DegradationApoptosisCytosolLipidsIntracellularGenesLumenReceptorStressMembrane proteinMammalianNucleusMembranesMitochondriaYeastGeneMRNACompartmentMutationsCytoplasmSynthesisVesiclesTranslocationSecretoryAdaptor proteinsMaturationPlasma membraneExtracellularLipidSequencesBacterialPathwayCellLysosomeAmino acidsAutophagySplicingSubcellularActivatesFormationHomeostasisRibosomesMutationIndicatorsTranscriptionalBindsPeptidesReticulon
Degradation7
- One of the primary means by which the UPR alleviates this stress is by reducing protein flux into the ER via a general suppression of protein synthesis and ER-specific mRNA degradation. (duke.edu)
- IRE1 significantly upregulated ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD), triggering pronounced P23H rhodopsin degradation. (nih.gov)
- Our findings not only demonstrate a promising strategy for preventing intracellular kAE1 accumulation and improving kAE1 plasma membrane targeting but also highlight the versatility of yeast as model to investigate kAE1-related research questions including the analysis of structural features, protein degradation and trafficking. (bvsalud.org)
- Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that eliminates damaged cell organelles, unfolded proteins, and various intracellular pathogens through lysosomal degradation. (hindawi.com)
- In general, autophagy degrades long-lived damaged intracellular proteins, in contrast to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which controls the degradation of short-lived proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- After the degradation of damaged proteins and lipids, amino acids and fatty acids are released into the cytoplasm and recycled for new biosynthesis of cellular components or energy production [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- May participate in the degradation of foreign protein expressed by the baculovirus system (By similarity). (joplink.net)
Apoptosis1
- We now report an alternate mechanism of GAS-mediated apoptosis of primary human keratinocytes, initiated by extracellular GAS and involving dysregulation of intracellular calcium to produce endoplasmic reticulum stress. (lu.se)
Cytosol3
- We report here an additional UPR-induced mechanism for the reduction of protein flux into the ER, where mRNAs that encode signal sequences are released from the ER to the cytosol. (duke.edu)
- Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T-cell epitopes can be generated from these proteins by the proteasome after retrotranslocation into the cytosol. (ox.ac.uk)
- In their absence, the bulk of the matrix proteins are mislocalized to the cytosol 5 , even though these cells still contain peroxisomal membrane structures to which peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) are sorted 6 . (rug.nl)
Lipids2
- The VASt domain is responsible for binding cholesterol while the GRAM domain determines the location of the protein through sensing of cholesterol and binding partially negatively charged lipids in the plasma membrane, especially phosphatidylserine. (wikipedia.org)
- The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that contains a wide variety of molecules mostly proteins and lipids. (protopage.com)
Intracellular4
- Boosting endoplasmic reticulum folding capacity reduces unfolded protein response activation and intracellular accumulation of human kidney anion exchanger 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (bvsalud.org)
- Identification by anti-idiotype antibodies of an intracellular membrane protein that recognizes a mammalian endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. (ox.ac.uk)
- When a message molecule binds to the extracellular side of the receptor, it triggers a shape change activating G proteins and the ß-arrestin protein attached to the intracellular side of the receptor. (sciencedaily.com)
- The team synthesized a non-peptide message molecule called PCO371 which binds to the intracellular region of the receptor and interacts directly with G protein subunits. (sciencedaily.com)
Genes5
- Genes for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-shaping proteins are among the most commonly mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). (frontiersin.org)
- The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways focused on the plant hormone signal transduction and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. (researchsquare.com)
- Es activado por PROTEASAS y a continuación se traslada al NÚCLEO CELULAR para regular la TRANSCRIPCIÓN GENÉTICA de GENES implicados en la respuesta de las proteínas no plegadas. (bvsalud.org)
- It is activated by PROTEASES and then moves to the CELL NUCLEUS to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in the unfolded protein response. (bvsalud.org)
- Genes Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic. (msdmanuals.com)
Lumen1
- Ribosomes deposit proteins into the lumen of the rough ER, where they can be modified. (visiblebody.com)
Receptor6
- Rhodopsin is a G protein-coupled receptor essential for vision and rod photoreceptor viability. (nih.gov)
- These anti-idiotype reagents recognize an intrinsic membrane protein with characteristics expected of a receptor responsible for the recognition and return of resident proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. (ox.ac.uk)
- Direct insertion of PMPs into peroxisomes depends on Pex3 and Pex19 8 , Pex19 being the chaperone/receptor for PMPs and Pex3 the peroxisomal docking protein for the Pex19-cargo complex. (rug.nl)
- Baird, G. S., Zacharias, D. A. & Tsien, R. Y. Circular permutation and receptor insertion within green fluorescent proteins. (nature.com)
- Stephani M, Picchianti L, ..., Dagdas Y (2020) A cross-kingdom conserved ER-phagy receptor maintains endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis during stress. (oeaw.ac.at)
- One such receptor involved in relaying molecular signals is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (sciencedaily.com)
Stress12
- The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response program that reprograms cellular translation and gene expression in response to proteotoxic stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (duke.edu)
- These findings identify the dynamic subcellular localization of mRNAs and translation as a selective and rapid regulatory feature of the cellular response to protein folding stress. (duke.edu)
- Disease-associated rhodopsin mutations, such as P23H rhodopsin, cause rhodopsin protein misfolding and trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). (nih.gov)
- Our findings reveal that an early and significant pathophysiologic effect of ER stress in photoreceptors is the highly efficient elimination of misfolded rhodopsin protein. (nih.gov)
- of N-acetylcysteine on fluoride-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in sertoli cells]. (fluoridealert.org)
- OBJECTIVE: Investigated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on endoplasmic reticulum stress of sertoli cells induced by sodium fluoride (NaF). (fluoridealert.org)
- CONCLUSION: Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways were activated by ROS, and NAC attenuate endoplasmic reticulum stress through inhibiting the levels of ROS in NaF-treated sertoli cells. (fluoridealert.org)
- The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc. (cancerindex.org)
- Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. (cancerindex.org)
- But when cells are under stress, the chaperone protein migrates to the cell's nucleus, where it alters gene activities and changes the behavior of the cell, allowing the cancer cells to become more mobile and invasive. (news-medical.net)
- Lee said it's possible-;even likely-;that other proteins that typically reside in one part of the cell could, under stress or other triggers, migrate to another part of the cell and alter cell behavior in multiple ways. (news-medical.net)
- In response to endoplasmic reticulum stress it translocates to the GOLGI APPARATUS. (bvsalud.org)
Membrane protein3
- This process depends on the general physico-chemical features of the cargo membrane protein and on the interactions of these features with the collective properties of the bilayer, instead of the one-to-one intermolecular interactions that exist between discrete signals and their receptors. (biologists.com)
- Type I membrane protein. (lu.se)
- The primary defect in Dubin-Johnson syndrome is a mutation in an apical canalicular membrane protein responsible for the excretion of bilirubin and other nonbile salt organic anions. (medscape.com)
Mammalian3
- Protein phosphorylation controls a wide range of physiological processes in mammalian tissues. (duke.edu)
- These proteins are mammalian representatives of the yeast lipid transfer proteins anchored at a membrane contact site (LAM) family. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, our approach might be a promising strategy for future analyses to further optimize the cell surface targeting of other disease -related PM proteins , not only in yeast but also in mammalian cells . (bvsalud.org)
Nucleus3
- The nucleus holds the DNA and protein. (protopage.com)
- GRP78 could also bind to other proteins in the nucleus critical for cancer, opening up a new line of research in cancer biology. (news-medical.net)
- The discovery that GRP78, a major endoplasmic reticulum protein, can travel to the nucleus and assume new functions, could also have broad implications across the field of cell biology. (news-medical.net)
Membranes4
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that folds, modifies, and transports proteins in eukaryotic cells. (cshlpress.com)
- Using various biochemical techniques and advanced light and electron microscopy , we showed that accumulation of kAE1 mainly occurs in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes which eventually leads to strong unfolded protein response (UPR) activation and severe growth defect in kAE1 expressing yeast cells . (bvsalud.org)
- Although it is still not clear where autophagosome membranes originate, possible sources are the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and the Golgi [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
Mitochondria1
- Ribosomal protein L10 in mitochondria serves as a regulator for ROS level in pancreatic cancer cells. (nih.gov)
Yeast1
- Posttranslational translocation of prepro-alpha-factor (ppalphaF) across the yeast endoplasmic reticulum membrane begins with the binding of the signal sequence to the Sec complex, a membrane component consisting of the trimeric Sec61p complex and the tetrameric Sec62p/63p complex. (edu.au)
Gene7
- GRAM domain containing 1A also known as Aster-A is a protein that is encoded by the GRAMD1A gene. (wikipedia.org)
- This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S ribosome subunit. (nih.gov)
- The CALR gene provides instructions for making a multi-functional protein called calreticulin. (medlineplus.gov)
- This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. (cancerindex.org)
- It has been found that upon accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the mRNA of this gene is processed to an active form by an unconventional splicing mechanism that is mediated by the endonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1). (cancerindex.org)
- What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
- The large number of clinical cases in 2001 selective pressure on the envelope (E) protein gene of may have been due, in part, to a preponderance of infec- some dengue viruses is evident (19), the most extensive tions with dengue 1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
MRNA3
- The unfolded protein response triggers selective mRNA release from the endoplasmic reticulum. (duke.edu)
- We focus on mRNA localization - the process by which cells control where and when a protein is synthesized by localizing its mRNA to a discrete location(s) in the cell. (duke.edu)
- The regulation of expression of X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), a transcriptional factor, involves an unconventional mRNA splicing that removes the 26 nucleotides intron. (mdpi.com)
Compartment1
Mutations2
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is implicated in these mechanisms, with HSP mutations affecting ER proteins with a variety of roles including lipid metabolism, ER membrane-contact-site function, and ER architecture ( Blackstone, 2018 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
Cytoplasm1
- This protein is found in several parts of the cell, including inside a structure called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in the fluid-filled space inside the cell (the cytoplasm), and at the outer surface of the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Synthesis3
- Our laboratory studies the cellular architecture and regulation of protein synthesis, with the goal of understanding how cells regulate the subcellular organization and temporal dynamics of protein synthesis. (duke.edu)
- The primary function of ribosomes is protein synthesis. (visiblebody.com)
- A proteomics approach revealed that several proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of N -glycoprotein synthesis, are down-regulated upon apratoxin A exposure. (aspetjournals.org)
Vesicles5
- Secretory proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles and then progress through the Golgi complex before delivery to their final destination. (biologists.com)
- The Golgi body receives proteins, synthesized by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, via transport vesicles. (visiblebody.com)
- Enzymes in the cisternae modify these proteins and pack them into vesicles that bud off the Golgi body and transport the proteins to different areas in the cell. (visiblebody.com)
- Transport vesicles then take the modified proteins to the nearby Golgi body, where they are processed further and sorted for transport. (visiblebody.com)
- Biochemically distinct vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse to form peroxisomes. (rug.nl)
Translocation3
- By removing mRNAs from the site of translocation, this mechanism may serve as a potent means to transiently reduce ER protein folding load and restore proteostasis. (duke.edu)
- A membrane component essential for vectorial translocation of nascent proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum: requirements for its extraction and reassociation with the membrane. (rupress.org)
- Using in vitro cell free systems, we demonstrated that apratoxin A prevents cotranslational translocation of proteins destined for the secretory pathway. (aspetjournals.org)
Secretory3
- In this Commentary, I review evidence in favor of the idea that partitioning of TMDs into bilayer domains that are endowed with distinct physico-chemical properties plays a pivotal role in the transport of membrane proteins within the early secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
- The combination of such self-organizational phenomena with canonical intermolecular interactions is most likely to control the release of membrane proteins from the ER into the secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
- Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
Adaptor proteins1
- The coat on the budding vesicle comprises two layers, an inner layer of adaptor proteins (gray ovals) and an outer layer that forms a polyhedral cage. (biologists.com)
Maturation1
- During elongation and maturation, the phagophore encapsulates damaged proteins and cell organelles. (hindawi.com)
Plasma membrane3
- Proteins synthesized by ribosomes are used by organelles in the cell, by the plasma membrane, or by structures outside the cell. (visiblebody.com)
- When the plasma membrane contains high levels of cholesterol, GRAMD1a like GRAMD1b and GRAMD1c moves to sites of contact between the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. (wikipedia.org)
- The VASt domain of GRAMD1A then binds cholesterol and cholesterol is moved from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum. (wikipedia.org)
Extracellular1
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was identified as main hub in controlling extracellular matrix protein secretion. (oeaw.ac.at)
Lipid1
- For membrane proteins, a third mechanism, based on the interaction of their transmembrane domain (TMD) with lipid microdomains, must also be considered. (biologists.com)
Sequences1
- Monoclonal antibodies were raised against antibodies to distinct carboxy-terminal KDEL sequences of two soluble, resident endoplasmic reticulum proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
Bacterial1
- Ribosomes are made mostly of rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), and bacterial cells contain more than 50 associated proteins, whereas plant and animal cells contain 80 associated proteins. (visiblebody.com)
Pathway1
Cell11
- Rhodopsin protein loss occurred as soon as photoreceptors developed, preceding photoreceptor cell death. (nih.gov)
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-enclosed sacs and tubules in a cell. (visiblebody.com)
- The Golgi Apparatus sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. (protopage.com)
- There is only 1 in each cell and it transports protein around. (protopage.com)
- The endoplasmic reticulum translates proteins and transports items throughout the cell. (protopage.com)
- Ribosomes assemble proteins and polypeptides for cell division. (protopage.com)
- They have a single 'room' to perform all the necessary functions of life, namely producing proteins from the instructions stored in DNA, which is the complete set of instructions for building a cell. (yahoo.com)
- This protects the DNA and allows the cell to fine-tune the production of proteins necessary to do its job and keep the cell alive. (yahoo.com)
- Helps organize proteins for distribution around the cell. (yahoo.com)
- I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
- Typically, GRP78 resides in a part of the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum. (news-medical.net)
Lysosome1
- Ultimately, the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome, facilitated by Rab7 and LAMP proteins. (hindawi.com)
Amino acids1
- These genetic changes lead to production of an altered calreticulin protein with a different sequence of building blocks (amino acids) at one end. (medlineplus.gov)
Autophagy1
- The autophagophore membrane then elongates and encloses the molecules to be degraded forming an autophagosome, which occurs in two separate conjugation reactions catalyzed by autophagy-related proteins (ATGs). (hindawi.com)
Splicing1
- My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)
Subcellular1
- Here I pursued my scientific interests in subcellular protein localisation, bioinformatics, and mathematical modelling. (brookes.ac.uk)
Activates1
- And because PCO371 activates only G protein and not ß-arrestin it does not cause side effects. (sciencedaily.com)
Formation1
- Contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum to peroxisome formation. (rug.nl)
Homeostasis1
- We propose that early disruption of rhodopsin protein homeostasis in photoreceptors could contribute to retinal degeneration. (nih.gov)
Ribosomes1
- Rough ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane, and it has numerous, protein-synthesizing ribosomes attached to it. (visiblebody.com)
Mutation1
- The bar plot below shows the proportion of tumor samples that have any kind of altering mutation(s) in the given protein. (phosphosite.org)
Indicators1
- Fluorescent indicators for Ca 2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin. (nature.com)
Transcriptional1
- The related protein in chicken can bind to c-Jun and can repress c-Jun-mediated transcriptional activation. (nih.gov)
Binds1
- The team found that GRP78 binds to ID2, another cellular protein. (news-medical.net)
Peptides1
- One of its functions is to cut proteins into smaller pieces called peptides that can be recognized by the immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Reticulon2
- I took up a position at Oxford Brookes University in 2012 investigating the role of reticulon proteins in ER tubulation and viral trafficking in order to develop my international reputation in ER research and advanced imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
- I published the first report of plant ER reticulon protein interactors by Co-IP and FRET-FLIM. (brookes.ac.uk)