• chromaffin cells of the medulla, adrenal, enterochromaffin-like, paraganglia and beta cells of the pancreas. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • We recently demonstrated that chromogranins A and B each regulate the concentration of adrenaline in chromaffin granules and its exocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • Similarly, overexpression of CSP in chromaffin cells inhibited the extent of exocytosis and slowed the kinetics of individual release events, indicating a key role of CSP close to fusion pore opening during Ca 2+ -regulated exocytosis ( Graham and Burgoyne, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Recently, miRNA exocytosis by vesicle fusion in response to stimulation was observed in chromaffin cells, which are neuroendocrine cells in the sympathetic nervous system ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • echolamine secretion and exocytosis kinetics was studied in perfused rat adrenals and in cultured bovine chromaffin echolamines. (drugstodaypdf.com)
  • A single form of Rab3 exists in C. elegans and is believed to play a role in neurotransmitter release (47), while in sea urchin eggs a Rab3 is believed to play a role in cortical granule exocytosis (13). (pancreapedia.org)
  • α-Granule exocytosis is evaluated primarily by plasma membrane expression of P-selectin (CD62P) by flow cytometry or estimation of the release of PF4, VWF, or other granule cargos. (cloudfront.net)
  • Dense granule exocytosis is typically evaluated by ADP/ATP release by using luciferase-based luminescence techniques, release of preloaded [ 3H] serotonin, or membrane expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) or CD63 by flow cytometry. (cloudfront.net)
  • A group of leukocytes , called granulocytes , contain granules and play an important role in the immune system . (cloudfront.net)
  • This peripheral membrane protein cleaves C-terminal amino acid residues and is involved in the biosynthesis of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, including insulin. (creativebiomart.net)
  • It has the ability to induce and promote the generation of secretory granules such as those containing insulin within pancreatic islet beta cells. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • Beta cell with insulin granules, which are the dark black spots surrounded by a white area called a halo. (cloudfront.net)
  • A specific type of granule found in the pancreas is an insulin granule. (cloudfront.net)
  • Insulin granules are secretory granules, which can release their contents from the cell into the bloodstream. (cloudfront.net)
  • Immature insulin granules function as a sorting chamber during the maturation process listed below. (cloudfront.net)
  • Chromogranin A (ChgA) is also called parathyroid secretory protein 1, consists of 439 amino acids that is a 49 kDa acidic protein encoded on chromosome 14. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This acidification process is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. (nih.gov)
  • In adrenal chromaffin cells, leakage of norepinephrine and epinephrine from storage granules leads to substantial intracellular production of the O-methylated metabolite metanephrine. (hmdb.ca)
  • In the tumor microenvironment, cell migration and invasion are regulated by many factors such as intracellular signaling pathways, growth factors or onco-proteins [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Rab GTPases, as intracellular transport proteins, are master regulators of exocytic and endocytic membrane trafficking [ 10 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The second Rab3 GEF, known as GRAB, interacts with inositol hexakisphosphate kinase and Rab3A and its protein expression is primarily in brain (41). (pancreapedia.org)
  • 2000). and other molecules with estrogen activity have been widely The sites of action responsible for the rapid action of ste- studied in a variety of tissues including chromaffin cells roids are a source of controversy. (drugstodaypdf.com)
  • It belongs to the member of granin family of neuroendocrine secretory proteins and has been identified in a large number of normal and neoplastic endocrine tissues. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • It also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in tissues such as muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Despite their increased size, single-cell amperometry recordings from chromaffin cells showed that the amine content in these vesicles is reduced by half. (nih.gov)
  • These data demonstrate that although chromogranins regulate the amine concentration in LDCVs, they are not completely essential, and other proteins unrelated to neurosecretion, such as fibrinogen, might compensate for their loss to ensure that vesicles are generated and the secretory pathway conserved. (nih.gov)
  • Information in the endocrine system is transmitted through several small molecules, peptides and proteins that function as hormones. (tomsk.ru)
  • Cellular particles often filled with lipids , proteins , ferritin , glycogen or pigments. (emf-portal.org)
  • The journal presents papers on functional neurochemistry, nervous system receptors, neurotransmitters, myelin, chromaffin granules and other components of the nervous system, as well as neurophysiological and clinical aspects, behavioral reactions, etc. (scijournal.org)
  • They contain mainly proteins, both membrane-associated receptors (for example, αIIbβ3 and P-selectin) and soluble cargo (for example, platelet factor 4 [PF4] and fibrinogen). (cloudfront.net)
  • A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additional isoforms of many of the V1 and V0 subunit proteins are encoded by multiple genes or alternatively spliced transcript variants. (wikipedia.org)
  • α-Granules are unique to platelets and are the most abundant of the platelet granules, numbering 50-80 per platelet 2. (cloudfront.net)
  • These granules measure 200-500 nm in diameter and account for about 10% of platelet volume. (cloudfront.net)
  • Dense granules (also known as δ-granules) are the second most abundant platelet granules, with 3-8 per platelet. (cloudfront.net)
  • Other platelet granules have been described. (cloudfront.net)
  • V-ATPase is ubiquitously expressed and is present in endomembrane organelles such as vacuoles, lysosomes, endosomes, the Golgi apparatus, chromaffin granules and coated vesicles, as well as in the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
  • The classic representation of α-granules as spherical organelles with a peripheral limiting membrane, a dense nucleoid, and progressively lucent peripheral zones on transmission electron microscopy is probably simplistic and may be in part a preparation artifact. (cloudfront.net)
  • These granules, unique to the platelets, are a subtype of lysosome-related organelles (LROs), a group that also includes melanosomes, lamellar bodies of the type II alveolar cells, and lytic granules of cytotoxic T cells. (cloudfront.net)
  • This protein may also function independently of its peptidase activity, as a neurotrophic factor that promotes neuronal survival, and as a sorting receptor that binds to regulated secretory pathway proteins, including prohormones. (creativebiomart.net)
  • have shown that another protein, synaptotagmin 7, also has a key role in the replenishment of synaptic vesicles, possibly as a sensor for calcium ions. (elifesciences.org)
  • This novel trafficking/chaperoning pathway underpins neurotransmission, as secretory vesicles rely on the zippering of SNARE proteins such as syntaxin-1 to undergo fusion with the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • We demonstrated that the protein Munc18-1 was responsible for the transport of syntaxin-1 to the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • Abundant proteins, including membrane trafficking molecules, cytoskeleton molecules, chaperones, signal transduction proteins and cytoplasmic enzymes have been included in secreted exosomes [ 9 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • This leads to inhibition of granule protein degradation in the Golgi complex which in turn promotes granule formation. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Annexin A7 is a Ca 2+ - and phospholipid-binding protein expressed as a 47 and 51 kDa isoform, which is thought to be involved in membrane fusion processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Annexin A7 is a Ca 2+ - and phospholipid-binding protein, which was isolated as the agent that mediated aggregation of chromaffin granules and fusion of phospholipid membranes in the presence of Ca 2+ . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The granules of platelets are classified as dense granules and alpha granules . (cloudfront.net)
  • Dense granules mainly contain bioactive amines (for example, serotonin and histamine), adenine nucleotides, polyphosphates, and pyrophosphates as well as high concentrations of cations, particularly calcium. (cloudfront.net)
  • An electron-dense granule defined by the presence of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), termed the T granule, has also been described, although its existence remains controversial. (cloudfront.net)
  • After pre-miRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm, RNase III Dicer and TRBP (transactivation-response RNA-binding protein) cleave them into double-stranded miRNA duplexes of ~22 nt ( 30 , 31 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • They are found in the CYTOPLASM and often share multiple protein and/or RNA components. (nih.gov)
  • They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. (bvsalud.org)
  • Previous studies suggest that the vesicular cysteine-string protein (CSP) may modulate presynaptic Ca 2+ channel activity in fast neurotransmitter release. (jneurosci.org)
  • It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. (lookformedical.com)
  • The different secretory processes are controlled by corresponding Rab proteins including Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab26, Rab27A/B and Rab37. (oncotarget.com)
  • is compatible with a role in regulating Ca 2+ channel activity or SNARE [soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor] complex function in vesicle fusion. (jneurosci.org)
  • 60% of human protein-coding genes, mostly by binding to the 3′- untranslated region (3′UTR) of the target mRNAs ( 5 ) and, therefore, miRNAs affect gene expression networks of a variety of biological processes including development, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The protein belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins of a bipartite structure with a variable N-terminal and a conserved C-terminal domain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sorcin is a Ca 2+ -binding protein and belongs to the penta EF-hand protein family [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tumor suppressor protein 101F6, a gene product of the 3p21.3 (human) and 9F1 (mouse) chromosomal region, has recently been identified as a member of the cytochrome b561 (Cyt-b561) protein family by sequence homology. (uantwerpen.be)
  • The His6-tagged recombinant mouse tumor suppressor Cyt-b561 protein (TSCytb) was recently expressed in yeast and purified, and the ascorbate reducibility was determined. (uantwerpen.be)
  • alpha-SNAP interferes with the zippering of the SNARE protein membrane fusion machinery. (mpg.de)
  • Interference of zippering of SNARE complexes by alpha-snap arrest fusion of chromaffin granule. (mpg.de)
  • Because of its localization and homology to the yeast protein Sec4, it was believed to play a role in the terminal steps of secretion. (pancreapedia.org)
  • As a secretory small GTPase, Rab3D is a vital regulator for protein secretion. (oncotarget.com)
  • Similar to other small G proteins, the guanine binding state of Rab3 proteins is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange proteins or factors (GEPs or GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). (pancreapedia.org)
  • A protein called calmodulin, that binds calcium ions, has an important role in the first of these pathways. (elifesciences.org)
  • These mast cells contain many granules, themselves containing histamine, serotonin and heparin, a naturally occurring anticoagulant. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • More than 90% of extracellular miRNAs are vesicle-free, but form a complex with proteins such as Agonaute2 (AGO2) ( 22 , 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we have further studied the role played by these proteins by generating mice lacking both chromogranins. (nih.gov)