role in the control of a wide variety of cellular functions including cell cycle checkpoints, responsiveness to growth factors, contact inhibition, and cellular motility. (rndsystems.com)
In vivo studies using a patient-derived ER-positive breast cancer xenograft model demonstrated that the combination of palbociclib and letrozole increased the inhibition of Rb phosphorylation, downstream signaling and tumor growth compared to each drug alone. (shu.edu)
mu;M, identified as effective growth inhibition concentration. (unibas.it)
The complex named AuM1 was the most active just after 8 h of treatment at 5 & mu;M, identified as effective growth inhibition concentration. (unibas.it)
Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. (cancerindex.org)
Across all dose levels, average steady-state plasma PF-04691502 concentrations approximated or exceeded the target concentration of 16.2 ng/mL required for ≥75 % tumor growth inhibition in preclinical models. (researchgate.net)
As a result of this differential cell cycle-regulatory gene expression by HDAC inhibition, the retinoblastoma protein retains a transcriptional repression of its downstream target genes required for S phase entry. (cret-signal.com)
Inhibition of DNA-PKcs by NU7026 markedly potentiated the apoptotic and growth inhibitory effects of hydroquinone in proerythroid leukemic K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (cdc.gov)

PP2A-mediated protein dephosphorylation is involved in a broad range of cellular processes including cell-cycle progression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and growth factor signalling. (eu.org)
The motif is conserved in essential proteins throughout the eukaryotic domain of life and also in human viruses, suggesting that the motifs are required for basic cellular function. (eu.org)
This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
The domain is named after cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) and TRIO guanine exchange factor. (embl.de)
The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl.de)
Levels of cellular protein phosphorylation are modulated both by protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
To fully understand this complex and essential regulatory process, the kinases and phosphatases mediating the changes in cellular phosphorylation must be identified and characterized. (rupress.org)
Our biochemical and cellular analysis thus demonstrates that the GID/CTLH complex prevents cell cycle exit in G1, at least in part by degrading Hbp1. (elifesciences.org)
Cellular proteostasis involves the coordinated and compensatory action of pathways that control biogenesis, folding, trafficking and breakdown of proteins allowing the cell to adapt to physiological or pathological environmental changes. (elifesciences.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
The SDH enzyme links two important cellular pathways called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation. (medlineplus.gov)
The former include hypoxia, high lactate levels or the abundance of growth factors within the cellular microenvironment. (springer.com)
Relationship between hematogenous tumor cell dissemination and cellular immunity in DCIS patients. (nature.com)
Phosphorylation plays critical roles in the regulation of many cellular processes, including cell cycle, growth, apoptosis and signal transduction pathways. (ucsd.edu)
ACVR2-restored cells showed decreased growth and reduced S phase but increased cellular migration following activin treatment. (nih.gov)
ACVR2-complemented MSI-H colon cancers restore activin-SMAD signaling, decrease growth, and slow their cell cycle following ligand stimulation but show increased cellular migration. (nih.gov)
Pack LR, Daigh LH, Meyer T. Putting the brakes on the cell cycle: mechanisms of cellular growth arrest. (bdbiosciences.com)
The evidence indicates that trivalent, methylated, and relatively less ionizable arsenic metabolites may be capable of interacting with cellular targets such as proteins and even DNA [Kitchin 2001]. (cdc.gov)

In 1975, it was shown that cAMP-dependent proteins kinases phosphorylate serine residues on specific amino acid sequence motifs. (wikipedia.org)
STP, serine/threonine protein phosphatase. (rupress.org)
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues represents a fundamental strategy used by eukaryotic organisms to regulate a host of biological functions, including DNA replication, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. (rupress.org)
Protein phosphatases remove phosphate groups covalently attached to serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. (rndsystems.com)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)

Additionally, JIB extract induced B16/F10 cell apoptosis via the caspase cascade. (medsci.org)
Further data demonstrated that frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils induced apoptosis, but did not affect cell cycle progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
Consistent with the in vitro activities, frankincense essential oil was effective in inhibiting tumor growth and inducing tumor cell apoptosis in a human BC mouse model. (spandidos-publications.com)
Moreover, it was also reported that extracts from pine needle inhibited apoptosis of the normal cells induced by a hydroxyl radical ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V binding was utilized to measure the progression of the cell cycle and the induction of apoptosis. (techscience.com)
Abstract Fos-related antigen 1 (Fra-1) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. (techscience.com)
Fra-1 is highly expressed in gastric cancer (GC), affects the cycle distribution and apoptosis of GC cells, and participates in GC occurrence and development. (techscience.com)
Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
Cells are also programmed for death at the genetic level as a response to DNA damages through the process of apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Apoptosis is an organized process that signals cells to self-destruct for cell renewal or to control aberrant cell growth. (bdbiosciences.com)
As cells become damaged or are no longer needed, they undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death, a normal physiological process that occurs during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Apoptosis controls the orderly death of damaged cells, whereas necrosis occurs as a result of tissue damage, causing the loss of both damaged and surrounding cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Methods for detecting apoptosis or dead cells (viability) by cell preparation type. (bdbiosciences.com)
However, some cell types do not display characteristic features of apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
In those cases, multiple aspects of apoptosis might need to be analyzed to confirm the mechanism of cell death. (bdbiosciences.com)
Lastly, hydroquinone and NU7026 exhibited synergistic effects on promoting apoptosis by increasing the protein levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 but decreasing the protein expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. (cdc.gov)
Taken together, the findings reveal a central role of DNA-PKcs in hydroquinone-induced hematotoxicity in which it coordinates DNA DSB repair, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis to regulate the response to hydroquinone-induced DNA damage. (cdc.gov)

Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is abundant in both prokaryotic and even more so in eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Dixon is an internationally recognized scientist in the field of reversible phosphorylation - a biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound and, in the context of cells, serves as a fundamental master control switch by which proteins and their functions can be altered after they have formed. (ucsd.edu)

Targeted therapy drugs are used to target specific genes and proteins of cancer cells to precisely identify and attack specific types of cancer cells. (medsci.org)

Symmetric cell division prompts multiplication and asymmetric cell division is an enlightening advance for differentiation. (researchsquare.com)

Lundberg, A. S. & Weinberg, R. A. Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein requires sequential modification by at least two distinct cyclin-cdk complexes. (nature.com)
Treatment of breast cancer cell lines with the combination of palbociclib and antiestrogens leads to decreased retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation resulting in reduced E2F expression and signaling and increased growth arrest compared to treatment with each drug alone. (shu.edu)
Chief among the intracellular signals is the phosphorylation of proteins belonging to the pocket protein family, such as p107, p130 and retinoblastoma protein (Rb). (bdbiosciences.com)

Mutation of the catalytic cysteinyl residue in the active phosphatase domain reduced the in vitro activity of the mutant protein to less than 0.5% of wild type activity, while mutation of the corresponding cysteinyl residue of the inactive phosphatase-like domain had no effect on in vitro activity. (embl.de)
This ensures that the cell has properly completed the step and has not encountered any mutation that will alter its function. (edu.vn)

Phosphorylation of the C terminus of c-Fos has been implicated in serum response element-mediated repression of c-fos transcription after its induction by serum growth factors. (nih.gov)
Rb blocks cell cycle progression in G1 by binding E2F transcription factors. (shu.edu)
ACVR2 transmits the growth effects of activin via phosphorylation of SMAD proteins to affect gene transcription. (nih.gov)
Complemented ACVR2 protein complexed with ACVR1 with activin treatment, generating nuclear phosphoSMAD2 and activin-specific gene transcription. (nih.gov)
Changes in epigenetic regulation, transcription, RNA stability, protein translation, and post-translational control can be detected in cancer. (edu.vn)
Therefore, changes in histone acetylation (epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing), activation of transcription factors by phosphorylation, increased RNA stability, increased translational control, and protein modification can all be detected at some point in various cancer cells. (edu.vn)
The p53 protein itself functions as a transcription factor. (edu.vn)
In the alternative IκB-independent pathway, selleck inhibitor direct phosphorylation of NF-κB subunit p65 by IKK also modulates NF-κB transcription activity [31]. (plasignaling.com)
Ni and colleagues found that transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), a WNT effector and transcriptional repressor, interacted with FOXA1 and that its binding sites overlapped with FOXA1- and AR-binding sites in molecular apocrine breast cancer cells in the absence of androgen stimulation. (aacrjournals.org)

Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Protein phosphorylation can regulate enzyme function, mediate protein-protein interactions, alter subcellular localization, and control protein stability. (rupress.org)
To determine mechanisms underlying growth promotion by LRH-1 in CRC, we undertook global expression profiling following siRNA-mediated LRH-1 knockdown in HCT116 cells, which require LRH-1 for growth and in HT29 cells, in which LRH-1 does not regulate growth. (dundee.ac.uk)

These phosphorylations play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
It can reduce the sulfation of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and inhibit various growth factor receptor-mediated signaling pathways. (oncotarget.com)
These pathways are critical in converting the energy from food into a form that cells can use. (medlineplus.gov)
Succinate acts as an oxygen sensor in the cell and can help turn on specific pathways that stimulate cells to grow in a low-oxygen environment (hypoxia). (medlineplus.gov)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
Sensitization of cancer cells to conventional drugs using multi-target agents that block survival and oncogenic pathways, alone or in combination, is an emerging strategy to overcome drug resistance. (researchsquare.com)

Protein phosphatase 1 is able to catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated enzymes by removing the phosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
Protein dephosphorylation by the PP2A phosphatase is mainly achieved through the interaction of its regulatory subunit with the associated proteins. (eu.org)
HEAT repeat domain, found in protein phosphatase 2a and initiation factor eIF4G. (eu.org)
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) belongs to the superfamily of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs) and catalyzes protein dephosphorylation by hydrolyzing Ser/Thr-linked phosphate ester bonds ( Heroes,2013 ). (eu.org)
The PPS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for a dual specificity protein phosphatase with a role in the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle. (embl.de)
Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence suggests that the protein consists of an active phosphatase domain, an inactive phosphatase-like domain, and an NH2-terminal extension. (embl.de)
In fact, Dixon was the first to discover that Yersinia pestis , the bacterium responsible for the plague or "black death" (which notoriously killed millions during the Middle Ages), harbors the most active protein tyrosine phosphatase yet described. (ucsd.edu)

Verzenio (abemaciclib) is a dual CDK4/6 inhibitor, which inhibits Rb1 protein phosphorylation and may induce cell cycle arrest and prevent growth in cancer cells ( PMID: 24919854 ). (jax.org)

Hgh treatment caused anabolic effects mainly by diversion of energy to protein synthesis. (wada-ama.org)
pps1Delta mutant strains did not differ from PPS1 strains under any of the conditions tested, but overexpression of the PPS1 protein in S. cerevisiae led to synchronous growth arrest and to aberrant DNA synthesis. (embl.de)
1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 inhibits HGF synthesis and secretion from MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. (uni-muenster.de)
We have identified the proteins necessary to carry out the initial steps in strand invasion and the beginning of new DNA synthesis, which is significantly different from the normal process of replication. (brandeis.edu)
anidulafungin is a new echinocandin that acts by inhibiting (1,3)-beta-d-glucan synthesis in the fungal cell wall. (liverpool.ac.uk)
When conditions are right, cells enter the S stage of the cell cycle and commit to DNA synthesis and replicate their chromosomal DNA. (bdbiosciences.com)
During the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, DNA polymerases incorporate a variety of nucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine) into the newly extending strands of DNA. (bdbiosciences.com)

In turn, as a result of research into the abnormal cancer cell, the basic understanding of the cell has greatly improved. (medscape.com)
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
In most cancer cell lines and tumor tissues, hSulf-1 expression levels are markedly decreased. (oncotarget.com)
In vitro treatment of ER-positive breast cancer cell lines with the combination of palbociclib and antiestrogens leads to increased cell senescence, which was sustained for up to 6 days following drug removal. (shu.edu)
Anti-estrogen therapy involves blocking the production, binding, or signaling of estrogen in cancer cells. (shu.edu)
Dormant cancer cells: programmed quiescence, senescence, or both? (nature.com)
Cancer Cell 18 , 485-498 (2010). (nature.com)
Fruits and seed extracts of Annona montana have significant cytotoxic potential in several cancer cells. (techscience.com)
This study evaluates the effect of A. montana leaves hexane extract on several signaling cascades and gene expression in metastatic breast cancer cells upon insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation. (techscience.com)
His research has had implications for understanding a number of important scientific questions, including the uncontrolled growth characteristic of cancer, the routing of nerve fibers and the success of disease-causing bacteria and viruses in overcoming the mammalian immune system. (ucsd.edu)
Cancer is characterized as the uncontrolled multiplication and spread of the body's particular cells. (researchsquare.com)
Activin is growth suppressive and enhances migration similar to transforming growth factor beta in colon cancer, indicating that abrogation of the effects of activin contribute to the pathogenesis of MSI-H colon cancers. (nih.gov)
Access thousands of knockout cell lysates, generated from commonly used cancer cell lines. (abcam.com)
These results indicated that low concentrations of p,p'-DDT promoted colorectal cancer growth through Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which was mediated by oxidative stress. (cret-signal.com)
In cancer cells, mutations modify cell-cycle control and cells don't stop growing as they normally would. (edu.vn)
This post-translational change of cyclin B prevents it from controlling the cell cycle and contributes to the development of cancer. (edu.vn)
Scientists are working to understand the common changes that give rise to certain types of cancer or how a modification might be exploited to destroy a tumor cell. (edu.vn)
An example of an oncogene involved in cancer is a protein called myc. (edu.vn)
Silencing genes through epigenetic mechanisms is also very common in cancer cells. (edu.vn)
In cancer cells, the DNA in the promoter region of silenced genes is methylated on cytosine DNA residues in CpG islands. (edu.vn)
In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)
This MYC-dependent feed-forward loop may drive androgen-regulated breast cancer growth. (aacrjournals.org)
These findings identify MYC as both a target and an effector of AR signaling and delineate a positive feed-forward loop that promotes the AR-dependent growth of this breast cancer subtype. (aacrjournals.org)

Also in the 1970s, the term multisite phosphorylation was coined in response to the discovery of proteins that are phosphorylated on two or more residues by two or more kinases. (wikipedia.org)
The deduced amino acid sequence of PPS1p shows similarity with protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) and is most closely related to a subfamily of PTPases that are capable of dephosphorylating phosphoseryl and phosphothreonyl residues as well as phosphotyrosyl residues. (embl.de)
The PPS1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein was shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, dephosphorylate phosphotyrosyl, and phosphothreonyl residues in synthetic diphosphorylated peptides and to inactivate the human ERK1 protein. (embl.de)

Genes for non-apoptotic cell death and regulation of osmotic pressure were down-regulated. (wada-ama.org)
Sec14p-like domains in NF1 and Dbl-like proteins indicate lipid regulation of Ras and Rho signaling. (embl.de)
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl.de)
p21 regulation was not observed in HT29 cells, where p53 is mutated. (dundee.ac.uk)
p53 dependence for the regulation of p21 by LRH-1 was confirmed by p53 knockdown with siRNA, while LRH-1-regulation of p21 was not evident in HCT116 cells where p53 had been deleted. (dundee.ac.uk)
We demonstrate that LRH-1-mediated p21 regulation in HCT116 cells does not involve altered p53 protein or phosphorylation, and we show that LRH-1 inhibits p53 recruitment to the p21 promoter, likely through a mechanism involving chromatin remodelling. (dundee.ac.uk)
We have shown that this regulation involves the action of a small Recombination Enhancer (RE) sequence that enables a donor on the left chromosome arm to recombine preferentially in MATa cells. (brandeis.edu)
structural genes encode proteins that are not involved in gene regulation. (cret-signal.com)
Philipp was trained as a hard-core biochemist and in his own lab uses extensively genetically modified mice to study cell cycle regulation and human disease. (lu.se)

The TP53-binding protein (53BP1) has been shown to influence TP53-mediated transcriptional activation, thus playing a pivotal role in DNA damage signalling. (biomedcentral.com)
This is because oncogenes can alter transcriptional activity, stability, or protein translation of another gene that directly or indirectly controls cell growth. (edu.vn)

Interestingly, expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A) was regulated by LRH-1 in HCT116 cells. (dundee.ac.uk)
In this in vitro study, we evaluated the effects of TG6-44, a novel quinazolin-derived myeloperoxidase-specific ROS inhibitor, on influenza A virus (A/X31) infection using THP-1 lung monocytic cells and freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). (cdc.gov)

The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. (wikipedia.org)
Tyrosine specific protein phosphatases (PTPases) contain two conserved cysteines, the second one has been shown to be absolutely required for activity. (embl.de)
A variety of approaches, including biochemical purification, gene isolation by homology, and genetic screens, have been successfully used for the identification of putative protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
Protein phosphorylation is a reversible and dynamic post-translational modification that is governed by the opposing activities of protein phosphatases and kinases. (rndsystems.com)
A number of successful drugs have been developed that target protein phosphatases. (rndsystems.com)
Dixon's interest in phosphatases eventually led to analysis of the tumor suppressor protein PTEN, which shares sequence identity (the degree of similarity between two or more nucleotide sequences) with PTPases. (ucsd.edu)

A screen for suppressors of this growth arrest identified the RAS2 gene as a multicopy suppressor of the PPS1p overexpression arrest. (embl.de)
JIB extract induced cell cycle arrest at the G 0 /G 1 phase and decreased cyclin and cdk protein expressions. (medsci.org)

These superhelical structures present an extensive solvent-accessible surface that is well suited to binding large substrates such as proteins and nucleic acids. (eu.org)

In yeast, about 120 kinases (out of ~6000 proteins total) cause 8814 known regulated phosphorylation events, generating about 3,600 phosphoproteins (about 60% of all yeast proteins). (wikipedia.org)
The CRAL-TRIO domain is found in GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and a family of hydrophobic ligand binding proteins, including the yeast SEC14 protein and mammalian retinaldehyde- and alpha-tocopherol-binding proteins. (embl.de)
Mammalian cell lines are most commonly used for recombinant antibody production, although cell lines of bacterial, yeast, or insect origin are also suitable. (cellsignal.com)
We have been fascinated by the process of yeast mating-type gene switching, in which cells replace about 700 bp of Ya or Y-specific DNA sequences at the MAT locus by recombining with one of two donor loci, called HMLDescription: image3 and HMRa. (brandeis.edu)

As part of the citric acid cycle, the SDH enzyme converts a compound called succinate to another compound called fumarate. (medlineplus.gov)

The interconversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a was later described by Edmond Fischer and Edwin Krebs, as well as, Wosilait and Sutherland, involving a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Phosphorylation was considered a specific control mechanism for one metabolic pathway until the 1970s, when Lester Reed discovered that mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was inactivated by phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
Hence, phosphorylation is a universal regulatory mechanism that affects a large portion of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Reversible protein phosphorylation is an essential regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. (eu.org)
The aim of this study was to investigate the role and specific mechanism of the actin-interacting protein zyxin (ZYX) in HCC. (techscience.com)
However, the detailed mechanism of Fra-1 in GC is unclear, such as the identification of Fra-1-interacting proteins and their role in GC pathogenesis. (techscience.com)
It is the most common mechanism of regulating protein function and transmitting signals throughout the cell. (ucsd.edu)

We further confirmed that hSulf-1 overexpression can inhibit AKT phosphorylation and CDK4 nuclear localization and retard the growth of melanoma xenograft tumors in nude mice. (oncotarget.com)
Hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma is an inherited condition characterized by the growth of tumors in structures called paraganglia. (medlineplus.gov)
They have complementary mechanisms to hinder the carcinogenic process by searching free radicals, inhibiting survival and multiplication of malignant cells, as well as reducing invasiveness and angiogenesis of tumors. (researchsquare.com)
High B-cell numbers can result in tumors that can interfere with normal bodily function. (edu.vn)

These are tumor suppressor genes, which are active in normal cells to prevent uncontrolled cell growth. (edu.vn)
There are many tumor suppressor genes in cells. (edu.vn)

In humans there exist five isoforms of the B56 type regulatory subunit and they bind to their interacting proteins through a conserved LxxIxE motif. (eu.org)

These include changes in the plasma membrane (such as loss of membrane symmetry and loss of membrane attachment), a condensation of the cytoplasm and nucleus, protein cleavage, and internucleosomal cleavage of DNA. (bdbiosciences.com)
translocated into the nucleus in response to phosphorylation. (lu.se)
Interestingly, TG6-44-treated THP-1 cells showed a decrease in percent cells expressing viral nucleoprotein, as well as a delay in translocation of viral nucleoprotein into the nucleus. (cdc.gov)

Cooperative phosphorylation at these sites by both enzymes was observed in vitro and reflected in vivo by the predominance of the peptide phosphorylated on both sites, as opposed to singly phosphorylated peptides. (nih.gov)
An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
In the first phase of the project cell lines of specific leukocyte subsets (THP-1/monocyte, IM-9/T lymphocyte, H9/B lymphocyte), PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from healthy donors, respectively will be treated in vitro with hgh to identify candidate genes influenced by hghapplication. (wada-ama.org)
To this purpose cell lines of specific leukocyte subsets (THP-1/ monocyte, IM-9/ B- lymphocyte, H9/ T-lymphocyte) and PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from healthy donors, respectively were treated in vitro with hgh to identify candidate hgh-sensitive genes. (wada-ama.org)
Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) can bind specifically and transfer a single phosphatidylinositol (PI) molecule between phospholipid membranes in an ATP-independent manner in vitro. (embl.de)
Indeed, Hbp1 accumulates in cells lacking GID/CTLH activity, and Hbp1 physically interacts and is ubiquitinated in vitro by reconstituted GID/CTLH complexes. (elifesciences.org)

Virtually all mitogenic signals to the cell are processed through CDK4/6 - it is truly the central molecule that governs pRb phosphorylation status up through the R-point transition. (shu.edu)
In order to enter S phase, cells must sequentially activate CDK4/6 and CDK2. (shu.edu)
During early G1 phase, mitogenic signals trigger activation of the CDK4/6-cyclin D complex, which partially deactivates Rb by phosphorylation. (shu.edu)

There are characteristic modifications to histone proteins and DNA that are associated with silenced genes. (edu.vn)
Histone proteins that surround that region lack the acetylation modification that is present when the genes are expressed in normal cells. (edu.vn)

For cells to move through each phase of the cell cycle, the cell must pass through checkpoints. (edu.vn)
Many proteins, including cyclin B, control these checkpoints. (edu.vn)

hSulf-1 reduces the sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the extracellular matrix and inhibits binding between various cell growth factors and their receptors. (oncotarget.com)

Overexpression of the oncogene can lead to uncontrolled cell growth. (edu.vn)
Overexpression of myc transforms normal B cells into cancerous cells that continue to grow uncontrollably. (edu.vn)

Fluoride at mitogenic doses induces a sustained activation of p44mapk, but not p42mapk, in human TE85 osteosarcoma cells. (uni-muenster.de)

Proto-oncogenes are positive cell-cycle regulators. (edu.vn)

PTPases are enzymes that play important roles in phosphorylation by removing unneeded phosphate groups. (ucsd.edu)
We are interested in understanding at the molecular level how recombination occurs and what roles are played by the many proteins involved in DNA recombination, repair and replication. (brandeis.edu)
We are interested in determining what are the specific biochemical roles played by the many proteins implicated in DNA recombination, repair and replication. (brandeis.edu)
In my laboratory researchers are examining the roles played by axonal cytoskeletal proteins in nervous system development, and in the etiology of Alzheimer's and other related neurodegenerative diseases. (uml.edu)
During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
Th9 cells were first identified as a Th2 subpopulation have many important roles. (cdc.gov)

An amino-terminal portion conserved among a subset of Dbl family proteins is sufficient for the binding of Gbetagamma. (embl.de)

The B lymphocyte cell line RA-1 showed gene upregulation in the categories opioid receptor, oxidoreductase and GMP-reductase activity. (wada-ama.org)

In conclusion, the present study indicated that frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils were involved in the progression of BC cells possibly through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)

MIF4G domain-like, found in eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4G, translation initiation factor eIF-2b epsilon and nuclear cap-binding protein CBP80. (eu.org)
A beta-hairpin comprising the nuclear localization sequence sustains the self-associated states of nucleosome assembly protein 1. (colorado.edu)

Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become either activated or deactivated, or otherwise modifying its function. (wikipedia.org)

After being promoted to Senior Investigator, he moved to Singapore where he worked at the Institute of Molecular Cell Biology (IMCB/A*STAR/National University of Singapore). (lu.se)

p38γ and δ promote heart hypertrophy by targeting the mTOR-inhibitory protein DEPTOR for degradation. (nature.com)

For these studies we use neurons that are maintained in cell culture as well as genetically-modified strains of mice that are at increased risk for developing neurodegenerative conditions analogous to those observed in humans. (uml.edu)

Mutations can also alter the growth rate or the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. (edu.vn)

These changes affected tau protein phosphorylation and neuroinflammation, and also increased oxidative stress. (researcher.life)

Dixon discovered that in Y. pestis , the enzyme functions as a lethal weapon when injected into mammalian cells, blocking the host immune response. (ucsd.edu)

One example of a gene modification that alters the growth rate is increased phosphorylation of cyclin B, a protein that controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and serves as a cell-cycle checkpoint protein. (edu.vn)
The phosphorylation of cyclin B, a post-translational event, alters its function. (edu.vn)

In addition, the protein made by the SDHAF2 gene is required for the SDH enzyme to function. (medlineplus.gov)

Anatomy26

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs139

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes56

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Kinase28

Proliferation33

Inhibition8

Cellular18

Serine5

Apoptosis17

Reversible phosphorylation2

Genes and proteins1

Differentiation1

Retinoblastoma3

Mutation2

Transcription9

Regulate3

Pathways6

Phosphatase7

Induce cell1

Synthesis7

Cancer24

Residues3

Regulation9

Transcriptional2

Inhibitor2

Phosphatases6

Arrest2

Nucleic acids1

Yeast4

Citric acid1

Mechanism7

Tumors4

Suppressor2

Subunit1

Nucleus3

Vitro7

CDK43

Histone2

Checkpoints2

Inhibits1

Overexpression2

Induces1

Regulators1

Roles7

Family proteins1

Receptor1

Pathway1

Nuclear2

Structural1

Biology1

Degradation1

Humans1

Progression of the cell1

Oxidative stress1

Mammalian1

Alters2

Enzyme1