Protein phosphatase 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

The A subunit, a founding member of the HEAT repeat protein family (huntingtin, EF3, PP2A, TOR1), is the scaffold required for the formation of the heterotrimeric complex. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, accessory proteins and post-translational modifications (such as methylation) control PP2A subunit associations and activities. (wikipedia.org)
protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit. (wikigenes.org)
Upregulation of Phosphatase 1 Nuclear-Targeting Subunit (PNUTS) Is an Independent Predictor of Poor Prognosis in Prostate Cancer. (nih.gov)
Phosphatase 1 Nuclear Targeting Subunit (PNUTS) Regulates Aurora Kinases and Mitotic Progression. (nih.gov)
Biophysical Analysis of the N-Terminal Domain from the Human Protein Phosphatase 1 Nuclear Targeting Subunit PNUTS Suggests an Extended Transcription Factor TFIIS-Like Fold. (nih.gov)
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a widely expressed family of protein phosphatases made of a core dimer, composed of a catalytic (C) subunit and a structural (A) subunit, in association with a third variable regulatory (B) subunit. (ac.be)
The glycogen‐associated form of protein phosphatase‐1 (PP‐1 G ) is a heterodimer comprising a 37‐kDa catalytic (C) subunit and a 161‐kDa glycogen‐binding (G) subunit, the latter being phosphorylated by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase at two serine residues (site 1 and site 2). (dundee.ac.uk)
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of site 2 was rate‐limiting for dissociation and reassociation of C subunit. (dundee.ac.uk)
Release of C subunit was also induced by the binding of anti‐site‐1 Fab fragments to glycogen‐bound PP‐1 G . At near physiological ionic strength, PP‐1 G and glycogen concentration, site 2 was autodephosphorylated by PP‐1 G with a t 0.5 of 2.6 min at 30°C, ∼ 100‐fold slower than the t 0.5 for dephosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase under the same conditions. (dundee.ac.uk)
Site 2 was a good substrate for all three type‐2 phosphatases (2A, 2B and 2C) with t 0.5 values less than those toward the α subunit of phosphorylase kinase. (dundee.ac.uk)
In conjunction with information presented in the following paper in this issue of this journal, the results substantiate the hypothesis that PP‐1 activity towards the glycogen‐metabolising enzymes is regulated in vivo by reversible phosphorylation of a targetting subunit (G) that directs the C subunit to glycogen-protein particles. (dundee.ac.uk)
These data revealed an unexpected direct binding of Corkscrew, the Drosophila ortholog of the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase type II (SHP2) to the Pi3k21B (p60) regulatory subunit of PI3K (p50/p85 human ortholog) but no association with Pi3k92e , the human ortholog of the p110 catalytic subunit. (sdbonline.org)

Its serine/threonine phosphatase activity has a broad substrate specificity and diverse cellular functions. (wikipedia.org)
4 While proteins can be phosphorylated on nine amino acids, serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation are by far the most predominant in eukaryotic cells. (ac.be)
STP, serine/threonine protein phosphatase. (rupress.org)
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues represents a fundamental strategy used by eukaryotic organisms to regulate a host of biological functions, including DNA replication, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. (rupress.org)
Janssens V, Goris J. Protein phosphatase 2A: a highly regulated family of serine/threonine phosphatases implicated in cell growth and signalling. (medlineplus.gov)

In the past, most of the attention was focused primarily on protein kinases and on their regulation, mainly because phosphatases were then viewed as simple housekeeping enzymes. (ac.be)
But advances in the understanding of protein phosphatases make now clear that these enzymes are precisely regulated and are as important as kinases in the regulation of cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)
Levels of cellular protein phosphorylation are modulated both by protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
Although the importance of kinases in this process has long been recognized, an appreciation for the complex and fundamental role of phosphatases is more recent. (rupress.org)
Through extensive biochemical and genetic analysis, we now know that pathways are not simply switched on with kinases and off with phosphatases. (rupress.org)
Furthermore, kinases and phosphatases may work together to modulate the strength of a signal. (rupress.org)
Adding further complexity to this picture is the fact that both kinases and phosphatases can function in signaling networks where multiple kinases and phosphatases contribute to the outcome of a pathway. (rupress.org)
To fully understand this complex and essential regulatory process, the kinases and phosphatases mediating the changes in cellular phosphorylation must be identified and characterized. (rupress.org)
A variety of approaches, including biochemical purification, gene isolation by homology, and genetic screens, have been successfully used for the identification of putative protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)

Although intracellular signal transduction is often portrayed as a protein kinase 'domino effect', the counterbalancing function of phosphatases, and thus the control of phosphatase activity, is equally relevant to proper regulation of cellular function. (ac.be)
Loss of the PPM1H phosphatase that is specific for LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab GTPases yields the same cilia loss phenotype seen in mice expressing pathogenic LRRK2 kinase, strongly supporting a connection between Rab GTPase phosphorylation and cilia loss. (elifesciences.org)
It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
A fly-human cross-species comparison of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) interactome was conducted in a Drosophila S2R+ cell line and several NSCLC and human multiple myeloma cell lines to identify conserved interacting proteins to PI3K, a critical signaling regulator of the AKT pathway. (sdbonline.org)
[ 11 ] They revealed that whereas Noonan syndrome is caused by gain-of-function PTPN11 mutations, LEOPARD syndrome mutants are catalytically defective and act as dominant negative mutations that interfere with growth factor/Erk-mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signaling. (medscape.com)

To assist in the evaluation of skeletal status, one marker of bone turnover is being measured: bone alkaline phosphatase in serum. (cdc.gov)
The Tandem-MP Ostase ImmunoEnzymetric Assay is an in vitro device for the quantitative measurement of Skeletal Alkaline Phosphatase (sALP), an indicator of osteoblastic activity, in human serum. (cdc.gov)
One-step immunoassay for tetrabromobisphenol a using a camelid single domain antibody-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein. (cdc.gov)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities of the total acid phosphatase (TAP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes, as well as the possible correlation in the serum and in unstimulated whole saliva of children. (bvsalud.org)

1 Reversible protein phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism that controls the activities of a myriad of proteins and is thus involved in virtually every major physiological process. (ac.be)
The p85-SHP2 association was validated in human cell lines, and formed a ternary regulatory complex with GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 (human GAB2 but not Drosophila Dos ). (sdbonline.org)

Regulation of protein phosphorylation in β-cells has been extensively investigated, but less is known about protein dephosphorylation. (lu.se)
To understand the role of protein dephosphorylation in β-cells and type 2 diabetes (T2D), we first examined mRNA expression of the type 2C family (PP2C) of protein phosphatases in islets from T2D donors. (lu.se)
MYC dephosphorylation by the PP1/PNUTS phosphatase complex regulates chromatin binding and protein stability. (nih.gov)
The efficient dephosphorylation of site 2 by the Ca 2+ /calmodulin‐stimulated protein phosphatase (2B) provides a potential mechanism for regulating PP‐1 activity in response to Ca 2+ , and represents an example of a protein phosphatase cascade. (dundee.ac.uk)
This process, called dephosphorylation, helps control whether the protein is turned on or off. (medlineplus.gov)

Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2), also known as PP2A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CA gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes a protein phosphatase 1 binding protein. (nih.gov)
This gene provides instructions for making a protein called B56-delta (B56δ). (medlineplus.gov)
PPP2R5D gene mutations are thought to result in the production of an altered B56δ protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Cohort 2 included 193 samples that were analysed with a 14-gene next generation sequencing (NGS) panel. (bmj.com)
LEOPARD syndrome, also known as Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder most often caused by missense mutations in the PTPN11 gene, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] Molecular studies have proven that LEOPARD syndrome and Noonan syndrome are allelic disorders caused by different missense mutations in PTPN11, a gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 located at band 12q24.1. (medscape.com)
This was prompted by our finding that a variant of the gene encoding the melatonin receptor 1B is strongly associated with impaired insulin release and Type 2 Diabetes. (lu.se)

The PP2A heterotrimeric protein phosphatase is ubiquitously expressed, accounting for a large fraction of phosphatase activity in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Among the targets of PP2A are proteins of oncogenic signaling cascades, such as Raf, MEK, and AKT, where PP2A may act as a tumor suppressor. (wikipedia.org)
Nouvelles avancées dans la structure et la régulation de la Protéine Phosphatase 2A : les raisons pour lesquelles PP2A ne doit plus être considérée comme une enzyme passive et non spécifique. (ac.be)
La Protéine Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) est une phosphatase très abondante composée d'un noyau dimérique contenant une sous-unité catalytique (C) et une sous-unité structurale (A), auquel est associé une sous-unité régulatrice (B) variable. (ac.be)
Bien que considérée dans le passé comme une enzyme constitutive non spécifique, PP2A est une phosphatase soumise à une régulation précise et qui est importante dans le contrôle des fonctions cellulaires impliquant la phosphorylation. (ac.be)
Although viewed as a constitutive housekeeping enzyme in the past, PP2A is a highly regulated phosphatase and is emerging as an important regulator of multiple cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)
2 Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a very abundant - it accounts for as much as 1% of total cellular proteins - ubiquitous and remarkably conserved enzyme. (ac.be)
The B56δ protein is one piece of an enzyme called protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which removes phosphate groups, consisting of clusters of oxygen and phosphorus atoms, from certain proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
PP2A enzymes containing the B56δ protein are found mainly in the brain, where they are thought to play roles in the normal development and function of nerve cells (neurons). (medlineplus.gov)

Structure-based design, guided by PTP mutants and x-ray protein crystallography, was used to optimize a relatively weak, nonphosphorus, nonpeptide general PTP inhibitor (2-(oxalyl-amino)-benzoic acid) into a highly selective PTP1B inhibitor. (rcsb.org)
Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTP1B With Anticancer Potential. (nih.gov)
It is worth noting that we have found the key upstream target of DOX-induced HF, PTP1B, which inhibits the expression of HIF-1α by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRS, leading to disorders of fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis, which together with the decrease of Nrf2, SOD, Cytc, and AK4 proteins lead to oxidative stress. (frontiersin.org)

Cite:Purva Bhalothia, Sandhya Mehrotra, and Rajesh Mehrotra, 'Cloning and Characterization of Protein Phosphatase 2C (PP2C) like Promoter from Arabidopsis Thaliana,' International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 103-105, 2013. (ijbbb.org)

Figure 2: Targeted sequencing highlights genes reaching significance for de novo mutations and private disruptive variant burden. (nature.com)
Figure 3: Protein locations of private disruptive variants in new candidate NDD risk genes. (nature.com)
Noonan syndrome and related disorders are caused by mutations in genes encoding for proteins of the RAS-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which affect development by enhanced ERK1/2 activity. (sdbonline.org)
The term RASopathies includes disorders with mutations in the genes that code for the proteins of the RAS/MAPK pathway, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, Legius syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. (medscape.com)

Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Like Protein A from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (ibiomagazine.org)
This Human Protein phosphatase Slingshot homolog 2 (SSH2) ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate SSH2 in samples. (abbkine.com)
Human Protein phosphatase Slingshot homolog 2 (SSH2) ELISA Kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human SSH2. (abbkine.com)
Abbkine ELISA kit is series of sandwich ELISA to quantitate specific protein in samples. (abbkine.com)

Validation experiments with knockdown of GAB2 and Far-Western blots proved the direct interaction of SHP2 with p85, independent of adaptor proteins and transfected FLAG-p85 provided evidence that SHP2 binding on p85 occurred on the SH2 domains. (sdbonline.org)

Several protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have been proposed to act as negative regulators of insulin signaling. (rcsb.org)
Among these negative regulators, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are likely to play a pivotal role in IR signaling. (bioone.org)

Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Like Protein A (PTPLA) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (ibiomagazine.org)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Mouse Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Like Protein A (PTPLA) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (ibiomagazine.org)
Protein phosphorylation can regulate enzyme function, mediate protein-protein interactions, alter subcellular localization, and control protein stability. (rupress.org)

The presence of auto-antibodies that target synaptic machinery proteins was documented recently in immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias. (springer.com)
Among these diverse features, it should be acknowledged that auto-antibodies toward glutamate receptors, GABA receptors, and K + channel-related proteins are preferentially found in autoimmune limbic encephalitis but not in IMCAs [ 10 ] (Table 1 ). (springer.com)

Because IL-2 is important in the regulation of several aspects of the immune response, it has been proposed that PP2Ac contributes to the expression of SLE. (nih.gov)
Regulation of protein phosphatase‐1G from rabbit/skeletal muscle: 1. (dundee.ac.uk)

This study identified that the protein most commonly affected in Noonan syndrome, the phosphatase SHP2, known in Drosophila as corkscrew (CSW) , controls life span, triglyceride levels, and metabolism without affecting ERK signaling pathway. (sdbonline.org)
Noonan syndrome (NS) and NS with multiple lentigines (NSML) cognitive dysfunction are linked to SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) gain-of-function (GoF) and loss-of-function (LoF), respectively. (sdbonline.org)
In 2006, Hanna et al found that Noonan syndrome mutations enhance SHP-2 catalytic activity, whereas the activity of representative LS mutants is undetectable when assayed using a standard PTP substrate. (medscape.com)

Now a large and ever increasing number of genetic subtypes has been described, and major advances in molecular and cellular biology have clarified the understanding of the role of different proteins in the physiology of peripheral nerve conduction in health and in disease. (medscape.com)
Our identification of a genetic variant of TFB1M , encoding a protein that controls protein synthesis in mitochondria, which is associated with increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes, has been a strong thrust. (lu.se)

The autophagophore membrane then elongates and encloses the molecules to be degraded forming an autophagosome, which occurs in two separate conjugation reactions catalyzed by autophagy-related proteins (ATGs). (hindawi.com)

For 168 mutation-negative samples in cohort 2, solely clinical information on the requisition form was collected. (bmj.com)

It is concluded that CSW normally regulates life span and that mutations in SHP2 are expected to have critical effects throughout life by insulin-dependent mechanisms in addition to the well-known RAS-ERK1/2-dependent developmental alterations. (sdbonline.org)

Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) recently emerged as a promising cancer immunotherapy target. (jci.org)
Impaired insulin receptor (IR) signaling leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (bioone.org)
At the levels present in skeletal muscle, the type‐2A and type‐2B phosphatases are potentially capable of dephosphorylating site 2 in vivo within seconds. (dundee.ac.uk)
In the late 1960s, neurophysiologic testing allowed the classification of CMT into 2 groups, one with slow nerve conduction velocities and histologic features of a hypertrophic demyelinating neuropathy (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 or CMT1) and another with relatively normal velocities and axonal and neuronal degeneration (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 or CMT2). (medscape.com)
Insufficient secretion of insulin is required for the development of Type 2 Diabetes, a disease with a soaring incidence. (lu.se)
Ultimately, such knowledge can be used to develop new and better drugs to treat Type 2 Diabetes. (lu.se)

2016) . A cross-species study of PI3K protein-protein interactions reveals the direct interaction of P85 and SHP2 . (sdbonline.org)

The encoded protein plays a role in many cellular processes including cell cycle progression, DNA repair and apoptosis by regulating the activity of protein phosphatase 1. (nih.gov)
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that eliminates damaged cell organelles, unfolded proteins, and various intracellular pathogens through lysosomal degradation. (hindawi.com)
After the degradation of damaged proteins and lipids, amino acids and fatty acids are released into the cytoplasm and recycled for new biosynthesis of cellular components or energy production [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

The SSH3 protein has 471 amino acids. (abbkine.com)

PPP2CA expression was ∼2-fold higher in SLE patients carrying the rs7704116 AG genotype than those carrying the GG genotype (P=0.007). (nih.gov)

A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular RDGS-adhesion recognition motif and a single cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphate domain. (online-medical-dictionary.org)
Two of the human proteins, SSH1L and SSH2, were enzymatically active when reacted with an artificial substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate. (abbkine.com)

Traditionally, CMT pathophysiology has been categorized into 2 processes: a predominant demyelinating process resulting in low conduction velocities (CMT1) and a predominant axonal process resulting in low potential amplitudes (CMT2). (medscape.com)

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-induced Osterix, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, and Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase Expression in Osteoporotic Mandibular Bone. (physiciansweekly.com)
The aim of this study was to prove that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) therapy conducted according to the mandibular osteoporotic model will increase Osterix (Osx) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression, while reducing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression. (physiciansweekly.com)
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Like Protein A (PTPLA) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids. (ibiomagazine.org)
Besides the catalytic domain, 2 other domains are conserved between Drosophila ssh and the human SSHs (domains A and B) and are unique to the SSH family. (abbkine.com)

Herein, we reviewed the recent progress in our understanding of (1) how an "oncogenic nexus" of CIP2A participates in the tumorigenic transformation of cells and (2) how we can prospect/view the clinical relevance of CIP2A in the context of cancer therapy. (oncotarget.com)

A clearer understanding of this intrinsic circuitry would afford new opportunities to modulate protein function. (rcsb.org)

SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)

In general, autophagy degrades long-lived damaged intracellular proteins, in contrast to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which controls the degradation of short-lived proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

PP2 has also been identified as a tumor suppressor for blood cancers, and as of 2015 programs were underway to identify compounds that could either directly activate it, or that could inhibit other proteins that suppress its activity. (wikipedia.org)
hUCMSC demonstrates high-osteogenic activity and increased osteoporotic mandibular bone regeneration, as shown by increased expression of Osx and BMP-2 and decreased TRAP expression. (physiciansweekly.com)
At physiological ionic strength, phosphorylation of glycogen‐bound PP‐1 G was found to release all the phosphatase activity from glycogen. (dundee.ac.uk)
SMURF1 controlled the phosphatase activity of the PPP3CB by promoting the dissociation of its autoinhibitory domain (AID) from its catalytic domain (CD). (bvsalud.org)

Strikingly, once phosphorylated, Rab GTPases switch their preference and bind to new sets of phospho-specific protein effectors. (elifesciences.org)

Anatomy21

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs148

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes47

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Subunit13

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Kinases9

Kinase5

Alkaline Phosphatase4

Regulatory2

Dephosphorylation5

Gene8

PP2A9

PTP1B3

PP2C1

Genes4

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Adaptor Proteins1

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Regulation2

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Amino acids1

PPP2CA1

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Human4

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Classification1

Intracellular1

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Specific protein1