The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test, is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (wikipedia.org)
This lack of sensitivity is especially the case in young children, many of whom will not produce detectable amounts of the heterophile antibody and will thus have a false negative test result. (wikipedia.org)
An elevated heterophile antibody level may persist up to 1 year. (wikipedia.org)
Heterophile also can mean that it is an antibody that reacts with antigens other than the antigen that stimulated it (an antibody that crossreacts). (wikipedia.org)
or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity. (lookformedical.com)
First we'll go over the basic structure of antibodies and define what a heterophile antibody is. (aacc.org)
Here's the basic structure of an antibody (Ab), which is defined as a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. (aacc.org)
As you can probably tell from the figure, each antibody has 2 antigen binding sites, which allows the antibody to bind to specific antigens in a lock-and-key-like mechanism. (aacc.org)
Heterophile antibody can also be found in healthy individuals, but typically to a lesser extent. (aacc.org)
IBDV antigen and antibody were detected in pigeons and chickens. (bvsalud.org)
This provides a product that has low heterophile antibody activity for many applications, including use in bactericidal and opsonization assays. (pel-freez.com)
Antibodies produced1
The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV infection. (wikipedia.org)
Reactive oxygen4
In biological systems, the one electron (incomplete) reduction of molecular O2 during respiration produces the highly reactive superoxide anion radical (O2-), which is known to be the source of most reactive oxygen species (ROS). (immunochemistry.com)
ICT offers a line of in vitro cell-based assay kit products that enable researchers to measure changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthase in living cells. (immunochemistry.com)
ICT also carries a line of products for detection and quantitation of extracellular reactive oxygen species. (immunochemistry.com)
In this presentation, learn how to detect the presence of oxidatively damaged DNA, quantify levels of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, as well as how to monitor mitochondrial membrane potential. (immunochemistry.com)
Receptor3
In analogy with histo-blood group A antigen, Forssman (Fs) antigen terminates with α3- N -acetylgalactosamine and can be used by pathogens as a host receptor in many mammals. (ashpublications.org)
The crucial step of receptor binding depends on the closed and open conformations of the S-Protein ectodomain trimer 10 , 11 . (openaccesspub.org)
The addition of exogenous H2O2 or the intracellular production in response to receptor stimulation affects the function of various proteins, including protein kinases, protein phosphatases, transcription factors, phospholipases, ion channels, and G proteins. (immunochemistry.com)
Transplantation1
Transplantation between genetically identical individuals, i.e., members of the same species with identical histocompatibility antigens, such as monozygotic twins, members of the same inbred strain, or members of a hybrid population produced by crossing certain inbred strains. (lookformedical.com)
Membrane2
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a significant type 1 trans-membrane protein with two subunits, S1 and S2. (openaccesspub.org)
These include Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C, EBNA-leader protein (EBNA-LP) and latent membrane proteins (LMP)-1, LMP-2A and LMP-2B and the Epstein-Barr encoded RNAs (EBERs). (wikidoc.org)
Erythrocytes2
Manual versions of the test rely on the agglutination of horse erythrocytes by heterophile antibodies in patient serum. (wikipedia.org)
It has the following characteristics: VCAs (Viral Capsid Antigen) of the IgM class, antibodies to EBV early antigen (anti-EA), absent antibodies to EBV nuclear antigen (anti-EBNA)[citation needed] One source states that the specificity of the test is high, virtually 100%, Another source states that a number of other conditions can cause false positives. (wikipedia.org)
All EBV nuclear proteins are produced by alternative splicing of a transcript starting at either the Cp or Wp promoters at the left end of the genome (in the conventional nomenclature). (wikidoc.org)
The initiation codon of the EBNA-LP coding region is created by an alternate splice of the nuclear protein transcript. (wikidoc.org)
Tissue1
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. (lookformedical.com)
Infectious1
The lytic cycle or productive infection results in staged expression of a host of viral proteins with the ultimate objective of producing infectious virions. (wikidoc.org)
Viral6
A very limited, distinct set of viral proteins are produced during latent cycle infection. (wikidoc.org)
It is also postulated that a program in which all viral protein expression is shut off exists. (wikidoc.org)
The growth transformation of these cell lines is the consequence of viral protein expression. (wikidoc.org)
EBNA-1 protein binds to a replication origin (oriP) within the viral genome and mediates replication and partitioning of the episome during division of the host cell. (wikidoc.org)
It is the only viral protein expressed during group I latency. (wikidoc.org)
Monkeypox virus is an Orthopoxvirus, a genus of the family Poxviridae that contains other viral species that target mammals. (mirnaprofile.com)
Genus1
Monkeypox virus (MPV) is a double-stranded DNA, zoonotic virus and a species of the genus Orthopoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. (mirnaprofile.com)
A new histo-blood group system was discovered, based on the identification of Forssman glycolipid antigen on human red blood cells. (ashpublications.org)
Detect1
The test is usually performed using commercially available test kits which detect the reaction of heterophile antibodies in a person's blood sample with horse or cow red blood cell antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Infection1
This host-specific binding of the spike protein initiates coronavirus infection. (openaccesspub.org)
Specific1
It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. (lookformedical.com)
Human3
The term "heterophile" antibodies is also often used to refer to human anti-animal antibodies, such as human-anti-mouse antibodies, or HAMA. (aacc.org)
One important thing to note is that there are papers in the literature that draw a distinction between heterophile antibodies and human anti-animal antibodies such as HAMA, largely because of differences in their origin and binding affinity. (aacc.org)
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Total Protein in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. (herpes-pics.com)
In this experiment, we observed cytokine gene expression changes in Gallus gallus embryo after challenge with Delta SARS-CoV-2 RBD spike protein antigen, from a concentration of 10 µg/mL to a series of highly diluted forms in ethanol, along with controls. (openaccesspub.org)
Attogram and zeptogram level concentrations of the antigen showed consistently remarkable up-regulation of INF-α among different cytokine gene expressions. (openaccesspub.org)
INF-β gene expressions at the zeptogram level of the antigen showed consistent changes, although not so outstanding. (openaccesspub.org)
Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (lookformedical.com)
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the blood transport protein for testosterone and estradiol. (cdc.gov)
Presentation2
For the purpose of this presentation, we'll use "heterophile Ab" as an overarching term to describe Abs that can interfere with clinical immunoassays. (aacc.org)
EBNA-1 possesses a glycine - alanine repeat that impairs antigen processing and MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation thereby inhibiting the CD8-restricted cytotoxic T-cell response against virus infected cells. (wikidoc.org)
Means1
Heterophile means it reacts with proteins across species lines. (wikipedia.org)
Level2
We have also studied pre-and post- experimental combined sets of higher (10 µg/mL) and significantly lower antigen concentrations (attogram level). (openaccesspub.org)
The pre-experimental set having attogram level antigen administered first, followed by a 10µg/mL antigen challenge, showed excellent cytokine balance. (openaccesspub.org)
Sites1
And the part that's shown in pink represents the Fab or the variable region, which makes up the antigen binding sites. (aacc.org)
Production1
Furthermore, the production of heterophile antibodies has been associated with patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. (aacc.org)
Include1
This can include the antigen or the analyte of interest, such as the endogenous analytes from the patients, or even the labelled analyte from the assay reagent. (aacc.org)
Patient1
And these could result from exposure to animal antigens in the environment, or if a patient has received therapy involving the use of animal-derived proteins. (aacc.org)
Alternative1
Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. (lookformedical.com)
Response2
When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. (lookformedical.com)
However, spike protein conformational masking and glycan shielding are critical ways that coronaviruses evade host immune response. (openaccesspub.org)
Result1
In many cases, heterophile antibodies can arise naturally in the body as the result of antigen diversity. (aacc.org)
Groups1
Pooled sera and purified IgG from sera of both groups revealed venom proteins between 25 and 32 kDa and the recombinant phospholipase D isoform 1 (rLlPLD1), specifically. (biomedcentral.com)
Found1
Overall, it's been estimated that these endogenous heterophile antibodies can be found in more than 10% of patients. (aacc.org)
Components1
Heterophile Abs, because of their multi-specificity, are capable of binding to different components of an immunoassay. (aacc.org)
Previously1
This study focuses on the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica, due to its distant phylogenetic relationship and its different ecology and morphology from the previously tested species. (bvsalud.org)
People1
But typically, when we talk about heterophile antibodies interfering with immunoassays, most people tend to think about nonspecific binding to capture and or signaling antibodies in an assay. (aacc.org)
Studies2
The unexpected Fs antigen was confirmed in structural, serologic, and flow-cytometric studies. (ashpublications.org)
From the alignment studies, we learned that the RBD sequences lie between the residues 331 and 524 of the S protein 8 . (openaccesspub.org)
Virus1
The EBNA-1 protein is essential for maintenance of the virus genome . (wikidoc.org)