Protein modifier ubiquitin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Individuals express 3 SUMO paralogs, SUMO-1, -2, and -3, that may sort isopeptide linkages with focus on proteins. (achrinhibitor.com)
Conjugation may be increased by SUMO ligases (E3 functions), these kinds of as protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) proteins (19). (achrinhibitor.com)
One such protein that we study, SUMO, is attached to many proteins and is crucial for cell-cycle progression. (yale.edu)
Ubiquitin and an array of related molecules (ubiquitin-like proteins or Ubls) such as SUMO are small, highly conserved proteins that are covalently attached to other intracellular proteins, resulting in various functional alterations of these targets. (yale.edu)
The Ubl called SUMO is attached to many proteins in vivo and is crucial for cell-cycle progression. (yale.edu)
We discovered the first enzymes that can remove SUMO from other proteins, causing this protein modification to be highly dynamic. (yale.edu)
We are trying to understand the functional consequences of SUMO-protein modification, particularly in the cell cycle and chromatin-mediate gene transcription, and to determine the basis of specificity for the SUMO-cleaving proteases. (yale.edu)
One major area of interest focuses on how cells attach small proteins - like ubiquitin and the related molecule SUMO - to other proteins to modify their function or fate. (mskcc.org)
The proteins ubiquitin and SUMO (small ubiquitin-like protein modifier) tag other proteins in the cell to redirect them to certain parts of the cell or to influence their interactions with other molecules. (mskcc.org)
Our research shows that within seconds, at low levels of oxygen (hypoxia), a protein called small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is linked to the inside of the sodium channels which are responsible for starting each heartbeat," said Goldstein. (sciencedaily.com)
This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) ligases that mediates the attachment of a SUMO protein to proteins involved in nuclear transport, transcription, chromosome segregation and DNA repair. (nih.gov)
Effects of Nephrolithiasis on Serum DNase (Deoxyribonuclease I and II) Activity and E3 SUMO-Protein Ligase NSE2 (NSMCE2) in Malaysian Individuals. (nih.gov)
The small ubiquitin-like modifiers, SUMO-1, SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 are conjugated to a wide, but poorly defined range of target proteins and play important roles in many cellular processes. (europa.eu)
SUMO is attached only to a specific lysine residue in the target protein. (europa.eu)
In higher eukaryotes, the SUMOylation targets identified thus far cannot be broadly categorized, and protein modification by SUMO does not have a common functional consequence. (europa.eu)
Employment of most modern proteomic and bioinformatic techniques and tools allowed us to undertake the large-scale identification of SUMO-1 and SUMO-2 putative target proteins. (europa.eu)
To achieve results of highest possible quality we employed SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture) to allow quantification, TAP (Tandem Affinity Purification) for recovery, high accuracy Orbitrap mass spectrometry for identification and MaxQuant software for quantification and analysis of SUMO-2 substrate proteins. (europa.eu)
Extensive analysis of obtained results resulted in much deeper understanding of how poly-SUMO-2 chains are being assembled into longer forms, with preference for extending of already existing chains on target proteins rather than recruitment of large amounts of new substrates. (europa.eu)
272-630 and aa 604-914 of ORF2, were fused to bacterial and Chien-Ching Hung small ubiquitin-like modifi er (SUMO) protein (a member of a ubiquitin-like protein family) and used as antigens in In studying the epidemiology of parvovirus 4 (PARV4) immunoblot. (cdc.gov)
The control protein was ribosomal P2 protein fused to SUMO. (cdc.gov)
Here, we analyzed the impact of the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO on the RPL11-mouse double-minute 2 homolog-p53 signaling. (sdu.dk)
We show that small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)1 and SUMO2 covalently modify RPL11. (sdu.dk)
We find that SUMO negatively modulates the conjugation of the ubiquitin-like protein neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 8 (NEDD8) to RPL11 and promotes the translocation of the RP outside of the nucleoli. (sdu.dk)
Collectively, our data identify SUMO protein conjugation to RPL11 as a new regulator of the p53-mediated cellular response to different types of stress and reveal a previously unknown SUMO-NEDD8 interplay. (sdu.dk)
Central to the execution of this particular antiviral response is the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) signalling pathway. (gla.ac.uk)
We identify the SUMO ligase Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT1 (PIAS1) as a constituent PML-NB protein. (gla.ac.uk)
The antiviral mechanisms of PIAS1 are counteracted by ICP0, the HSV-1 SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase, which disrupts the recruitment of PIAS1 to nuclear domains that contain infecting HSV-1 genomes through mechanisms that do not directly result in PIAS1 degradation. (gla.ac.uk)
Finally, we showed that Bonus SUMOylation is mediated by the SUMO E3-ligase Su(var)2-10, revealing that although SUMOylation of TIF1 proteins is conserved between insects and mammals, both the mechanism and specific site of modification is different in the two taxa. (elifesciences.org)
Your body, from protein chief, Drug and activity of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor I (COUP-TF1), which itself is coactivated by the small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (SUMO-1) conjugase and ligase Ubc9 and PIAS1 (79). (sideload.com)
SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier), a member of the ubiquitin-like protein family, regulates diverse cellular functions of a variety of target proteins including transcription, DNA repair, nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and chromosome segregation. (thermofisher.com)
SUMO precursor proteins undergo cleavage of the residues after the "GG" region by SUMO-specific proteases in maturation. (thermofisher.com)
The sentrin-specific (or SUMO-specific) protease (SENP) proteins belong to the peptidase C48 family and include SENP1-3 and SENP5-8. (thermofisher.com)
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation (SUMOylation) is a post-translational protein modification that modulates almost all major cellular processes, and has been implicated in many human diseases. (duke.edu)

Modest ubiquitin-related modifier 77337-73-6 References proteins (SUMOs) may be covalently conjugated (SUMOylation) to precise lysine residues of several nuclear receptors (a hundred twenty five). (achrinhibitor.com)
Notably, a latest proteomic screening of SUMOylated proteins from pre- and postischemic brains of mice exposed hyper-SUMOylation of GR right after ischemia (24). (achrinhibitor.com)
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that has been found to play a major role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (frontiersin.org)
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, can regulate the function of proteins, determine the active state and subcellular location of proteins, and dynamically interact with other proteins related to carcinogenesis and progression ( 17 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
SUMOylation of proteins is an important mechanism in cellular responses to environmental stress ( 21 , 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
Proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have been identified as SUMOylated substrates, and evidences suggested that the initiation and progression of cancers depended on the function of the SUMOylation ( 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
Mechanistically, PRRSV nsp1alpha inhibits small ubiquitin-like modifier self-addition (SUMOylation) and K48-linked polyubiquitination of TRAIP. (usda.gov)
on the protein sumoylation in cardiac regeneration. (portlandpress.com)
SUMOylation of RPL11 is triggered by ribosomal stress, as well as by alternate reading frame protein upregulation. (sdu.dk)

It is the E3 ligase that is responsible for selecting the target protein for ubiquitination and later for degradation in proteasome in to peptides. (helsinki.fi)
We are currently studying a transmembrane ubiquitin ligase that resides in the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. (yale.edu)
This ligase attaches ubiquitin to both nuclear regulatory proteins and to misfolded membrane proteins degraded at the ER (ER-associated degradation or ERAD). (yale.edu)
The Cullin-RING E3 ligase (CRL) family consists of over 200 enzymes that are responsible for the ubiquitylation and regulation of a huge variety of proteins involved in the immune response, cell cycle control and cell proliferation. (gla.ac.uk)

Enrichment of nsp1alpha-induced cytoplasmic TRAIP in turn leads to excessive K48 ubiquitination and degradation of serine/threonine-protein kinase (TBK1), thereby antagonizing TBK1-IRF3-IFN signaling. (usda.gov)
Specifically we evaluate the effect of increased dietary protein intake and caloric restricted diets on gene expression in skeletal muscle, particularly focusing on biosynthesis, degradation and the expression of genes in the ubiquitin-proteosome (UPP) and mTOR signaling pathways, including MuRF-1, MAFbx/atrogin-1, mTORC1, and S6K1. (biomedcentral.com)
We wish to understand at a molecular level how specific eukaryotic proteins are selected for rapid degradation even while most proteins are spared. (yale.edu)
Much of this regulated degradation occurs via the highly conserved ubiquitin-proteasome system. (yale.edu)
A second major area of interest focuses on how proteins contribute to RNA stability and degradation. (mskcc.org)
Protein degradation helps maintain the proper balance of protein production and breakdown (protein homeostasis). (medlineplus.gov)
Through a process called ubiquitination, ubiquitinating enzymes chemically attach ubiquitin to substrate proteins to control their fates, resulting in anything from their recruitment into signaling pathways to their proteasomal degradation, with a plethora of possibilities in between. (wayne.edu)

Ubiquitin-fold modifier conjugating enzyme 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UFC1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
MURF-1 also binds to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme-9 and isopeptidase T-3, enzymes involved in small ubiquitin-related modifier-mediated nuclear import, and with glucocorticoid modulatory element binding protein-1 (GMEB-1), a transcriptional regulator. (rupress.org)
Dr. Khanna's prior research identified a protein, collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), and an enzyme, Ubc9, that both play a role in NaV1.7 activation. (scitechdaily.com)
Ubc9 is an enzyme that tags CRMP2 with another protein - a small ubiquitin-like modifier protein - to specifically direct control of NaV1.7. (scitechdaily.com)
The UBA1 gene provides instructions for making the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. (medlineplus.gov)
This enzyme is necessary for the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which targets damaged or unneeded proteins to be broken down (degraded) within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Most cases of VEXAS syndrome are caused by genetic variants that change the protein building block (amino acid) methione at position 41 in the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 to another amino acid. (medlineplus.gov)
This shortage of functional enzyme allows damaged or unneeded proteins to build up inside cells instead of being broken down, which may damage cells and contribute to cell death. (medlineplus.gov)

These results provide insights into the structure-function relationship of sampylating proteins of fundamental importance in post-translational protein modification and environmental cues in Archaea. (rcsb.org)

The prototypical example of a protein that is covalently attached to other proteins is ubiquitin, but in recent years, evidence for at least a dozen such systems has come to light. (yale.edu)

Dr. Lima's laboratory uses structural, biochemical, and functional analyses of molecules involved in RNA processing and protein modification with a focus on understanding how these pathways contribute to cell growth and disease. (mskcc.org)
The RNA exosome is composed of many protein subunits that assemble into a unique arrangement capable of binding and degrading targeted RNA molecules. (mskcc.org)
Ubiquitin molecules can also be attached to one another, resulting in poly-ubiquitin chains with various effects depending on the number of ubiquitin molecules and the specific amino acid residues used to link them together. (wayne.edu)

Although SAMP1 and SAMP2 use the same conjugation machinery to modify their target proteins, each can impart distinct functional consequences. (rcsb.org)

Since UBA5 variants in patients have been found in precisely the same amino acid residues in fruit fly Uba5 protein, we generated a humanized model by expressing the human version of the UBA5 gene in fruit flies lacking the endogenous Uba5 gene," said Dr. Xueyang Pan, who is the first author of the study and a postdoctoral fellow in the Bellen lab. (medicalxpress.com)
In response to low temperature, many biochemical and physiological processes change in plants through regulation of cold responsive (COR) gene expression as well as through posttranslational protein modifications. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene ontology analysis showed some apparent differences in relation to increased or decreased modification status of certain functionally-related groups of proteins responding to heat shock, mainly by increased modification. (europa.eu)
This gene encodes a protein which is involved in the post-transcriptional modification of transfer RNAs (tRNAs). (nih.gov)
Results were correlated with immunoreactivity for USP7 (herpes virus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease 7) and SUMO2/3 (small ubiquitin-related modifier protein 2/3) as well as PTEN and p53 FISH gene status. (biomedcentral.com)

Dynamic cellular events beyond genetic encodings, such as epigenetics, and intermolecular protein interaction, play critical roles in dictating cellular functions. (go.jp)
By identifying many sGAG-specific interacting proteins, our data provide a resource for upcoming studies aimed at molecular mechanisms and understanding of sGAG cellular effects. (degruyter.com)
In 2010, Dr. Lima - in collaboration with chemist Derek S. Tan and a multidisciplinary team of researchers at Memorial Sloan Kettering - determined the mechanism for how a family of enzymes called E1 activates ubiquitin, shedding light on a complex reaction that plays a key role in regulating cellular behavior. (mskcc.org)
Our results suggest that cold temperature significantly affects genes related to protein translation and cellular metabolism in this chilling sensitive species. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite its small genome and limited number of effector proteins, Ehrlichia efficiently establishes an intracellular infection and avoids immune defenses in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts through complex molecular and cellular reprogramming strategies. (frontiersin.org)
Immunoprecipitation (IP) of RNA and/or proteins in cellular lysates has traditionally been considered the golden standard for most autoantibodies but does not differentiate between antibodies targeting proteins with the same molecular weight and is not routinely available. (bmj.com)
Ubiquitin is an 8.5 kDa post-translational modifier involved in essentially all eukaryotic cellular processes. (wayne.edu)

and a C-terminal RING finger domain, a motif often found in ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligases (E3). (nih.gov)
CRLs are activated by covalent attachment to the C-terminus of the ubiquitin-like modifier NEDD8 by forming an isopeptide bond in a process called NEDDylation. (gla.ac.uk)

This image depicts the distribution of desumoylase small ubiquitin-like modifier-specific protease 2 in the neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. (portlandpress.com)
The interaction of sGAG with α2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (LRPAP1), exportin-1 (XPO1), and serine protease HTRA1 (HTRA1) was confirmed in reverse assays. (degruyter.com)

This technique has frequently been applied to animal tissue slices for the purpose to map proteins, peptides , lipids, sugars or small metabolites to find disease specific bio-markers or to study drag metabolism. (go.jp)
The proteasome is a molecular machine that fragments proteins into short peptides. (yale.edu)

Proteins which contain a RING domain, can either ubiquitinate substrates independently or function as part of a multi-subunit complex. (helsinki.fi)
While most poly-ubiquitin in the cell exists as conjugated species, there are also untethered poly-ubiquitin species that are not attached to substrates. (wayne.edu)

Signaling is initiated when the Wnt ligand binds to the Frizzled receptor on the cell membrane and the LDL receptor-associated protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) co-receptor. (frontiersin.org)
It encodes a protein that binds to Ubiquitin-fold Modifier 1 (UFM1) and was discovered two decades ago. (medicalxpress.com)
CRMP2 is a protein that binds to NaV1.7 and transports it to the cell membrane, where sodium ions are then transferred into the cell. (scitechdaily.com)

The anti-inflammatory actions of 15d-PGJ2 are thought to predominantly rely on its skill to activate the PPAR and NRF2 and also to inhibit 465-99-6 In Vivo proinflammatory transcription components, this sort of as nuclear issue B(NFB) and activator protein one (AP-1) (280). (achrinhibitor.com)
In this study, we show that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural protein 1alpha (nsp1alpha) escapes innate immunity and also promotes virus proliferation by modulating nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation and distribution ratio of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factors (TRAF) interacting protein (TRAIP). (usda.gov)
Aspects of intrinsic antiviral immunity are mediated by promyelocytic leukaemia (PML)-nuclear body (PML-NB) constituent proteins. (gla.ac.uk)
During herpesvirus infection, these antiviral proteins are independently recruited to nuclear domains that contain infecting viral genomes to cooperatively promote viral genome silencing. (gla.ac.uk)
Following infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), PIAS1 is recruited to nuclear sites associated with viral genome entry in a SIM-dependent manner, consistent with the SIM-dependent recruitment mechanisms of other well characterized PML-NB proteins. (gla.ac.uk)
PIAS1 promotes the stable accumulation of SUMO1 at nuclear sites associated with HSV-1 genome entry, whereas the accumulation of other evaluated PML-NB proteins occurs independently of PIAS1. (gla.ac.uk)
Human CIA2A-FAM96A and CIA2B-FAM96B integrate iron homeostasis and maturation of different subsets of cytosolic-nuclear iron-sulfur proteins. (nih.gov)

Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)
Mechanisms by which E. chaffeensis establishes intracellular infection, and avoids host defenses are not well understood, but involve functionally relevant host-pathogen interactions associated with tandem and ankyrin repeat effector proteins. (frontiersin.org)

Herein, we report that BBAP and the human family of DTX proteins (DTX1, DTX2, and DTX3) function as E3 ligases based on their capacity for self-ubiquitination. (nih.gov)

The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses are often overlooked due to their short sequences and uncertain significance. (techscience.com)

This study proposes a novel mechanism by which PRRSV utilizes host proteins to regulate innate immunity. (usda.gov)
Conversely, several studies have indicated a signaling role for certain types of unanchored ubiquitin chains in innate immunity and stress responses. (wayne.edu)

In our second major area of research, we are analyzing the function and dynamics of protein modification by other Ubls. (yale.edu)
A functional proteomics approach links the ubiquitin-related modifier Urm1 to a tRNA modification pathway. (nih.gov)

L ike protein phosphorylation by kinases, protein ubiquitylation regulates many aspects of cell function and provides a wealth of drug target opportunities across many therapeutic areas including cancer, cardiovascular, metabolism, inflammation, neurodegeneration and infectious diseases. (ddw-online.com)
Both own phosphorylation status and direct protein-protein interactions are increasingly investigated [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, NMR structural studies of the putative ubiquitin-like protein HVO_2177 from Hfx. (rcsb.org)

The contributors describe basic methods for culturing and genetically manipulating fission yeast, synchronization strategies for probing the cell cycle, technologies for assessing proteins, metabolites, and cell wall constituents, imaging methods to visualize subcellular structures and dynamics, and protocols for investigating chromatin and nucleic acid metabolism. (cshlpress.com)

Members of the DTX (Deltex) family act as Notch signaling modifiers and may also regulate transcription through interactions with specific transcription factors. (nih.gov)
The conserved family of Transcription Intermediary Factors (TIF1) proteins consists of key transcriptional regulators that control transcription of target genes by modulating chromatin state. (elifesciences.org)

To better understand the mechanism of SAMP2 conjugation, we have sought to characterize the biophysical and structural properties of the protein from Hfx. (rcsb.org)

To investigate the functional significance of this interaction, we expressed green fluorescent protein fusion constructs encoding defined fragments of titin's M-line region and MURF-1 in cardiac myocytes. (rupress.org)
Our goal is to elucidate the functional networks that coordinate protein synthesis and quality control in the early secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)

Membrane proteins must be threaded co-translocationally into the lipid bilayer to become membrane-integrated, often with complex topologies and typically form hetero- or homo- oligomers. (stanford.edu)

In vertebrates this subfamily contains four proteins: TIF1α/TRIM24, TIF1β/TRIM28, TIF1γ/TRIM33, and TIF1δ/TRIM66, while only one protein, Bonus (Bon), is present in Drosophila , making it an attractive model to understand the conserved functions of TIF1 proteins. (elifesciences.org)
Recent work from our lab that places untethered poly-ubiquitin in an in vivo setting, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, has established a more nuanced existence for these chains. (wayne.edu)

it turns on (activates) a small protein called ubiquitin. (medlineplus.gov)

This alteration is to the advantage of the virus and works by nsp1alpha interacting with specific proteins in the pig that normally upregulate the pig's immune response. (usda.gov)
First, we wish to understand, at a mechanistic and molecular level, how specific proteins are rapidly degraded within eukaryotic cells while most proteins are spared. (yale.edu)

Ubiquitylation describes the covalent attachment of a small 76-amino acid protein, ubiquitin, to other proteins. (ddw-online.com)

Cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2, an item derived with the cyclo-oxygenase pathway concerned within the resolution of irritation (twenty five), can be a known activator in the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective Kelch-like ECHassociated protein one (KEAP1) uclear aspect erythroid 2-related issue 2 (NRF2) method (26). (achrinhibitor.com)
The vast majority of proteins entering the secretory pathway are synthesized on ribosomes docked at ER translocons and are co-transationally translocated into the ER lumen. (stanford.edu)
This highly complex 'protein biogenesis' process is assisted by a diverse network of folding catalysts and protein-modifying enzymes and is scrutinized by molecular chaperones and other 'quality control' factors which ensure that only correctly folded and assembled proteins exit the ER and proceed to distal compartments of the secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)

Such turnover occurs primarily through the ubiquitin-proteasome system and is central to a variety of cell regulatory mechanisms, many of medical relevance including many cancers. (yale.edu)
The ubiquitin-proteasome system acts as the cell's quality control system by disposing of damaged, misshapen, and excess proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
When a chain of ubiquitin proteins is attached to a protein, the protein is recognized and destroyed by a complex of enzymes called a proteasome. (medlineplus.gov)

More generally, we study the reversible enzymatic coupling of proteins to other proteins within cells. (yale.edu)
Since the protein lacks enzymatic activities, it will be difficult to develop chemical compounds capable to directly and specifically modulate Sprouty functions. (springer.com)

Ubiquitin is an important modifier in eukaryotic cells through many effects on the targeted protein. (helsinki.fi)
We also study endosymbiotic bacteria that live in eukaryotic cellsand often manipulate their hosts by causing changes to the ubiquitin system. (yale.edu)
Our lab has as its general focus one of the fundamental regulatory systems of eukaryotic cells - the ubiquitin system. (yale.edu)
A third, more recent research focus has been on endosymbiotic bacteria that manipulate their eukaryotic hosts by secreting enzymes, including ubiquitin-specific proteases, into the host cell cytoplasm. (yale.edu)

The viral protein-host protein interaction inhibits the pig's immune response which gives the virus an advantage and leads to a chronic infection of the pig. (usda.gov)
They were named viral protein (VP) 2 and in Taiwan, we detected DNA in plasma of 3 mothers and their newborns with hydrops. (cdc.gov)

This protein buildup also disrupts protein homeostasis. (medlineplus.gov)

The encoded protein plays a role in thiolation of uridine residue present at the wobble position in a subset of tRNAs, resulting in enhanced codon reading accuracy. (nih.gov)

abstract = "The ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11) integrates different types of stress into a p53-mediated response. (sdu.dk)

By manipulating the chemical properties of one type of untethered ubiquitin chain - linear poly-ubiquitin - we have shown that these chains are not always toxic in vivo. (wayne.edu)
Our work invites a re-evaluation of the credence that untethered poly-ubiquitin is always toxic, and more broadly points to untapped potential for unanchored chain involvement in additional pathways in vivo. (wayne.edu)

The discovery of ubiquitin-like small archaeal modifier protein 2 (SAMP2) that forms covalent polymeric chains in Haloferax volcanii has generated tremendous interest in the function and regulation of this protein. (rcsb.org)
These unanchored ubiquitin chains have been previously classified as toxic byproducts that interfere with proteasomal function in vitro and in yeast, and are thus believed to be disassembled rapidly to avoid toxicity. (wayne.edu)
for example, when unanchored, linear ubiquitin chains cannot be ubiquitinated, they induce aberrant NF-κB signaling, resulting in premature death in flies. (wayne.edu)

UBIQUITIN-like modifier proteins that function in CYTOPLASM to VACUOLE transport (Cvt), vesicle transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and AUTOPHAGOSOME biogenesis. (bvsalud.org)

While ubiquitin is commonly used to mark its targets for destruction, the consequences of protein ligation to the various "ubiquitin-like proteins" are less understood. (yale.edu)
However, over the same period protein kinases have rapidly become one of the most significant classes of drug targets for the pharmaceutical industry, with the global market for kinase therapies being about US$15 billion per annum in 2010 and this value is predicted to double by 2020 (3). (ddw-online.com)

O-linked found in mucous fluids, but can also be present in membrane and secretory proteins, 3 or more sugars linked by N-acetylglalactosamine (GalNAc)--connected to serine, theronine. (freezingblue.com)

In this study, we show that PRRSV nonstructural protein 1alpha (nsp1alpha), a protein made by the virus, will alter how the pig's immune system functions. (usda.gov)
The ubiquitin system has only recently come under close scrutiny, and an extraordinary array of cell regulatory functions is gradually being uncovered. (yale.edu)
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, has numerous functions in the cell including the ability to convey genetic information in a form called messenger RNA, which is read by ribosomes to make proteins. (mskcc.org)
If these damaged or unneeded proteins are not broken down, they can impair normal cell functions by stopping the production of new proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
If damaged or unneeded proteins are not broken down, they can impair normal cell functions by stopping the production of new proteins. (medlineplus.gov)

RNAct: Protein-RNA interaction predictions for model organisms with supporting experimental data. (crg.eu)

The encoded protein is part of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) 5/6 complex which plays a key role genome maintenance, facilitating chromosome segregation and suppressing mitotic recombination. (nih.gov)

Antibodies to ribosomal P2 protein were rarely detected, ransmission routes of human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), except in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

However, the precise mechanism by which a high protein diet may mitigate dietary weight loss induced reductions in fat free mass has not been fully elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
The precise mechanism by which an increased dietary protein intake may mitigate weight loss induced reductions in FFM has not been fully elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)

Maintenance of fat free mass is dependent upon nutrient stimulation of protein synthesis via the mTOR complex, although during caloric restriction a decrease (atrophy) in skeletal muscle may be driven by a homeostatic shift favouring protein catabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging evidence suggests a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate in a low-fat, caloric restricted (CR) diet may mitigate FFM reductions during weight loss through increasing muscle protein synthesis and/or reducing protein catabolism, thereby improving net muscle protein balance[ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
HectD1 controls hematopoietic stem cell regeneration by coordinating ribosome assembly and protein synthesis. (nih.gov)

Proteins synthesized at the ER are subject to covalent modifications that include N- and O-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, and in some cases, proline and lysine hydroxylation. (stanford.edu)

On the contrary, knockdown of Sprouty proteins increases proliferation of activated astrocytes and, consequently, reduces secondary brain damage in neuronal lesion models such as kainic acid-induced epilepsy or endothelin-induced ischemia. (springer.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes14

Information Science2

Health Care1

SUMO33

SUMOylation9

Ligase4

Degradation7

Enzyme8

Post-translational protein modification1

Covalently1

Molecules3

Target proteins1

Gene5

Cellular7

Isopeptide2

Protease2

Peptides2

Substrates2

Binds3

Nuclear7

Intracellular4

Ligases1

Small proteins1

Innate immunity2

Modification2

Phosphorylation2

Putative1

Metabolism1

Transcription2

Conjugation1

Functional2

Membrane proteins1

Drosophila2

Activates1

Specific proteins2

Ubiquitylation1

Pathway3

Proteasome3

Enzymatic2

Eukaryotic4

Viral2

Disrupts1

TRNAs1

Abstract1

Vivo2

Chains3

Cytoplasm1

Targets2

Secretory1

Functions5

Interaction1

Chromosome1

Antibodies1

Mechanism2

Synthesis3

Lysine1

Proliferation1