Protein in mammalian cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Glutamine mediates protein turnover via cellular mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Mammalian target of rapamycin protein complex 2 regulates differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cell subsets via distinct signaling pathways. (omicsdi.org)
Many functions of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) have been defined, but relatively little is known about the biology of an alternative mTOR complex, mTORC2. (omicsdi.org)
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a range of crucial roles in cell survival, growth, proliferation, metabolism, and morphology. (omicsdi.org)
Here, we show that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) has an important function in phosphorylation of both TM and HM in all conventional PKCs, novel PKCepsilon as well as Akt. (omicsdi.org)
WNT, R-spondin, epidermal growth factor, and mammalian target of rapamycin are secreted by Paneth cells or mesenchymal cells. (wjgnet.com)
mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin. (wjgnet.com)

article{3ef64d42-e741-442e-a1b5-bd0843c8bfaa, abstract = {{The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein is essential for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. (lu.se)

These findings can be integrated in a new unified framework that regards the early mammalian embryo as a self-organizing system. (nature.com)
The expression pattern and function of Nop2 during early mammalian embryo development, however, has not been investigated. (umass.edu)

These pathways were de novo synthesized in 3 kilobase chunks, assembled in yeasto and genomically integrated into a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. (elifesciences.org)
This work demonstrates that mammalian metabolism is amenable to restoration of ancient core pathways, paving a path for genome-scale efforts to synthetically restore metabolic functions to the metazoan lineage. (elifesciences.org)
In this report, the authors devised synthetic genomic strategies to introduce essential amino-acid biosynthetic pathways into mammalian cells. (elifesciences.org)
Altogether, this work was found to be of substantial interest as it provides pioneering evidence that mammalian systems may be permissive to the restoration of essential amino acid biosynthetic pathways and is thus anticipated to have a broad impact in the fields of synthetic biology, biotechnology and beyond. (elifesciences.org)
Up to 30% of all human proteins may be modified by kinase activity, and kinases are known to regulate the majority of cellular pathways, especially those involved in signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
To characterize the interrelationship of these two pathways, we analyzed HDR of a DSB in cells deficient for NHEJ components. (arizona.edu)
Collectively, the data uncover vital mTOR-PKC and mTOR-Akt connections in T cell differentiation and reveal distinct pathways by which mTORC2 regulates development of Th1 and Th2 cell subsets. (omicsdi.org)
To provide high-density cell cultures with sufficient iron, elevated concentrations of iron salts are required that utilize low-affinity nontransferrin receptor pathways. (genengnews.com)
Therefore, SLE is currently believed to be a T cell-driven condition and, indeed, targeting molecules expressed on T cells and their signalling pathways can be one of the potential therapeutic strategies in SLE. (hindawi.com)
Stimulation of TCRs upon antigen binding triggers downstream signalling pathways which enables various physiological functions of the T cells. (hindawi.com)
Eukaryotic cells repair the DSBs by the fast but potentially mutagenic Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), and by the accurate Homology Directed Repair (HDR) pathways. (europa.eu)

Out of those 21 proteins, the interplay of seven host proteins with DEV gC protein was validated utilizing membrane-bound split- ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analyses. (eqalix.com)
Other systems are used in commercial processes but are less common, including insect cells, yeast, algae, and cell-free expression platforms ( Markets and Markets, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
Researchers have developed a system capable of quickly screening millions of yeast cells to measure protein aggregates. (sciencedaily.com)
Newby will present the tool, called yeast Transcriptional Reporting of Aggregating Proteins, or yTRAP, at The Allied Genetics Conference hosted by the Genetics Society of America on July 16. (sciencedaily.com)
They inserted the gene into yeast to create a population of cells that can be rapidly and automatically screened for aggregation. (sciencedaily.com)
The screening system is currently based on yeast, but Newby said the team plans to adapt it for use with cultures of human cells in the coming months. (sciencedaily.com)
Nucleolar protein 2 (NOP2) is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human, and has been found to play an important role in accelerating cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, and tumor aggressiveness. (umass.edu)
They're ideal for expression of human or other mammalian proteins because these systems generate recombinant proteins with more native folding and post-translational modifications-such as glycosylation -than expression systems based on hosts such as E. coli , yeast, or insect cells. (springer.com)

Vectors in the His- Strep pQE-TriSystem Vector Set contain promoters for E. coli , insect-, and mammalian-cell expression systems. (qiagen.com)
Recombinant proteins that carry two small affinity tags (the 6xHis tag and Strep -tag II) are efficiently expressed in E. coli , insect, or mammalian cells using pQE-TriSystem His- Strep vectors. (qiagen.com)
Novagen's pTriEx-1 vector contains bacterial, insect, and mammalian promoters. (the-scientist.com)
High-yield requirements might call for cloning of the target gene into an Escherichia coli expression vector, whereas subsequent activity studies might benefit from insect or mammalian cell expression. (the-scientist.com)
The pTriEx-1 vector allows high-level gene expression in mammalian, E. coli , and insect cells. (the-scientist.com)
Recently, a book chapter with protocols for the Baculovirus Expression Vector System in insect cells was published by LP3. (lu.se)
Lund Protein Production Platform (LP3) has recently published its standard operating procedures for recombinant protein expression using the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) in insect cells. (lu.se)

Although plant systems are now gaining widespread acceptance as a platform for the larger-scale production of recombinant proteins, there is still resistance to commercial uptake. (frontiersin.org)
Mammalian cells are mostly used in the biopharmaceutical industry for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. (medgadget.com)

Most recombinant proteins are currently produced in prokaryotic cells (mainly the bacterium Escherichia coli ) and a small number of well-characterized mammalian cell lines, such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. (frontiersin.org)
Using this method, we examined the genomic positions of 6mA in bacteria ( E. coli ), green algae ( C. reinhardtii ), and mammalian cells (HEK239T, Huh7, and HeLa cells). (nature.com)
E. coli, P. pastoris , Mammalian cells, Plant cells and in vitro by cell free synthesis. (lu.se)

The identified plutonium interacting proteins also have functional roles in downregulation of apoptosis and other pro-proliferative processes. (northwestern.edu)
It has been shown that MRV can manipulate host gene expression and further induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in various cell lines. (umanitoba.ca)
We further found that the level of Bcl-xL protein, which has been shown to be able to inhibit apoptosis, was increased in H1299 cell lines (both p53-null and p53 positive) infected by T3D, but decreased in the same cell lines infected by T1L. (umanitoba.ca)
Mammalian apoptosis-inducing protein, HAP, induces bacterial cell death. (bvsalud.org)
In attempting to produce the HAP, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeted apoptosis -inducing protein , as a GST-fusion protein we found that the expression of HAP, but not GST alone, induced bacterial cell death . (bvsalud.org)
We show that HAZV infection of human-derived SW13 cells led to induction of apoptosis, evidenced by activation of cellular caspases 3, 7 and 9. (liverpool.ac.uk)
However, in stark contrast, we show for the first time that nairovirus infection of cells of the tick vector failed to induce apoptosis, as evidenced by undetectable levels of cleaved caspases and lack of cleaved HAZV-N. Our findings reveal that nairoviruses elicit diametrically opposed cellular responses in mammalian and tick cells, which may influence the infection outcome in the respective hosts. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in a wide array of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. (omicsdi.org)
Short-term exposure of skin cells results in apoptosis but not in an inflammatory response, while long-term exposure leads to increased ROS generation, decreased mitochondrial activity, and formation of tubular intercellular structures. (dovepress.com)
NOP2-deficient embryos exhibit reduced blastomere numbers, greatly increased apoptosis, and impaired cell-lineage specification. (umass.edu)
The p53 protein is an important tumor suppressor that is essential for regulating cell division, senescence, and self-destruction (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
When this decoy receptor is engaged by a ligand to the displayed protein/peptide, the receptor expressing cell is rescued from apoptosis. (lu.se)

Two fundamentals aspects of cell behaviour any model must include are metabolism and the cell cycle. (imperial.ac.uk)
The population balance framework is used to capture cell cycle effects while a single-cell model takes account of some features of intracellular metabolism. (imperial.ac.uk)

Resolution of cell fate decisions revealed by single-cell gene expression analysis from zygote to blastocyst. (nature.com)
First, we will outline the steps for establishing a tightly regulated gene expression system in human HEK293S cells. (essex.ac.uk)
Gene expression" refers to the process by which a DNA sequence (i.e. a gene) is used to make a specific RNA or protein, while "epigenetics" refers to the ways phenotypes are impacted by factors other than genetic sequence (e.g. gene repression by chromatin packing). (umassmed.edu)
Furthermore, development of various non-opsin based optogenetic systems has allowed for spatiotemporal regulation of protein functions, cellular signaling and gene expression (e.g. (frontiersin.org)

Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein (substrate) by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. (wikipedia.org)
They play important roles in regulating cell division, cellular differentiation, and morphogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we explored differences in the cellular response of both mammalian and tick cells to nairovirus infection using Hazara virus (HAZV), which is a close relative of CCHFV within the CCHFV serogroup. (liverpool.ac.uk)
This enables cells to communicate and respond to external environments, maintain cellular homeostasis, and transduce signals. (mdpi.com)
The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. (intechopen.com)
We primarily focus on a intracellular signaling pathway known as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (or UPR mt ), which allows cells to monitor the function of the entire cellular pool of mitochondria and adapt transcription accordingly. (umassmed.edu)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that wild type huntingtin can significantly reduce the cellular toxicity of mutant HD exon 1 fragments in both neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines. (bmj.com)
tRNAs are essential for cells and their synthesis is under stringent cellular control. (cdc.gov)

Akt phosphorylation is a major driver of cell survival, motility, and proliferation in development and disease, causing increased interest in upstream regulators of Akt like mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). (omicsdi.org)

Progression of a cell through the division cycle is tightly controlled at different steps to ensure the integrity of genome replication and partitioning to daughter cells. (ebi.ac.uk)
In contrast to bacteria and green algae, human cells possess a very limited number of 6mA sites which are sporadically distributed across the genome of different cell types. (nature.com)
Our results imply that rare 6mA in the mammalian genome is introduced by RNA m 6 A machinery via a non-targeted mechanism. (nature.com)
The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes and they constitute about 2% of all human genes. (wikipedia.org)
To generate this inventory, we performed mass spectrometry of mitochondria isolated from fourteen tissues, assessed protein localization through large-scale GFP tagging/microscopy, and integrated these results with six other genome-scale datasets of mitochondrial localization, using a Bayesian approach. (broadinstitute.org)
MRV virions are composed of two concentric protein capsids that surround a genome of 10 segments of dsRNA. (umanitoba.ca)
In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
Lin YF, Schulz AM, Pellegrino MW, Lu Y, Shaham S, Haynes CM. (2016) Maintenance and propagation of a deleterious mitochondrial genome by the mitochondrial unfolded protein response . (umassmed.edu)
Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)

Rossant, J. & Lis, W. T. Potential of isolated mouse inner cell masses to form trophectoderm derivatives in vivo . (nature.com)
To enable the tracking of Arc molecules from individual neurons in vivo, we devised an adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated approach to tag the N-terminal of the mouse Arc protein with a fluorescent reporter using CRISPR/Cas9 homologous. (lu.se)
To enable the tracking of Arc molecules from individual neurons in vivo, we devised an adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated approach to tag the N-terminal of the mouse Arc protein with a fluorescent reporter using CRISPR/Cas9 homologous independent targeted integration (HITI). (lu.se)
This is the first study to provide support for inter-neuronal in vivo transfer of Arc in the mammalian brain. (lu.se)
Surprisingly, Akt re-activation was not sufficient to rescue cell survival or invasion, and modestly increased branching of mTORC2-impaired mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in culture and in vivo. (omicsdi.org)

Here we describe transient protein production using QMCF Technology (Icosagen, Estonia) that uses specific suspension-adapted mammalian cell lines (QMCF cells), appropriate QMCF episomal expression vector, a chemically defined animal origin-free, serum-free medium, and Reagent 007™ (Icosagen, Estonia) for efficient delivery of nucleic acids for transfection of mammalian cells in comparison with PEI MAX™ (Transfection Grade Linear Polyethylenimine Hydrochloride, Polysciences). (springer.com)

The mechanism, which is based on the synthesis and degradation of three ''master regulator'' proteins (CtrA, GcrA, and DnaA), is converted into a quantitative model, in order to study the temporal dynamics of these and other cell cycle proteins. (ebi.ac.uk)
While the functionalization of methionine, threonine, and isoleucine synthesis was unsuccessful, restoration of valine synthesis rendered mammalian cells partially independent of exogenous valine. (elifesciences.org)
Mammalian cells are one of the two types of eukaryotic cells, in which contains many internal membrane bounded structures called organelles, they are separated into different groups in order to increase their efficiency at bringing out particular function, and this is called compartmentalization, however there is processes that requires different organelles working together in order to take place, such as respiration (involves the cytoplasm and mitochondria) and Protein Synthesis (Nucleus, Ribosomes). (markedbyteachers.com)
it contains the DNA information (chromosomes) of the cell and is the site where DNA replication and RNA transcription take place, while the nucleolus is located in the centre of the nucleus containing ribosomes in various stages of synthesis, the nucleolus is also responsible for the manufacture of the ribosomes. (markedbyteachers.com)

We find that nuclear organization has the greatest impact, and that genes encoding for physically interacting proteins specifically tend to covary, suggesting importance for protein complex formation. (nih.gov)
Our results lend support to the concept of post-transcriptional RNA operons, but we further present evidence that nuclear proximity of genes may provide substantial functional regulation in mammalian single cells. (nih.gov)
MitoCarta3.0 is an inventory of 1136 human and 1140 mouse genes encoding proteins with strong support of mitochondrial localization, now with sub-mitochondrial compartment and pathway annotations. (broadinstitute.org)
P53 is an important transcriptional factor which modulates the expression of more than 130 genes controlled in cell stress-response. (umanitoba.ca)
We aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of MRV infection on the expression of host genes and the possible role of p53 in the interaction of MRV and host cells. (umanitoba.ca)
The team's high-throughput method allows researchers to quickly screen for genes, drugs, mutations or new conditions that influence protein aggregates, offering new ways to explore their causes and potential new therapies. (sciencedaily.com)
Somatic mutations in other genes involved in cell growth are also needed for a melanoma to develop. (medlineplus.gov)

Single-cell RNA sequencing studies on gene co-expression patterns could yield important regulatory and functional insights, but have so far been limited by the confounding effects of differentiation and cell cycle. (nih.gov)
Mammalian cell lines are often the preferred cell factories for manufacturing biologics since they generate proteins with human-like post-translational modifications, which are often essential features to obtain functional, safe, and effective therapeutics. (kth.se)
The large-scale expression of many membrane proteins, including the members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, in a correctly folded and fully functional form remains a formidable challenge. (essex.ac.uk)
The findings also reveal that the selective distribution of the three proteins was altered during development presumably to meet the changing needs of the cells to maintain normal and functional levels of iron and other essential metals. (cdc.gov)
Compelling evidence has however shown that without the assistance of the helper T lymphocytes, it is indeed difficult for the "helpless" B cells to become functional enough to trigger SLE-related inflammation. (hindawi.com)
Recently, a number of phenotypic and functional alterations which increase the propensity to trigger lupus-related inflammation have been identified in lupus T cells. (hindawi.com)
Phenotypic and functional alterations in lupus T cells including expansion of the Th17 population, perturbations of the physiology of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and postreceptor downstream signalling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes result in exaggeration of TCR response to stimuli and the propensity of lupus T cells to get activated [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
In the interaction with proteins, lead binds with virtually every available functional group, including sulfhydryl, amine, phosphate, and carboxyl groups, with sulfhydryl having the highest affinity. (cdc.gov)
Most of these mutations lead to production of little or no functional p16(INK4A) protein. (medlineplus.gov)
CDKN2A gene mutations involved in cancer impair production of functional p16(INK4A) or, less commonly, p14(ARF), which can result in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. (medlineplus.gov)

In vitro exposure of BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells and A549 alveolar adenocarcinoma cells results in cytotoxicity, increased oxidative stress, increased intracellular [Ca2 + ], decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and interleukin (IL)-8 production. (dovepress.com)
Mature epithelial cells originate from the crypt and move up toward the villus tip. (wjgnet.com)

One synthetic pathway produced valine at a sufficient level for cell viability and proliferation. (elifesciences.org)
Increasing the dosage of downstream ilvD boosted pathway performance and allowed for long-term propagation of second-generation cells in valine-free medium at 3.2 days per doubling. (elifesciences.org)
MetaCore™ analysis based on this group of proteins produced a pathway with a statistically significant association with development of neoplastic diseases. (northwestern.edu)
Moreover, even after entering the HDR pathway, an unclear mechanism involving protein 53BP1 and Shieldin complex blocks the pathway from progressing. (europa.eu)

For example, photo-activatable G-protein-coupled receptors (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
However, Rigamonti et al 6 recently showed that wild type huntingtin can protect CNS cells from a variety of apoptotic stimuli, including serum withdrawal, stimulation of death receptors, and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homologues. (bmj.com)

A combination of immobilized metal ion chromatography, 2D gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry was employed to analyze potential plutonium-binding proteins. (northwestern.edu)
Utilizing Rictor knock-out cells, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, a novel Rictor associated protein, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M), was identified. (omicsdi.org)
Developing the project will boost my career as new skills in structural biology, including protein electron microscopy, will complement my previous expertise in protein-protein interaction and crosslinking mass spectrometry studies. (europa.eu)

The Flores Kim lab studies how bacteria build their cell envelopes and how antimicrobials disrupt these processes. (umassmed.edu)
Models of animal cell culture systems have a wide range of potential applications, such as analysis and prediction of experimental results, optimisation of culture conditions for prolonged viability, and perhaps most importantly, the investigation of fundamental metabolic processes and their subsequent elucidation. (imperial.ac.uk)
The integration of these three research tools represents a unique, novel, and interdisciplinary approach to addressing the complicated research and industrial problem of model-based control and optimisation of mammalian cell culture processes. (imperial.ac.uk)
In this essay I would like to talk about the compartmentalisation of the cell and some important processes happen within the cell that requires the corporation of different organelles. (markedbyteachers.com)
Proteins regulate all of the processes that keep cells alive, but when misfolded they can clump into large aggregations, a phenomenon associated with diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's. (sciencedaily.com)

The HAP protein inhibited the bacterial growth within 30 min after inducting HAP expression. (bvsalud.org)
The transmission electron microscopic examination revealed that the morphology of the bacterial cells expressing hap was changed dramatically unusually elongated phenotype compared with those of controls and finally leading to cell death . (bvsalud.org)
These results suggest that a trace amount of HAP induces bacterial cell death and the death is related with reactive oxygen species (ROS). (bvsalud.org)
The Haynes Laboratory is interested in how cells and organisms adapt to mitochondrial dysfunction in a number of physiologic and pathologic scenarios including during aging, oocyte biogenesis, cancer cell growth, stem cell maintenance and bacterial infection. (umassmed.edu)

Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric evaluation of proteins from rgCRFP-infected hen embryo fibroblasts utilizing business anti -RFP antibody led to the identification of a complete of 21 gC interacting host proteins. (eqalix.com)
The mechanisms underlying the appearance of asymmetry between cells in the early embryo and consequently the specification of distinct cell lineages during mammalian development remain elusive. (nature.com)
Louvet-Vallee, S., Vinot, S. & Maro, B. Mitotic spindles and cleavage planes are oriented randomly in the two-cell mouse embryo. (nature.com)
Driever, W. & Nüsslein-Volhard, C. The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentration-dependent manner. (nature.com)

These outcomes reveal that the early developmental occasions of post-fertilization sperm mitophagy noticed in porcine zygote will be reconstituted in a cell-free system, which may grow to be a useful gizmo for figuring out extra molecules that regulate mitochondrial inheritance in mammals. (eqalix.com)
2008). A mitochondrial protein compendium elucidates complex I disease biology. (broadinstitute.org)
In contrast to the results for BEAS-2B and A549 cells, in RKO colon carcinoma cells ZnO NPs and not Zn2 + induce cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. (dovepress.com)
Both exogenous (inflammation, chemoradiotherapy, and diet) and endogenous factors (mitochondrial dysfunction, extracellular matrix, and enteric nervous system) have vital effects on stem cell fate modulation. (wjgnet.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common factor to many human diseases, however the intrinsic means cells employ to survive and ultimately recover from mitochondrial perturbations are only beginning to be understood. (umassmed.edu)

The Arc gene, which contains remnants of a structural GAG retrotransposon sequence, produces a protein that self-assembles into capsid-like structures harboring Arc mRNA. (lu.se)
The function of a protein is determined by the number and sequence of amino acids, which controls the three-dimensional structure of the resulting folded polypeptide. (frontiersin.org)
Chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) in mammalian cells are repaired by either homology-directed repair (HDR), using a homologous sequence as a repair template, or nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), which often involves sequence alterations at the DSB site. (arizona.edu)
How do cells that contain the same DNA sequence end up looking so different from one other (e.g. one of your brain cells compared to one of your muscle cells)? (umassmed.edu)

Our results show that several proteins from PC12 cells show affinity towards Pu 4+ -NTA (plutonium bound to nitrilotriacetic acid). (northwestern.edu)
The CDKN2A gene provides instructions for making several proteins. (medlineplus.gov)

COX-1 is expressed constitutively and is isolated throughout most cell lines in almost all mammalian tissues. (medscape.com)

Animal cell technology is an area of rapid expansion and one that produces a wide range of high-value products, including vaccines, recombinant proteins, drugs for cardiovascular, respiratory and immune diseases, and monoclonal antibodies. (imperial.ac.uk)
Mammalian cells are currently the preferred expression system for high-value bio-pharmaceutical products, in particular, monoclonal antibodies. (imperial.ac.uk)

Market growth has been supported by advances in recombinant protein production technologies, including the engineering of expression hosts, the optimization of upstream cultivation (e.g., bioreactor design, nutritional, and physical parameters), and the development of more efficient protein extraction and purification methods. (frontiersin.org)

Complementary with the binding of SQSTM1 and VCP to sperm mitochondria, two sperm-borne pro-mitophagy proteins, parkin co-regulated gene product (PACRG) and spermatogenesis related 18, underwent localization modifications after extract coincubation, which had been according to their degradation noticed inside fertilized porcine oocytes. (eqalix.com)
[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)
A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)

Dr. Pryciak studies how protein kinases regulate cell signaling and the cell cycle. (umassmed.edu)
These pores regulate the in and out of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, such as macromolecules like proteins and RNA, however water, ions , ATP and other small molecules can freely move in and out between them. (markedbyteachers.com)
These proteins help regulate the cell cycle, which is the cell's way of replicating itself in an organized, step-by-step fashion. (medlineplus.gov)
Without p16(INK4A) to regulate cell growth and division (proliferation), cells can continue to grow and divide without control, which can lead to tumor formation. (medlineplus.gov)
Together, the germline and somatic mutations impair the function of proteins that regulate division and senescence, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of a melanoma. (medlineplus.gov)

More than 300 protein-based medicines have been approved in the USA and Europe, and proteins account for almost a third of all pharmaceuticals in development ( Walsh, 2018 ). (frontiersin.org)

post-fertilization sperm mitophagy depend on the ubiquitin -binding autophagy receptor, sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), and the proteasome-interacting ubiquitin ated protein dislocase, valosin-containing protein (VCP). (eqalix.com)
Some examples include: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) Stem cell factor (SCF) receptor (also called c-kit, see the article on gastrointestinal stromal tumor). (wikipedia.org)
Iron-bound transferrin has an increased affinity for the transferrin receptor, which is then transported into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis. (genengnews.com)
Supplied as a human holo-transferrin analog, rTransferrin binds specifically to the transferrin receptor thereby facilitating the bioavailability of iron to the cell. (genengnews.com)
Here, potential mechanisms involving alterations in T-cell receptor expressions, postreceptor downstream signalling, epigenetics, and oxidative stress which favour activation of lupus T cells will be discussed. (hindawi.com)
In comparison with other monosaccharides, xylose is rather unusual and, so far, only found in two different mammalian structures, i.e. in the Notch receptor and as the linker between protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains in proteoglycans. (lu.se)
In this study, we have characterized a novel approach for identification and selection of protein-protein interactions, denoted SPIRE (selection of protein interactions by receptor engagement), which is based on a mammalian expression system. (lu.se)
We have demonstrated proof of concept by creating a general plasma membrane bound decoy receptor, by displaying a protein or a peptide genetically fused to a trunctated version of the CD40 molecule. (lu.se)
To design a high-throughput system with a highly parallel capacity, we utilized the B cell line WEHI-231, as carrier of the decoy receptor. (lu.se)
One specific peptide-displaying cell could be identified and amplified, based on a specific receptor engagement, in a background of 12 500 wild-type cells after four selections. (lu.se)

In-depth models can be utilised as tools in predictive cell biology. (imperial.ac.uk)
It is clear that the biological behaviour of cells is of such complexity that any model, to be robustly predictive, must be sufficiently structured and detailed in terms of the captured biology. (imperial.ac.uk)

In summary, this thesis provides strategies to improve the production process of biologics in mammalian cell lines and thereby contributes to the goal of offering safe, effective, and affordable medicine to patients in every part of this world. (kth.se)

In the final project, the toolbox from the fourth project was employed to develop an in vitro cell-based cancer assay which is a crucial tool in cancer research and drug discovery. (kth.se)

The intracellular or cytoplasmic Protein kinase domain is responsible for the (highly conserved) kinase activity, as well as several regulatory functions. (wikipedia.org)
Whether the increased intracellular [Zn2 + ] is due to the NPs being taken up by cells or to NP dissolution in medium is still unclear. (dovepress.com)
A hallmark of many of these diseases, including HD, spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) types 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7, is the development of intracellular protein aggregates (inclusions) in the vulnerable neurones. (bmj.com)

In contrast to the previously known plutonium-binding proteins transferrin and ferritin, which bind ferric ions, most identified proteins in our experiment are known to bind calcium, magnesium, or divalent transition metal ions. (northwestern.edu)
Transferrin is the natural physiological method by which iron is transported into the cell. (genengnews.com)
Traditionally, transferrin has been supplied in the form of serum-derived human transferrin (hTf), bovine transferrin (bTf), or, more recently, with the move toward serum-free medium (SFM), inorganic iron salts have been used to supply iron to mammalian cells. (genengnews.com)
It is a recombinant analog of human transferrin that has shown equivalence to serum-derived human transferrin (hTf) and superiority to bovine transferrin (bTf) in stimulating cell growth and productivity for a number of cell lines. (genengnews.com)

During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
The signaling network in the niche establishes the baseline for self-renewal, fate determination, proliferation, and differentiation of intestinal stem cells. (wjgnet.com)

Finally, we describe methods for the growth of these cells lines in scalable suspension culture for the preparation of milligram amounts of recombinant protein. (essex.ac.uk)
Existing methods used to detect protein aggregations have limited research applications because they are labor-intensive, cannot be used on living cells or do not reliably produce quantitative data. (sciencedaily.com)
METHODS We cotransfected neuronal (SK-N-SH, human neuroblastoma) and non-neuronal (COS-7, monkey kidney) cell lines with HD exon 1 (containing either 21 or 72 CAG repeats) construct DNA and either full length wild type huntingtin or pFLAG (control vector). (bmj.com)

The crypts generate a constant stream of new cells that differentiate and migrate upward into the villi. (wjgnet.com)

Therapeutic proteins (e.g., antibodies, vaccines, enzymes, cytokines, and growth factors) account for almost half of this market, followed by industrial proteins (e.g., technical enzymes) and research reagents (e.g., antibodies for protein detection and purification) ( Markets and Markets, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
Rising demand for cell lines for producing vaccines to combat the COVID-19 outbreak is boding well for the growth of the mammalian cell banking market. (medgadget.com)

The demand for recombinant proteins is therefore rising steadily, with a market valued at US$1.654 billion in 2017 predicted to reach US$2.850 billion by 2022 ( Markets and Markets, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)

One way to achieve this goal is to engineer mammalian cell factories to improve the quantity and quality of biopharmaceuticals while reducing the production cost. (kth.se)

Above the stem cell zone is the lineage-committed progenitor cells, also known as the transit amplifying zone, divided to fuel the rapid epithelial cell turnover. (wjgnet.com)
Eosinophils are granulocytes (white blood cells that contain granules in their cytoplasm) derived from the same progenitor cells as monocytes-macrophages, neutrophils, and basophils. (msdmanuals.com)

Karro K, Männik T, Männik A, Ustav M (2015) DNA transfer into animal cells using stearylated CPP based transfection reagent. (springer.com)
Longo PA, Kavran JM, Kim M-S, Leahy DJ (2013) Transient mammalian cell transfection with polyethylenimine (PEI). (springer.com)
Wild type huntingtin did not significantly modulate cell death caused by transfection of HD exon 1 fragments containing 21 CAG repeats in either cell line. (bmj.com)

Eukaryotic cells (from the Greek meaning truly nuclear) can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus. (markedbyteachers.com)
They have been defined as monotropic integral membrane proteins located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (COX-1) and the perinuclear envelope (COX-2). (medscape.com)

Examples of essential proteins are antibodies defending our body against foreign invaders and hemoglobulin responsible for importing oxygen to our cells and exporting carbon dioxide out from our cells. (kth.se)

Over the last three decades, the expression of recombinant proteins in plants and plant cells has been promoted as an alternative cost-effective production platform. (frontiersin.org)
Nevertheless, some plant-derived proteins for research or cosmetic/pharmaceutical applications have reached the market, showing that plants can excel as a competitive production platform in some niche areas. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we discuss the strengths of plant expression systems for specific applications, but mainly address the bottlenecks that must be overcome before plants can compete with conventional systems, enabling the future commercial utilization of plants for the production of valuable proteins. (frontiersin.org)
There are also several platforms based on plants and plant cells, but these have not been included in the latest market studies, indicating they have not yet commanded a significant share of commercial protein production capacity. (frontiersin.org)

Prior studies in our laboratory examined the localization and developmental changes of DMT1 in rat cochlea and since the two Zip proteins are also likely to contribute to the transport of essential and non-essential divalent cations, we performed immunolabeling experiments in postnatal day three rat pups and adult rats. (cdc.gov)

The structures of over 280 human protein kinases have been determined. (wikipedia.org)

Consequently, mutations leading to dysfunctional proteins is the cause of many known diseases. (kth.se)
Mutations in the CDKN2A gene are found in up to one-quarter of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the CDKN2A gene are also associated with melanoma, a type of skin cancer that begins in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. (medlineplus.gov)
These mutations, classified as germline mutations, are typically inherited and are present in essentially all of the body's cells. (medlineplus.gov)
The CDKN2A gene mutations found in melanoma result in a nonfunctional p16(INK4A) protein. (medlineplus.gov)

Ribosomes exist within the cell as free ribosomes that free floats within the cytoplasm or fixed ribosomes that are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (markedbyteachers.com)
Golgi apparatus is the site where proteins produced by the ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum further packaged and modified before releasing out of the cell through exocytosis. (markedbyteachers.com)

This review summarizes the literature on mammalian toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) published between 2009 and 2011. (dovepress.com)

Lastly, while currently available outcomes of clinical trials evaluating therapeutic agents which manipulate the T cells such as calcineurin inhibitors indicate that they are at least as efficacious and safe as conventional immunosuppressants in treating lupus glomerulonephritis, larger clinical trials are undoubtedly required to validate these as-yet favourable findings. (hindawi.com)
The current state of clinical trials evaluating therapeutic agents which target molecules expressing on and inside T cells for the treatment of SLE will be updated. (hindawi.com)
Increasing demand for cell-based therapies: The use of cells as a therapeutic agent is a promising area of research, with several cell-based therapies already approved for use in clinical settings. (medgadget.com)

From published experimental evidence, we propose a molecular mechanism for control of the cell division cycle in Caulobacter crescentus. (ebi.ac.uk)
However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which MRV regulates the expression of host cells are largely unknown. (umanitoba.ca)
An attractive approach is to develop systems that allow for clonal selection of interacting protein pairs from large molecular libraries. (lu.se)

Finally, we recorded mCherry-Arc interaction with presynaptic protein Bassoon in mCherry-negative surrounding neurons at close proximity to mCherry-positive spines of edited neurons. (lu.se)
F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains (Jin et al. (nih.gov)
After cell lysis and clearing of the lysate, proteins are initially purified using an immobilized-metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) procedure that is based on the proven 6xHis-tag-Ni-NTA interaction. (qiagen.com)

The Massi lab uses their expertise in NMR Spectroscopy to understand the dynamics of protein-RNA interactions. (umassmed.edu)
This demonstrates that the approach may serve as a tool in post-genomic research for identifying protein-protein interactions, without prior knowledge of either component. (lu.se)

A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Endocytosis is a fundamental process involved in trafficking of various extracellular and transmembrane molecules from the cell surface to its interior. (mdpi.com)
Вроджений імунітет The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)

The double tag allows purification by a two-step affinity purification system, enabling simple and highly efficient purification of ultrapure proteins in a standardized procedure. (qiagen.com)
The Two-Step Affinity Purification System is highly suited for applications where high purity is essential and is difficult to achieve with His-tag alone, for example, for proteins expressed in eucaryotic cells. (qiagen.com)

Both vectors encode a C-terminal tag that ensures only full-length protein is purified. (qiagen.com)

Proteins are the building blocks of all living organisms enabling us to function and survive. (kth.se)

The team applied their tool to study the protein aggregates involved in Huntington's disease, a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disease. (sciencedaily.com)
This helps us understand some of the toxic effects that Huntington's has on our cells," said Newby. (sciencedaily.com)

To create the new system, Newby and his colleagues developed a synthetic, or human-made, gene that causes a cell to alter its fluorescence when a protein of interest accumulates into a clump. (sciencedaily.com)

However, the market is still dominated by prokaryotic and mammalian expression systems, the former offering high production capacity at a low cost, and the latter favored for the production of complex biopharmaceutical products. (frontiersin.org)
Mammalian transient expression systems enable flexible and rapid production of proteins. (springer.com)

Anatomy38

Organisms24

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs71

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes89

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Target of rapamycin7

Abstract1

Early mammalian embryo2

Pathways11

Yeast8

Insect7

Production of recombinant2

Coli3

Apoptosis12

Metabolism2

Gene expression4

Cellular10

MTOR1

Genome9

Vivo5

Nucleic acids1

Synthesis4

Genes7

Functional10

Epithelial cells2

Pathway4

Receptors2

Mass spectrometry3

Processes5

Bacterial4

Embryo4

Mitochondrial5

Sequence4

Several proteins2

Tissues1

Monoclonal Antibodies2

Recombinant protein production1

Mitochondria6

Regulate5

20181

Receptor10

Biology2

Biologics1

Vitro1

Intracellular3

Transferrin4

Proliferation3

Methods3

Generate1

Vaccines2

20221

Factories1

Progenitor Cells2

Transfection3

Membrane2

Antibodies1

Plant4

Localization1

Structures1

Mutations5

Endoplasmic reticulum2

Toxicity1

Therapeutic3

Molecular3

Interaction3

Interactions2

Molecules3

Purification2

Vectors1

Living organisms1

Huntington's2

Human1

Expression systems2