• Protein phosphorylation in a human glioblastoma cell line, T98G, was examined after exposure to oxidative stress in vitro. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hydrogen peroxide (1 mM) markedly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and serine phosphorylation of Akt at 1 h after stimulation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • When T98G cells were incubated with wortmannin, a PI 3-kinase inhibitor, both PI 3-kinase activity and phosphorylation of Akt were inhibited, whereas apoptosis by oxidative stress was accelerated. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These effects were paralleled by a decrease in the phosphorylation of both focal adhesion kinase (Fak) and protein kinase B (Akt). (unm.edu)
  • These effects required the activation of the Akt and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways as well as IGF-I-induced Akt- and MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of paxillin, which relocated at dynamic focal adhesions and was necessary for promoting motility in bladder cancer cells. (unimib.it)
  • We found that 4HPR-induced inhibition of PC cell migration and invasion correlates with decreased FAK and AKT phosphorylation, activation of the glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β) and β-catenin destabilization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Significant reductions in the phosphorylation of signaling molecules focal adhesion kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, and v-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene were observed in male MIPβ1KO islets when compared to controls. (oncotarget.com)
  • Integrin-mediated RON growth factor receptor phosphorylation requires tyrosine kinase activity of both the receptor and c-Src. (123dok.org)
  • Integrin-in-duced epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) RTK phosphorylation depends on the kinase activity of the receptor (7, 13). (123dok.org)
  • DUSP3 regulated OCLN ubiquitination and degradation through decreasing OCLN tyrosine phosphorylation directly or through suppressing focal adhesion kinase, the OCLN kinase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a major structural adaptor protein governing signaling complex formation and cytoskeletal dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
  • There are specific receptor proteins like integrin on the external surface of focal attachments. (omicsonline.org)
  • Many proteins in adhesion plaque such as integrin, cytoskeleton proteins, proteases, protein kinases, phosphatases take part in signal transferring by co-localizing with vinculin and talin [ 3 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and CD4 fulfil vital functions in cellular signal transduction: FAK is a central component in integrin signalling, whereas CD4 plays essential roles in the immune defence. (edu.sa)
  • At the core of the focal adhesion is a cluster of activated integrin heterodimers, which are transmembrane signaling proteins that attach cells to their ligands, i.e., extracellular matrix (ECM)1 (Hynes, 1992). (ppbhg.org)
  • 1 integrin, coupled with one of its many partners, is thought to play a central role in focal adhesion formation. (ppbhg.org)
  • In vitro binding assays have suggested that talin and -actinin may associate directly with 1 integrin (Horwitz et al. (ppbhg.org)
  • 1990). Kinetic studies have suggested that localization of tensin and focal adhesion kinase to sites of integrin clustering are also early events in the formation of focal adhesions (Miyamoto et al. (ppbhg.org)
  • A podosome is made of a columnar actin-rich core standing perpendicular to the plane of the ventral plasma membrane and embedded in a ring structure of integrins and integrin-associated proteins. (u-bordeaux.fr)
  • α2β1γ1) stimulates oligodendrocytes to extend elaborate membrane sheets in vitro (cell spreading), mediated by integrin α6β1. (rupress.org)
  • Podosomes are structurally divided into a core, which mainly contains proteins involved in actin polymerization (such as WASP, the Arp2/3 complex and cortactin ), and a surrounding ring populated by integrin receptors and adhesion proteins (for example, paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK/Pyk2) ) [15] . (cellmigration.org)
  • β1 integrin is the major β integrin subunit in pancreatic beta-cells and forms heterodimers with 12 α integrin subunits, which interact with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to control intracellular signaling via the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal related kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathways [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The role of β1 integrin in maintaining optimal islet function has previously been identified in vitro using cell lines and isolated islets. (oncotarget.com)
  • ILK forms an obligate heterotrimeric complex with particularly interesting Cys-His-rich protein (PINCH) and parvin, which together lend stability to the actin cytoskeleton at focal adhesions ( Brakebusch and Fässler, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • I suggest that in the context of semaphorin 3A signaling, RhoA-kinase serves as a switch to change the function of the F-actin cytoskeleton from promoting protrusive activity to generating contractile forces. (biologists.com)
  • The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Cytoskeleton is the pre-eminent supplier of Rho and Ras family small G-proteins (SGPs). (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Apart from the purified proteins, Cytoskeleton also provides some innovative kits for studying these proteins in cells and in vitro , see related products below for more information. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Members of the Rho family of small G proteins transduce signals from plasma-membrane receptors and control cell adhesion, motility and shape by actin cytoskeleton formation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Although previous studies have identified different chemotropic and adhesion molecules that influence axonal development, the molecular mechanism by which these signals control the cytoskeleton remains poorly understood. (biologists.com)
  • DLL-4, in turn, instigated neighbouring platelets to switch to 'activated' phenotype through cleavage of Notch receptor and release of its intracellular domain (NICD), which was averted by inhibition of γ-secretase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). (elifesciences.org)
  • Whereas the formation of focal adhesions requires actomyosin-mediated contractile force mediated by RhoA , podosome formation is stimulated by a local loss of contractility and the recruitment of negative regulators of RhoA, such as p190RhoGAP [16] . (cellmigration.org)
  • In kinase overexpression assays, ROCKI and ROCKII appear redundant, but several experiments, including mouse knock-outs, hinted that the proteins have unique duties despite their structural similarity. (rupress.org)
  • Tetrazolium reduction and resazurin assays are the mainstay of routine in vitro toxicity batteries. (cdc.gov)
  • Intracellular targeting of annexin A2 inhibits tumor cell adhesion, migration, and in vivo grafting. (unm.edu)
  • By affinity purification and mass spectrometry, intracellular annexin A2 was identified as the corresponding binding protein. (unm.edu)
  • Together, our findings demonstrate an unrecognized functional link between intracellular annexin A2 and tumor cell adhesion, migration and in vivo grafting. (unm.edu)
  • PGs, molecules which consist of a protein core that is covalently modified with GAG chains, are distributed both to the ECM "proper" associated with the cell membrane as well as located to intracellular compartment. (hindawi.com)
  • She trained in signal transduction at the University of Washington in Seattle (USA) under the guidance of Ed. Clark and Ed. Krebs and thereafter focused her work on intracellular signalling involving the RhoGTPase family of proteins at the LRI (London, UK). (u-bordeaux.fr)
  • Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Wnts bind to the cell surface Frizzled family receptors in conjunction with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein family receptors (LRP5 or 6) resulting in the stabilization of intracellular beta -catenin levels (2). (novusbio.com)
  • Several examples of the role of viral glycoproteins, their ligands, and cellular proteins of the signaling pathways have been described. (cdc.gov)
  • Binding of viral proteins to their ligands activates signaling pathways-focal adhesion kinase for human herpesvirus 8, JAK1, tyk2 and STAT1/2 for West Nile virus (WNV), I κ B-kinase, and nuclear transcription factor κ B (NF-κB) for influenza virus-resulting in virus entry, DNA delivery to nucleus, and modulation of protein expression that stimulate or inhibit virus replication. (cdc.gov)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Other components include signalling molecules such as tyrosine-kinases, GTPases and effectors proteins as in focal adhesion. (u-bordeaux.fr)
  • Sphingolipid-targeting drugs have been tested alone or in combination with chemotherapy, exhibiting antitumor activity alone and in synergism with chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
  • It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. (lookformedical.com)
  • Once identified, the function of these viral genes will be examined using in vitro and in vivo models of CMV-accelerated vascular disease. (ohsu.edu)
  • They have been shown to possess anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects in vitro as well as in vivo in different cancer models. (oncotarget.com)
  • The cancer chemopreventive retinoid N -(4 hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) has already been shown to restrain prostate cancer growth in vitro and in vivo, though its mechanisms of action are only partially explained. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The diversified effects of cannabinoids are now known to be mediated through the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors that are normally bound by a family of endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cannabinoid is a family of complex chemicals (terpenophenolic compounds) that exert most of their actions by binding to and activating specific Gαi protein-coupled receptors named as cannabinoid receptor, CB1 (Central receptor) and CB2 (Peripheral receptor) respectively [ 4 - 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • While studying a signaling pathway that links integrins and cell surface proteoglycans to adhesion, Yoneda et al. (rupress.org)
  • In that case, adhesion-induced aggregation of integrins might trigger co-aggregation (5) and autophosphorylation of growth factor RTKs (13). (123dok.org)
  • Functionally, tumor cells incubated with LGRFYAASG-pen showed disruption of filamentous actin, focal adhesions and caveolae-mediated membrane trafficking, resulting in impaired cell adhesion and migration in vitro. (unm.edu)
  • HA is synthesized in the absence of a protein core at the inner face of the plasma membrane and consequently found in the form of free chains whereas other GAG types are covalently bound into protein cores to form proteoglycans (PGs). (hindawi.com)
  • Focal attachments have 10-15 nm distance between the cell membrane and the material surface and they are tight connections. (omicsonline.org)
  • TJs, tightly fused regions between the outer membrane of adjacent cells, are formed by integral transmembrane proteins such as OCLN and claudins, anchoring proteins such as zonula occludens (ZO)1-3, and other TJ-associated/regulatory proteins [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The extracellular matrix around cells is made of collagen and other proteins that interact with the cells and can influence their growth and behavior. (labmanager.com)
  • Focal adhesions are specialized cellCsubstratum junctions that are nearly ubiquitous among cells that attach to an extracellular matrix. (ppbhg.org)
  • Cell adhesion (the physical interaction of a cell with another cell or with the extracellular matrix (ECM)) is essential for cell migration and tissue integrity. (cellmigration.org)
  • Epithelial cells adjacent to the area of the defect flatten, lose their hemidesmosome attachments, and migrate on transient focal contact zones that are formed between cytoplasmic actin filaments and extracellular matrix proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Concomitant with apoptosis, elevated level of CPP32 protease activity (caspase-3) was observed, with decreases in Bcl-2 protein and increases in Bax protein. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Thus, it became apparent that FAK is the upstream signal protein of the PI 3-kinase- Akt survival pathway in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in T98G cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Sphingolipids are remarkably diverse and have crucial roles in maintaining barrier function and fluidity, as well as regulating the cell cycle, cell motility, differentiation, adhesion, and apoptosis ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In this study, it was observed that the ion implantation stimulated the neural proliferation and the implantation of different ions on cell culture surfaces was essential to determine the effects of this technique on adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis properties of cells in details. (omicsonline.org)
  • Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VASP gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • These main PG groups are further classified into families according to their gene homology, core protein properties, size, and modular composition. (hindawi.com)
  • C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK8IP3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with the product of Drosophila syd gene, required for the functional interaction of kinesin I with axonal cargo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies of the similar gene in mouse suggested that this protein may interact with and regulate the activity of numerous protein kinases of the JNK signaling pathway, and thus function as a scaffold protein in neuronal cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • To learn how the proteins differ functionally, the team knocked down each ROCK gene independently using siRNA sequences that left the other gene unchanged. (rupress.org)
  • A thymidine kinase gene (Adra et al. (ppbhg.org)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • Tumor-infiltrated macrophages were isolated from human GC tissues using magnetic beads, gene transcription was determined by real-time PCR, protein expression was monitored using western blots, metabolites were determined using HPLC, and transcriptional regulation was analyzed by the luciferase-based reporter gene system. (cancerindex.org)
  • This gene is highly expressed in fetal brain and encodes a protein of relative molecular mass 91K, named oligophrenin-1, which contains a domain typical of a Rho-GTPase-activating protein (rhoGAP). (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Microtubule-induced focal adhesion disassembly is mediated by dynamin and focal adhesion kinase. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • ROCKII-depleted cells produced oversized stress fibers and adhesions, and showed problems with phagocytic uptake of fibronectin-coated beads. (rupress.org)
  • It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • GTPase activator proteins towards Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like small GTPases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Like all other GTPases, Rho proteins act as molecular switches, with an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The GDNF family ligands (GFLs) function through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-(GPI) anchored coreceptor, GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα), and rearranged during transfection (RET), a well-known receptor tyrosine kinase involved in kidney development, spermatogonial stem cell maintenance, and the development and maintenance of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems [ 1 , 2 ]. (medsci.org)
  • VASP is associated with filamentous actin formation and likely plays a widespread role in cell adhesion and motility. (wikipedia.org)
  • ROCKI is required for formation of actin stress fibers and cell adhesion, whereas ROCKII is needed for phagocytosis.The ROCK proteins are major effectors of the Rho signaling pathway, controlling cell adhesion, motility, and other actin-based functions. (rupress.org)
  • These adhesions are usually physically linked to large, readily visualized actomyosin bundles [13] , and their appearance correlates inversely with motility, such that they are conspicuously absent in cells migrating within a three-dimensional (3D) substrate. (cellmigration.org)
  • The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (TSHD7A), and neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (NELL-1) are major autoantigens against podocyte antigens in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Signal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) involves complex ligand- and time-dependent changes in conformation and modification state. (nature.com)
  • We report the use of multiplexed super-resolution imaging (Exchange-PAINT) followed by mean-shift clustering and random forest analysis to measure the precise distributions of five receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) from the ErbB, IGF-1R and Met families in breast cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Ena-VASP family members contain an N-terminal EVH1 domain that binds proteins containing E/DFPPPPXD/E motifs and targets Ena-VASP proteins to focal adhesions cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the mid-region of the protein, family members have a proline-rich region that binds SH3 and WW domain-containing proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using crystallography and microcalorimetry, we here show that the focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain of FAK binds specifically to the CD4 endocytosis motif in vitro. (edu.sa)
  • Subsequent analysis showed that only ROCKII PH binds to PIP 3 lipids and may, therefore, be regulated by PI3-kinase. (rupress.org)
  • Cell-cell adhesion maintains epithelial tissues, supports functional contacts between specialized cells, and can facilitate directed migration (for example, radial glia can guide neuronal progenitor cells to specific layers of the brain). (cellmigration.org)
  • In vitro work aims at a full characterization of the molecular composition of podosomes and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in their assembly and disassembly in both microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells. (u-bordeaux.fr)
  • and microtubule targeting, which may contribute to adhesion disassembly. (cellmigration.org)
  • Using an in vitro assay, Dr. Freeman and colleagues showed that cells grown on microsecond plasma-treated collagen had higher levels of focal adhesion kinase activation, indicating better cell/matrix attachments which helps initiate bone formation. (labmanager.com)
  • There were also higher levels of anti-apoptotic proteins, suggesting better cell viability than in nanosecond-cold plasma treated collagen. (labmanager.com)
  • As research into medical applications of cold plasma expands, it will be important to study various plasma types and conditions in tissue models, rather than isolated cells," says Dr. Freeman, "Because cold plasma affects each cell type and matrix protein to produce variable physiological effects," says Dr. Freeman, "it's important to study not just how each cell behaves when exposed, but how they react together within the tissue and organismal environment. (labmanager.com)
  • 1995). Focal adhesions were first identified in tissue-culture cells, as sites of contact between a cell and its underlying substrate (Abercrombie et al. (ppbhg.org)
  • Podosomes are found in a restricted number of cell types (macrophages, immature dendritic cells and osteoclasts) where they seem to be involved in adhesion and invasion. (u-bordeaux.fr)
  • Here, we show the association of Dbl with G protein betagamma subunits (Gbetagamma) in transient co-expression and cell-free systems. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • These signals are also required for the dissolution of some adhesions (turnover) as the cell advances. (cellmigration.org)
  • Cell-matrix adhesion is the best-studied form of adhesion that mediates cell migration, and is the focus of this outline. (cellmigration.org)
  • Owing to their highly localized nature, cell-matrix adhesions were initially called focal adhesions. (cellmigration.org)
  • Over the years, several types of cell-matrix adhesion have been described. (cellmigration.org)
  • Nascent adhesions are small and highly transient - either maturing or disassembling ('turning over') - and are therefore not easily observed in every cell type [6] , [7] . (cellmigration.org)
  • MIPβ1KO islets displayed a significant increase in protein levels of the apoptotic marker cleaved-Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and a reduction of the cell cycle marker cyclin D1. (oncotarget.com)
  • Protein concentrations should be titrated based on cell type and if appropriate, passage number of the cell line. (novusbio.com)
  • A defined synthetic mixture of amino acids, salts, carbohydrates, vitamins and serum was shown to support cells in vitro[ 3 ], thus unifying a major variable in cell culturing experiments and providing a possibility for rapid development of this novel method. (intechopen.com)
  • Bae KM, Wang H, Jiang G, Chen MG, Lu L, Xiao L. Protein kinase C epsilon is overexpressed in primary human non-small cell lung cancers and functionally required for proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells in a p21/Cip1-dependent manner. (famri.org)
  • The communication at each stage occurs via cell signalling-an information network of messenger proteins, ion channels and lipids. (bmj.com)
  • Focal complexes are adhesions in the early stages of maturation. (cellmigration.org)
  • Tight junctions (TJ) are multi-protein complexes that hold epithelial cells together and form structural and functional barriers for maintaining proper biological activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although activation of the IGF-IR did not appreciably affect their growth, it did promote migration and stimulate in vitro wound closure and invasion. (unimib.it)
  • Activation of Rho proteins through release of bound GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, is catalysed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in the Dbl family. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Rho activation is thought to generate focal adhesions and actin bundling due to increased myosin II activity. (cellmigration.org)
  • By enhancing their GTPase activity, GAP proteins inactivate small Rho and Ras proteins, so inactivation of rhoGAP proteins might cause constitutive activation of their GTPase targets. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The fact that many Rho family effector proteins will specifically recognize the GTP bound form of the protein has been exploited experimentally to develop a powerful affinity purification assay that monitors Rac and Cdc42 protein activation. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • In addition, EVs are mediators of communication between cells in physiological and pathological settings, and they transport a diverse array of biomolecules, including lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Like all members of the Ras superfamily, the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. (biologists.com)
  • The establishment of neural circuits depends on the ability of axonal growth cones to sense their surrounding environment en route to their target. (biologists.com)
  • Morphological rescue is possible following Rho kinase inhibition in an oligodendrocyte subset. (jneurosci.org)
  • I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. (biologists.com)
  • Conversely, RhoA-kinase activity was required to shut down F-actin polymerization underlying protrusive activity. (biologists.com)
  • Chemical genetics reveals the requirement for Polo-like kinase 1 activity in positioning RhoA and triggering cytokinesis in human cells. (famri.org)
  • The active conformation is promoted by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors, and the inactive state by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) which stimulate the intrinsic GTPase activity of small G proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Our study revealed that DUSP3 is an important TJ regulatory protein and its decrease may be involved in progression of epithelial cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytoskeletal-associated proteins play an active role in coordinating the adhesion and migration machinery in cancer progression. (unm.edu)
  • The mammalian rho kinases, ROCKI and ROCKII, control distinct cytoskeletal functions from distinct locations, report Yoneda et al. (rupress.org)
  • Residues conserved across the rhoGAP family are largely confined to one face of this bundle, which may be an interaction site for target G proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The cytoHubba plug-in were used to identify hub genes from the protein-protein interaction network. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. (lookformedical.com)
  • All other tissues appeared normal, suggesting that, in most cases, tensin's diverse functions are redundant and may be compensated for by other focal adhesion proteins. (ppbhg.org)
  • Dual specificity phosphatase 3 (DUSP3), a suppressor of multiple protein tyrosine (Tyr) kinases, is decreased in lung cancer tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1995). Of the myriad of focal adhesion proteins, tensin is particularly interesting because it has the ability to bind to actin microfilaments at multiple sites, enabling tensin both to cap the growing (barbed) ends of actin filaments and to cross-link actin filaments (Lo et al. (ppbhg.org)