• Finally, in Chapter 4, we discuss the use of hydroxy acids to scan the α-M1 transmembrane helix of the nAChR for residues that undergo structural rearrangements during gating. (caltech.edu)
  • Backbone mutations at five residues on the intracellular side of a conserved proline (P221) produced shifts in dose-response relationships. (caltech.edu)
  • 1992), A cluster of hydrophobic amino acid residues re. (xenbase.org)
  • A cluster of hydrophobic amino acid residues required for fast Na(+)-channel inactivation. (xenbase.org)
  • Amino acid residues required for fast Na(+)-channel inactivation: charge neutralizations and deletions in the III-IV linker. (xenbase.org)
  • methylation at certain residues of histones can regulate gene expression [ 4 ], and glycosylation is responsible for targeting substrates and changing protein half-life [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The addition of essential amino acids, but not non-essential amino acids to the cell culture medium resulted in the cancellation of this pronounced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The principal factor responsible for the observed immune effect does not appear to be the availability or concentration of single essential amino acids but rather the composite effect of the specific amino acid distribution in the protein. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • The presence of necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK‑1), but not that of Z-VAD-fmk, attenuated the cytotoxic effects of GEF under AAS culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Our results suggest translation disrupting mechanisms relating uORF variation to reduced protein expression, and demonstrate that translation at uORFs is genetically constrained in 50% of human genes. (nature.com)
  • Specific uORFs are known to control protein expression by tuning translation rates of downstream protein-coding sequences, and potential uORFs have been identified in ~50% of all human protein-coding genes 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • It is also possible that this encoded protein functions to regulate fecundity genes so that the OLR1 gene is involved in sheep fecundity [2]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Several mutations in the N terminus of the G-protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin disrupt NXS/T consensus sequences for N-linked glycosylation (located at N2 and N15) and cause sector retinitis pigmentosa in which the inferior retina preferentially degenerates. (jneurosci.org)
  • Mutations affecting glycosylation of the heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin are associated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a disease characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Either at genomic or at proteomic level, mutations have significant impact on normal gene or protein function, and human diseases could be associated with mutations like nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variations (nsSNVs) on amino acids. (hindawi.com)
  • Yet how gene mutations affect protein activities through posttranslational modification sites have not been widely studied. (hindawi.com)
  • By contrast, IFIH1 a sensor of intracellular double-stranded RNA, has been inactivated by mutations in pangolins. (frontiersin.org)
  • We show that, in general, the prediction tools are able distinguish disease causing mutations from those mutations which are thought to have a neutral affect. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus for instance, a chemist can separate proteins into their component amino acids by boiling them at 166 o C for over 18 hours in a strong solution of hydrochloric acid, but the enzymes of the small intestines can do so in less than three hours at body temperature in a neutral medium. (enricoserveri.com)
  • Enzymes which are used in the cells which make them are called intracellular enzymes. (enricoserveri.com)
  • We show that these microarrays are suitable for the high throughput characterization of the recognition capabilities of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate-binding modules, and other oligosaccharide-binding proteins of biological significance and also that they have potential for the characterization of carbohydrate-active enzymes. (megazyme.com)
  • Finally, we found that at least Xyn11A accumulated in the apoplast of the infected plant after three days, highlighting the role of these enzymes as important secreted proteins during fungal proliferation inside plant tissues. (omicsdi.org)
  • Secreted phospholipases A 2 (sPLA 2 s) (EC 3.1.1.4) are a structurally related group of low-molecular-mass enzymes (14-18 kDa) that catalyse the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids (phospholipids hereafter) at their sn -2 position, to produce lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. (ijbs.com)
  • For native and unknown proteins it tends to be difficult to assess whether posttranslational modifications such as glycosylations are present on the protein, making a calculation based solely on the amino acid sequence inaccurate. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • Together, these results indicate that the structure of the rhodopsin N terminus must be maintained by an appropriate amino acid sequence surrounding N2 and may require a carbohydrate moiety at N15. (jneurosci.org)
  • One aspect of the present invention provides a peptide-liposome complex composed of a lipid bilayer including (a) a first phospholipid, (b) a second phospholipid containing PEG, (c) cholesterol, and (d) a lipid conjugate consisting of the second phospholipid and a peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. (justia.com)
  • For over 40% of the nsSNPs, structure-based methods predicted which of these sequence changes are likely to either disrupt the structure of the protein or interfere with the function or interactions of the protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most identifiable category of SNP is the small proportion (less than 1%) that change protein sequence, the most common of which is the non-synonymous SNP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In other words, pI is high for basic proteins and low for acidic proteins. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • The preceding report shows that deletions within the intracellular linker between domains III and IV remove inactivation, but mutation of conserved basic and paired acidic amino acids has little effect. (xenbase.org)
  • Keratin filaments are heteropolymeric, formed from equal amounts of acidic type I and basic /neutral type 2 keratins. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • In contrast to the influx of amino acids, the degradation of proteins is also the important intracellular mechanism for releasing free amino acids both under steady-state conditions and during cellular stresses. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The peptide-liposome complex effectively blocks PD-L1, an immune checkpoint on the surface of cancer cells, and prevents the recycling of PD-L1 by intracellular metabolism to induce complete degradation of PD-L1 in cancer cells, achieving an increased therapeutic effect on cancer. (justia.com)
  • Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a therapeutic agent that can effectively inhibit immune checkpoints, prevent the recycling of immune checkpoints, and induce the intracellular degradation of immune checkpoints. (justia.com)
  • The present invention has been made in an effort to solve the above-described problems and an object of the present invention is to provide a peptide-liposome complex for multivalent crosslinking with PD-L1 that can effectively inhibit the immune checkpoints and induce intracellular degradation of PD-L1, and a use thereof. (justia.com)
  • However, an analysis of the synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions indicated a relatively high degree of amino acid change in hominoids [ 15 ], which could be consistent with a low degree of selective pressure. (ecancer.org)
  • EvoRator2: predicting site-specific amino acid substitutions based on protein structural information using deep learning Journal of Molecular Biology: 435(14):168155. (tau.ac.il)
  • Previous analyses suggest that lack of normal cilia causes the small-body phenotype through the activation of a signaling pathway which consists of the EGL-4 cGMP-dependent protein kinase and the GCY-12 receptor-type guanylyl cyclase. (stanford.edu)
  • Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Intrinsic brain RAS is an enzyme-neuropeptide system having functional components (angiotensinogen, peptidases, angiotensin, and specific receptor proteins) with important biological and neurobiological activities in the brain. (hindawi.com)
  • Incorporation of unnatural amino acids into two acetylcholine receptors-the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and the M₂ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M₂AChR)-and an electrophysiology assay of receptor function were performed in each of the studies. (caltech.edu)
  • The nAChR is a ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) and the M₂AChR is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (caltech.edu)
  • Particularly, a considerable number of drugs with high therapeutic efficacy are currently used in clinical applications as monoclonal antibodies that selectively bind to immune checkpoints, specifically programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed death-receptor (PD-1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which are involved in the interaction between cancer cells and T cells. (justia.com)
  • The receptor of SARS-CoV-2, i.e., angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is conserved in pangolins ( 18 ) and coronaviruses isolated from pangolins have a receptor binding domain in their spike protein that is uniquely similar to that of SARS-CoV-2 ( 10 , 19 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The smaller proteins are generally of prokaryotic origin while the larger ones are of eukaryotic origin. (tcdb.org)
  • The larger eukaryotic and archaeal proteins possess N- and C-terminal hydrophilic extensions. (tcdb.org)
  • Zweytick D , Athenstaedt K , Daum G . Intracellular lipid particles of eukaryotic cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The knockdown of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) by siRNA also enhanced GEF-induced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The members of the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family are Na + -independent transporters that deliver neutral amino acids into cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
  • Hydroxy acids disrupt hydrogen bonding in protein backbones and thus provide a means to detect backbone interactions that form or break during gating. (caltech.edu)
  • Cysteine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
  • In addition, L-cysteine can be converted into hydrogen sulfide and pyruvic acid through the action of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
  • The length of the hydrogen (H) chain differs from one fatty acid to another. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • A characteristic feature of S. pneumoniae and other oral streptococci is the presence of large proteases (1800-2001 amino acids) on the cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2013). This involves the crosslinking of keratinocyte proteins such as loricrin and involucrin by transglutaminases and the breakdown of the nucleus and other organelles by intracellular and secreted proteases (Eckhart et al. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • Pathogens, including fungi, viruses, parasites, or intracellular bacteria can induce and may benefit from lipid droplets in infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids containing between 12-24 carbon atoms. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • The transport of serum amino acids into cells is an active process that is facilitated by plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • PBI) thyroid hormone in its circulating form, consisting of one or more of the iodothyronines bound to one or more of the serum proteins. (theodora.com)
  • Acid-Base Disorders Acid-base disorders are pathologic changes in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) or serum bicarbonate (HCO3 − ) that typically produce abnormal arterial pH values. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fatty acids with even numbers of carbon atoms occur most frequently in nature. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • Triglycerides are esters of fatty acids with alcohols like glycerol. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • They do not contain fatty acids but are included in the lipids because they have lipid like properties. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • They are esters of fatty acids with long hydrocarbon chains. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • It may occur free or as an ester with fatty acids. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • sPLA 2 s show distinct substrate specificities in terms of the phospholipid polar headgroups and the fatty acids esterified at the sn- 2 position of the glycerol backbone. (ijbs.com)
  • As renal function also decreases with age, a high protein intake is contraindicated in those with renal disease. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • Causes include accumulation of ketones and lactic acid, renal failure, and drug or toxin ingestion (high anion gap) and gastrointestinal or renal HCO 3 − loss (normal anion gap). (msdmanuals.com)
  • it can attach to negatively charged proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The blood pH needs to be constantly between 7.35 and 7.45, and in addition the blood needs to remain electrically neutral, which means that the total cations, or positively charged particles, equals the total anions, or negatively charged particles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The maintenance of the intracellular level of amino acids is crucial for cellular homeostasis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Amino acids are essential for cellular homeostasis, growth and proliferation via their contribution to a diverse range of cellular processes. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cellular proteins and organelles are engulfed into a double-membrane vesicle to form an autophagosome. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The nuclear membrane protein SUN1 stabilizes endothelial cell-cell junctions far from the nucleus via regulation of microtubule dynamics and Rho GEF-H1 signaling, revealing long-range cellular communication important for vascular development and function. (elifesciences.org)
  • Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play key roles in a variety of protein activities and cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
  • PTMs are involved in many protein activities and cellular processes, such as protein folding, stability, conformation, and some significant regulatory mechanisms [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In particular, upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are segments of 5′UTR mRNA sequences that can initiate and terminate translation upstream of protein-coding start codons. (nature.com)
  • The evolutionary dynamics that retain long neutral genomic sequences in face of indel deletion bias: a model and its application to human introns. (tau.ac.il)
  • A proportion of these will alter protein sequences, the most common of which is the non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 20 sequences ranging from 5 to 30 amino acids. (hifsignaling.com)
  • Adequate dietary protein provides the amino acids required for protein synthesis necessary for energy production, and the repair and maintenance of body tissues. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • However, there is compelling data to support the ability of high quality dietary protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in aging healthy individuals. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • Lipoproteins are complexes which contain lipids and proteins in association. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • Lipoproteins provide the surface for biochemical reactions and energy production and also help in the transportation of lipids and proteins to the various parts of the plant or animal body. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • 2016). Keratinocytes produce specialized proteins and lipids which are used to construct the cornified envelope (CE), a heavily crosslinked submembranous layer that confers rigidity to the upper epidermis, allows keratin filaments to attach to any location in the cell membrane (Kirfel et al. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • Our data indicate that it was possible to increase the level of this type of protein in the diet above the minimum requirement (12% LAH) and thus produce augmented humoral immune responsiveness and resistance to salmonellosis. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • Furthermore in the mice fed L diet, increasing the concentration of amino acid in the diet from 12 to 28% greatly enhanced immune responsiveness by both parameters measured. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • In the C-fed mice, a comparable enhancement of mitogen responsiveness with increasing amino acid level of diet was seen, but there was no change in the humoral immune response. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • The enhancement of immune responsiveness observed in mice fed the 28% L diet was moderately reduced by the addition of phenylalanine to the diet, indicating that the lower level of this amino acid in the L protein may be of some significance. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • The above-described immune effect of all tested proteins was obtained at 20 g/100 g concentration with no further increments with 30- and 40 g/100 g protein in the diet. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • Little difference in immune responses was noted among mice fed C, S or W protein diets. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • The effect of 20 g/100 g diet of lactalbumin (L), casein (C), soy (S) and wheat (W) protein on the immune responsiveness of C3H/HeN mice has been investigated by measuring the humoral immune response to the T cell-independent antigen, TNP-Ficoll. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • Given its particular distribution in normal human tissues and its potential roll as an immune modulator and in amino acid transport, tissue tolerance and protection against retroviral infection, syncytin could be a potential target for immune therapy using specific inhibitors. (ecancer.org)
  • N-linked glycosylation is the most prevalent posttranslational modification of plasma membrane and secretory proteins and participates in many important biological roles such as protein folding, intracellular targeting, immune response, cell adhesion, and protease resistance. (jneurosci.org)
  • According to the results of recent studies, immune checkpoint inhibition using antibodies may cause recycling of immune checkpoints by intracellular metabolism, leading to resistance to anticancer immunotherapy as well as low efficacy of anticancer immunotherapy. (justia.com)
  • The env gene maintained an ORF coding for a 538-amino acid polypeptide that has all the characteristic features of env proteins and mediates intercellular fusion in vitro [ 11 - 13 ]. (ecancer.org)
  • I-FABP) and bovine heart fatty acid-binding pro- tissues and in intracellular as well as extracellular tein (H-FABP). (lu.se)
  • It depends on the kinds of covalent bonds in the fatty acid parts of the molecule. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • for example, H-FABP makes up 3% of the plasmic intracellular LBPs from three different cytoplasmic protein content in rat heart. (lu.se)
  • Small amounts of calcium are utilized throughout the body for vascular contraction, vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling and hormonal secretion. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • Type III secretion system effectors form robust and flexible intracellular virulence networks. (tau.ac.il)
  • This is carried out via the regulation of both the influx from the extracellular environment and the recycling of intracellular resources. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Functional modulation of brain sodium channels by protein kinase C phosphorylation. (xenbase.org)
  • Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
  • Keratins are the major structural protein of vertebrate epidermis, constituting up to 85% of a fully differentiated keratinocyte (Fuchs 1995). (uni-freiburg.de)
  • The structural diversity of sPLA 2 -BPs reveals sPLA 2 s as very promiscuous proteins, and we offer some structural explanations for this nature that makes these proteins evolutionarily highly advantageous. (ijbs.com)
  • However, our studies show that neutral side chains at position 89 function well, only if an unfavorable electrostatic clash is avoided. (caltech.edu)
  • They are protein molecules made up of chains of amino acids. (enricoserveri.com)
  • They are long hydrocarbon chain organic acids with a terminal carboxyl group (COOH). (biologyexams4u.com)
  • These protons can come from organic acids which have accumulated in the blood, but they can also come from increased production in our body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To counteract PCWDEs, plants release PCWDEs inhibitor proteins (PIPs) to reduce their impact. (omicsdi.org)
  • Features such as isoelectric point or amino acid composition can reveal important information of a novel protein. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • The amino acid composition is important when calculating the extinction coefficient. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • Neutral triglycerides are important because of their ability to store energy. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • Since the last overview of sPLA 2 -binding proteins (sPLA 2 -BPs) 10 years ago, several important discoveries have occurred in this area. (ijbs.com)
  • Sweden ties must be important for protein function. (lu.se)
  • An increase in the aliphatic index increases the thermostability of globular proteins. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • Normally, blood pH depends on the balance or ratio between the concentration of bases, mainly bicarbonate HCO3−, which increases the pH, and acids, mainly carbon dioxide CO2, which decrease the pH. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Keratins belong to a superfamily of intermediate filament (IF) proteins that form alpha-helical coiled-coil dimers, which associate laterally and end-to-end to form approximately 10 nm diameter filaments. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • Undenatured whey protein research summary is a quick reference guide to all up-to-date scientific research done with this dietary supplement since the early 1980s, when the pioneer of undenatured whey research, Dr. Gustavo Bounous of McGill University, started investigating the properties of whey powder mailed to him by a European cheese-maker. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • Most abstracts of later research (late 1980s and on) refer specifically to Immunocal ® since this brand of undenatured whey protein is the only one that has been researched. (immunehealthscience.com)
  • Recent science suggests that the consumption of a good quality whey protein, ideally 20g daily, could help seniors meet adequate protein requirements. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • Both studies suggest that defects in rhodopsin glycosylation are associated with impairment of protein folding or stability. (jneurosci.org)
  • RNA-protein multiome approach helps to discover that the posttranscriptional regulation of the translational machinery is crucial for the fidelity of cortical development. (elifesciences.org)
  • chb-3 encodes a novel protein, with a zf-MYND motif and ankyrin repeats, that is highly conserved from worm to human. (stanford.edu)
  • This gene encodes OLR1 protein and belongs to the C-type lectin family that functions to absorb and degrade low-density lipoproteins [5], which impacts energy balance, in turn influencing reproductive characteristics [3]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Sarcopenia may be the result of changes that occur with aging, including reduced physical activity, changing endocrine function, insulin resistance and increased dietary protein needs. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • Along with sufficient exercise, protein supplementation could minimize the loss of skeletal muscle and reduce anabolic resistance. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • We also observed a dose-dependent accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and loss of proteasomal function in CuO NP-exposed cells, and we could demonstrate misfolding and mitochondrial translocation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a Cu/Zn-dependent enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the defense against oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With the development of high throughput technologies such as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and next generation sequencing, more and more nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variations (nsSNVs) that cause variation of amino acids have been identified, some of which result in the damage of PTMs. (hindawi.com)
  • These glycoproteins include the CD98 heavy chain protein of Mus musculus (gbU25708) and the orthologous 4F2 cell surface antigen heavy chain of Homo sapiens (spP08195). (tcdb.org)
  • CuO NPs undergo dissolution in lysosomes leading to copper-dependent macrophage cell death characterized by protein misfolding and proteasomal insufficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using these variants, we map and validate gene-disease associations in two independent biobanks containing exome sequencing from 10,900 and 32,268 individuals, respectively, and elucidate their impact on protein expression in human cells. (nature.com)
  • It has been hypothesized that conserved histidines in the class II fusion protein E of these viruses function as molecular switches and, by their protonation, control the fusion process. (rupress.org)
  • We reveal the potential to exploit interactions of sPLA 2 s with other proteins in medical terms, for the development of original diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. (ijbs.com)