Protein and peptide antigens antibodies monoclonal. Medical search. Frequent questions

Functional binding assays with monoclonal antibodies were used to interrogate the available epitopes in DEKnull. (rcsb.org)
A very exciting project on broadly neutralizing antibodies with influenza virus has revealed novel epitopes that are of great value for structure-assisted vaccine development. (scripps.edu)
Hence, they are considered a mixture of antibodies that can react with multiple epitopes on the surface of the antigen. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Recently, the first set of naturally presented human leukocyte antigen Class I (HLA-I) epitopes of MuV was identified by us. (mdpi.com)
Functional analysis employing site directed mutagenesis identified BF amino acid residues forming serologic epitopes as well as residues important in antigen presentation to ALV induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (usda.gov)
To better understand the specificity of these antibodies, we took advantage of a mouse monoclonal antibody (3D10) raised against PvDBP that cross-reacts with VAR2CSA and identified the epitopes targeted by this antibody. (bvsalud.org)
Clone 500A2 antibody is able to partially cross-block the 17A2 and 145-2C11 antibodies, indicating that all three of these anti-CD3 antibodies recognize distinct but overlapping epitopes. (biolegend.com)
These 2 antibodies target epitopes located on the peptide core of the extracellular domain of MUC1. (medscape.com)
Differing functions, including binding of diverse protein epitopes, viral neutralization, impact on RBD-hACE2 binding, and immunohistochemical staining of infected lung tissue, were correlated with variable gene usage and sequence. (cdc.gov)

Therefore, by synthesizing the N gene sequence of SARS-CoV-2, constructing the pET-28a (+)-N recombinant plasmid, we expressed the N protein in E.coli and obtained 15 mAbs against SARS-CoV-2-N protein by the hybridomas and ascites, then an immunochromatographic test strip method detecting N antigen was established. (pimac.org)
These mAbs can be used for the early and rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection through serological antigen. (pimac.org)
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly specific antigen binding proteins that are used as biological reagents, therapeutics, and in rapid diagnostics. (gatech.edu)
While mAbs have extensive potential applications, their means production for small molecules and conformationally specific peptides is difficult. (gatech.edu)
Here, we use a method of mAb production in which we pair conjugate virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine with hybridoma technology to produce high-affinity mAbs against three classes of molecules 1) fentanyl derivatives, 2) SARS-CoV-2 peptides, and 3) α-amanitin and microcystin LR cyclic peptide toxins. (gatech.edu)
Lastly, we produced high affinity mAbs for both α-amanitin and microcystin LR, two highly toxic cyclic peptides. (gatech.edu)
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised against the IMMIg and MBPIg and proteome analysis of Lactococcus garvieae using these MAbs and olive flounder immune sera demonstrated that IMMIg and MBPIg recognized different antigens of L. garvieae. (go.jp)
The spectrum of HIV-1 neutralization specificity is currently represented by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can be divided broadly into five groups. (ox.ac.uk)
Historically, these cells have proven to be convenient target cells in studies assessing the effector functions mediated by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). (invivogen.com)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in screening bioassays for new molecules, including mAbs, interfering with immune checkpoints . (invivogen.com)
In this work, we evaluated a panel of 16 anti-BoNT/A monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for their ability to inhibit the in vitro activity of BoNT/A1, /A2, and /A3 complex as well as the recombinant LC of A1. (cdc.gov)
The need for high-affinity, SARS-CoV-2-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is critical in the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic, as such reagents can have important diagnostic, research, and therapeutic applications. (cdc.gov)

Rabbit, The goat polyclonal antibodies are directed against human genes or rabbit or mouse IgGs (H +L) chain primary antibodies and conjugated for detection. (gentaur.com)

This is usually more common with polyclonal antibodies, but can also occur with monoclonals. (abcam.com)
Polyclonal or monoclonal antibody technology offers different advantages that are desirable for specific applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Polyclonal antibodies are produced as a result of the activation of numerous different antibody producing B cells in an animal. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Polyclonal antibodies are generally more tolerant of minor changes in the antigen, such as heterogeneity of glycosylation, polymorphism, or slight denaturation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
When the immunogenic antigen is a synthetic peptide designed and provided by us, we always obtain a polyclonal response when immunised in our BALB/c mice. (innovagen.com)
Using peptides as antigens is a very successful strategy for raising polyclonal antibodies. (innovagen.com)
The principles for the design of a peptide antigen are the same whether the objective is to obtain a polyclonal or a monoclonal antibody. (innovagen.com)
Immunoglobulin gamma, IgG, mouse monoclonal H&L chain clones or rabbit, goat polyclonal antibodies have 4 parts. (gentaur.com)
Rabbits are used for polyclonal antibody production by Biotium. (gentaur.com)
Biotium adds sodium azide and glycerol to enhance the stability of the rabbit polyclonal antibodies. (gentaur.com)

In contrast, recombinant antibodies are monoclonal antibodies that are generated by cloning antibody genes into expression vectors and do not involve the use of hybridomas. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These studies aid in understanding how genes determining cell surface proteins can affect interactions between cells and confer viral disease resistance. (usda.gov)
Depending on the newly determined variable heavy and light chain amino acid sequences of the MassM2 antibody, corresponding genes were designed, synthesized, and cloned into the pUC119 expression vector and then expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant MassM2 single chain variable fragment (ScFv) antibody. (kjom.org)
The number of mitochondrial protein genes is believed to vary from 3 to 67, while the tRNA gene content varies from 0 to 27 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Typical triploblastic animal mtDNAs contain genes that encode the large and small subunit ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 13 proteins that are all components of the oxidative phosphorylation process: ATPase subunits 6 and 8 (ATP6 and 8), cytochrome b (Cyt b), cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1-3 (Cox1-3) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1-6 and 4L (ND1-6 and 4L). (biomedcentral.com)
Hybridomas are also known to undergo genetic drift leading to batch-to-batch variability, or they may even lose antibody genes completely arresting the production of antibodies. (zen-bioscience.com)

Isomerization in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of a monoclonal antibody A (mAb-A) has been detected and has been shown to have impact on the binding affinity to the antigen. (pda.org)
It are very good secondary antibodies that are affinity purified and have a good affinity themselves too. (gentaur.com)
Immunoglobulins (Igs) were purified from sera obtained from olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus immunized with goat IgG using immunoaffinity and mannan-binding protein (MBP) affinity columns and designated IMMIg and MBPIg respectively. (go.jp)
The antibody was purified by affinity chromatography and conjugated with APC/Fire™ 750 under optimal conditions. (biolegend.com)

An anti-FLAG-M2 mouse monoclonal antibody specific to the FLAG peptide (DYKDDDDK) is widely used worldwide to purify or detect FLAG-tagged proteins. (kjom.org)

Many other key molecules in cellular immunology are being studied, such as non-classical or MHC homologues: for example, CD1 binds lipid, glycolipid, and lipopeptide antigens from the cell walls of microbial pathogens and the NK family of receptors recognizes classical as well as distant MHC homologues. (scripps.edu)
GAS 41, a highly conserved protein in eukaryotic nuclei, binds to NuMA. (mpg.de)
The hTSH binds to the immobilized monoclonal anti-hTSH on the solid phase while the goat anti-hTSH-alkaline phosphatase conjugate reacts with a different antigenic site on the hTSH. (cdc.gov)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor. (bvsalud.org)

These eukaryotic systems offer additional advantages of protein folding, post-translational modifications, and a secretion apparatus that enhances the secretory production of antibodies. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Intrathecal production of antibodies directed at spirochetal antigens is also typically present. (arkansasbluecross.com)
The production of antibodies by plasma cells (also known as effector B cells) has first described by Astrid Fagraeus in 1948. (zen-bioscience.com)

Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab') 2 Fragment (PE Conjugate) #8885 was used as a secondary antibody. (cellsignal.com)
A sample is added to a reaction vessel with goat anti-hTSH-alkaline phosphatase conjugate, buffered protein solution, and paramagnetic particles coated with immobilized mouse monoclonal anti-hTSH antibody. (cdc.gov)
A sample is added to a reaction vessel with anti-thyroxine antibody, thyroxine-alkaline phosphatase conjugate, and paramagnetic particles coated with goat anti-mouse capture antibody and a stripping agent to dissociate all T4 from binding proteins. (cdc.gov)

In this study, we obtained 14 high-titer and high-specificity monoclonal antibodies, and the test strips exclusively react with the SARS-CoV-2-N protein and no cross-reactivity with other coronavirus and also recognize the recombinant N protein of Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. (pimac.org)
Cross-reactivity between a streptococcal 60- to 65-kd heat shock protein (hsp) and the oral mucosa has been demonstrated, and significantly elevated levels of serum antibodies to hsp are found in patients with RAS. (medscape.com)
The main issue here is that there is an increased risk that you may end up with an antibody that specifically targets the peptide with no cross reactivity with the protein of interest. (innovagen.com)
The Access HYPERsensitive hTSH assay has virtually no cross-reactivity with other peptide hormones. (cdc.gov)

The choice of an expression system is essential when developing subunit vaccines, as it ensures the effective synthesis of the correctly folded target protein, and maintains its antigenic and immunogenic properties. (pimac.org)
Anti-human, anti mouse antibodies to highly immunogenic selected peptide sequences are" monoclonal like" since the epitope to which they are directed is less than 35 amino acids long. (gentaur.com)
A comparative analysis of immunogenic proteins across human OPXVs identified a large subset of proteins that could potentially be specifically recognized in response to a MPXV infection. (cdc.gov)

The 1918 flu, which killed 20-40 million people worldwide, is being investigated through structural and binding studies of the 1918 viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase, as well as other the viral proteins. (scripps.edu)
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is involved in viral replication, assembly and immune regulation and plays an important role in the viral life cycle. (pimac.org)
Specific viral RNA and antigen were detected by reverse-transcription PCR and immunohistochemical evaluation, respectively, in nasal turbinates of birds exposed to hMPV. (cdc.gov)
Evaluation of SC2 strains demonstrated impressive genetic variability, and many of these viral variants are now defined as variants of concern (VOC) that cause enhanced transmissibility, decreased susceptibility to antibody neutralization or therapeutics, and/or the ability to induce severe disease. (elifesciences.org)
To mediate viral entry, the S protein is processed into S1 and S2 subunits by the S priming proteases (SPP), including TMPRSS2, cathepsin L (CTSL), and, to a lesser degree, FURIN. (elifesciences.org)
A chicken gene that produces a protein important for viral disease resistance was obtained and its DNA sequence was determined. (usda.gov)
One of these structural changes altered the protein so that it could no longer function for viral resistance. (usda.gov)
The other structural change allowed normal viral resistance to occur but affected the shape of the protein on the surface of cells. (usda.gov)
Studies with HLA-A2 have shown that changes in residue 34 do not affect viral peptide presentation. (usda.gov)

Studies on other pattern recognition receptors, include peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), TREM-1, Toll-like receptors (TLR) have revealed how unique pathogen-associated molecules are recognized by the immune system. (scripps.edu)
Antibodies have become one of the most important tools in life science research, allowing the detection, quantitation, and determination of changes in proteins and other molecules with respect to time and other perturbations. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The human MHC class II molecules bind intracellularly processed peptides, present them to T-helper cells, and have a critical role in the initiation of the immune response. (thermofisher.com)
Protein microarrays require activation prior to use to remove unbound protein molecules from the surface and to shield the surface against non-specific binding. (arrayit.com)
Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) must be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs (which specialize in presenting antigens to T cells) to be recognized by CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage, do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
They can be distinguished by antigen-specific surface receptors and other cell surface molecules called clusters of differentiation (CDs), whose presence or absence define some subsets. (msdmanuals.com)

Hence, a monoclonal antibody is considered a collection of identical antibodies secreted by a single B cell clone with specificity for only one antigenic epitope. (sigmaaldrich.com)
This work aimed to clone, express, purify and evaluate the protective effect antioxidant of this enzyme on skin cells when fused to transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction domain of HIV-1 and Abalone (Ab) peptides to allow cell penetration. (pimac.org)
COS cells transfected with the CD6 clone express a 90-kD protein that reacts with all available anti-CD6 monoclonal antibodies. (embl.de)

In this work, we utilized a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based approach to identify the Asp isomerization in the complementarity-determining regions of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody. (pda.org)

The evidence comes from studying the immune response to red cell surface-expressed antigens but should also be applicable to merozoite surface antigens. (bvsalud.org)

Learn how ZooMAb ® antibodies are engineered for consistency using our proprietary recombinant expression system. (sigmaaldrich.com)
RecRAbs® recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibodies manufactured using our proprietary recombinant expression system, purified to homogeneity, and precisely dispensed to produce robust and highly reproducible lot-to-lot consistency. (zen-bioscience.com)

Unlike monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma technology, recombinant antibodies maintain a high degree of specificity and low immunogenicity over longer periods of time. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We also showed early signs of success targeting neutralizing and mutant SARS-CoV-2 peptides with conformational specificity using a heterologous prime-boost strategy. (gatech.edu)
Human TSH is one of several glycoprotein hormones consisting of two non-covalently bound peptide chains: an a-chain, which is nearly identical in all, and a ß-chain, which is responsible for immunological and biological specificity. (cdc.gov)
Peptides were chosen based upon MPXV sequence specificity and predicted immunogenicity. (cdc.gov)
One peptide combination was successful with ~86% sensitivity and ~90% specificity. (cdc.gov)

In traditional methods, monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusion of B cells with an immortal cell to produce a hybridoma that produces many copies of the exact same antibody. (sigmaaldrich.com)
With this technology, the problems of cell line drift, antibody expression variations, and antibody sequence mutations associated with classical hybridoma production and storage can be avoided. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Peptide quality does however have a direct impact on the outcome of your monoclonal antibody project, and more so when the peptide is also used for the screening procedure in the hybridoma development step. (innovagen.com)
And the hybridoma technology, described by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein in 1975, is based on the immunization of animals with the desired antigen, followed by the fusion of specific B lymphocytes with "immortal" myeloma cells. (zen-bioscience.com)
Although hybridoma antibody production is a well-established method of producing antibody, there are several drawbacks. (zen-bioscience.com)

If more than one band disappears in western blot by peptide/antigen competition, those bands contain the antigenic determinants and could be fragments of the full antigen or a complex containing the antigen. (abcam.com)
Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
Recombinant antibodies can also be produced in additional formats, such as Fab fragments, single-chain variable region fragments, and as diabodies. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one V L , V H , C L , and C H 1 domain each, as well as the crystallisable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. (wikipedia.org)

The DEKnull mutations do not cause peptide backbone shifts within the polymorphic loop, or at either the DBP dimerization interface or DARC receptor binding pockets, two important structurally conserved protective epitope motifs. (rcsb.org)
Our major goal is to understand the interaction and neutralization of foreign antigens by the immune system through high-resolution x-ray structural studies of antibodies, Variable Lymphocyte Rectors (VLRs) and antigens in the humoral system, T-cell receptor complexes with MHC class I and class II in the cellular system, and through pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs, in the innate immune system. (scripps.edu)
The T-cell receptor in complex with pMHC has revealed how peptide antigens can be recognized in the context of the MHC molecule. (scripps.edu)
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the protein S SARS-CoV-2 is considered to be one of the appealing targets for developing a vaccine against COVID-19. (pimac.org)
LYVE1, also known as lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor 1 or lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1, is a member of the link protein family, which has the capability to bind with hyaluronic acid. (prospecbio.com)
recently, it has synthesized the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the spike protein of the COVID-19 virus. (pr.com)
Glucagon is a ligand for a specific G-protein linked receptor whose signalling pathway controls cell proliferation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The results suggest that the novel protein is a macrophage-specific membrane receptor with a role in host defense, as it shows postnatal expression in macrophages, which are considered responsible for the binding of bacterial antigens and phagocytosis. (embl.de)
The extracellular domain of CD6 is significantly related to the extracellular domain of the human and mouse T cell antigen CD5, the cysteine-rich domain of the bovine and mouse type I macrophage scavenger receptor, the extracellular domain of the sea urchin spermatozoa protein that crosslinks the egg peptide speract, the mammalian complement factor 1, and the human lung tumor antigen L3. (embl.de)
Of greatest interest is the~300 amino acid receptor binding domain (RBD) within the S1 subunit of the spike protein because of its key interaction with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor present on many cell types, especially lung epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
El receptor 2 del complemento humano (CR2) sirve como receptor tanto para el C3dg como para la glicoproteína gp350/220 del HERPESVIRUS 4 HUMANO, y se une al anticuerpo monoclonal OKB7, el que bloquea la unión de ambos ligandos al receptor. (bvsalud.org)

Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. (thermofisher.com)
Beta-amyloid protein is a 39-43 amino acid peptide composed of a portion of the transmembrane domain and the extracellular domain of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). (lifetein.com)
The MUC1 protein, also known as polymorphic epithelial mucin or epithelial membrane antigen, has a large extracellular region, a transmembrane sequence, and a cytosolic domain. (medscape.com)
This protein is frequently overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated on its extracellular region in breast cancer. (medscape.com)
Physiologically, the MUC1 protein may be involved in cell adhesion by decreasing the degree of cell-to-extracellular matrix and cell-to-cell interactions. (medscape.com)

Before proceeding with the staining protocol, the antibody is neutralized (incubated with an excess of peptide that corresponds to the epitope recognized by the antibody). (abcam.com)
Based on the top epitope recognized by 3D10, we designed a 34-amino acid synthetic peptide, which we call CRP1, that maps to a highly conserved region in DBL3X. (bvsalud.org)

Gamma-delta T cells may be involved in antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (medscape.com)
The significance of this site is supported by 2C6 having Ab-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against envelope proteins from two clades. (nih.gov)
Target cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) , either with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Natural Killer cells, or Jurkat-derived reporter T cells. (invivogen.com)

Description: The LN3 mAb reacts with the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, HLA-DR. HLA-DR is expressed on the surface of human antigen presenting cells (APC) including B cells, monocytes, macrophages, DCs, and activated T cells. (thermofisher.com)
Description: The 23C6 monoclonal antibody reacts with the human CD51/CD61 dimer, also known as the integrin alphav/beta3. (thermofisher.com)
During the incubation, free T3 in the sample reacts with the anti-T3 antibody. (cdc.gov)
The Anti-Myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibody reacts with intracellular MPO, aconsisting of two molecular subunits, 60 kilodaltons (kDa) and 12 kDa.5is a major enzyme involved in the inflammatory responses of polymorphonuclear. (bdbiosciences.com)

I also directed the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (2000-2016) that pioneers new high throughput methodologies and technologies for protein production, structure determination and functional analysis in order to investigate the Expanding Protein Universe and the human gut microbiome and other high-value targets in the regulation of stem cells and T cells. (scripps.edu)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
Recombinant antibody production from most species consist of a heavy and a light chain and it is important to note that to accomplish maximum IgG production in mammalian cells, one must achieve a balanced expression of both heavy and light chains. (sigmaaldrich.com)
For recombinant antibody production, stable cell lines such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293), or NS0 murine myeloma cells are more commonly employed. (sigmaaldrich.com)
CHO cells are most commonly used as a stable expression system and HEK293 cells are highly useful for transient gene expression where protein is harvested within a few days following DNA delivery. (sigmaaldrich.com)
An analysis of the sera from mice immunized with both variants of the protein revealed that the mRBD expressed in CHO cells provides a significantly stronger humoral immune response compared with the RBD expressed in E.coli cells. (pimac.org)
Applications Tested: This LN3 antibody has been pre-titrated and tested by flow cytometric analysis of normal human peripheral blood cells. (thermofisher.com)
HLA-DR is expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells such as B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, thymic epithelial cells and activated T lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
Effects of expressing lamin A mutant protein causing Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and familial partial lipodystrophy in HeLa cells. (mpg.de)
New monoclonal antibodies recognizing phosphorylated proteins in mitotic cells. (mpg.de)
As expected, CD19 protein is not detected in either U-937 cells or Raw 264.7 cells. (cellsignal.com)
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of Ramos cells, untreated (left) or IgM-treated (middle), and Jurkat cells (right) using Phospho-CD79A (Tyr182) Antibody (green). (cellsignal.com)
After fusion with myeloma cells, a selection process starts, where cells that express antibodies that test positive against the antigen are isolated. (innovagen.com)
Typically a selection is made such that the cells that produce the antibodies that perform better in the screening ELISA are retained. (innovagen.com)
Two of the other peptides are secreted from gut endocrine cells and promote nutrient absorption through distinct mechanisms. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Long-term activation of protein kinase c causes chronic Na/H antiporter stimulation in cultured proximal tubule cells. (jci.org)
To examine the role of protein kinase C as a chronic regulator of proximal tubule Na/H antiporter activity, the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the Na/H antiporter was studied in cultured proximal tubule cells. (jci.org)
TLR7 results in the response of the extrecollicular B cells and the germinal central reaction involved in the production of auto-antibodies and the pathogenesis of the disease. (toll-likereceptors.com)
The CA 15-3 antigen (also known as MUC1, from which it is derived) represents sequences of mucins that are often overexpressed in malignant glandular cells, such as breast cancer. (medscape.com)
As tumor cells shed this MUC-1 antigen into the bloodstream, it is recognized by 2 monoclonal antibodies in a radioimmunoassay. (medscape.com)
peptide] complex, providing a cognate TCR stimulation on Jurkat-Lucia™ TCR-derived cells. (invivogen.com)
Transfected COS cells synthesized a native trimeric plasma membrane protein that bound labeled bacteria and acetylated LDL, but not yeast or Ficoll. (embl.de)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
Grégoire C, Welch H, Astarie-Dequeker C, Maridonneau-Parini I. Expression of azurophil and specific granule proteins during differentiation of NB4 cells in neutrophils. (bdbiosciences.com)
Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
B cells' primary function is to develop into plasma cells, which manufacture and secrete antibodies. (msdmanuals.com)

ionic interaction with the enthanolamine phosphate of the CD52 GPI anchor has long been hypothesised to be important in antigen binding. (ox.ac.uk)

HLA-DR is a heterodimeric transmembrane protein composed of alpha and beta subunits and plays an important role in the presentation of peptides to CD4+ T lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
It recognises the CD52 antigen which is a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchored protein expressed on lymphocytes and mediates cell depletion. (ox.ac.uk)

Applications Reported: This LN3 antibody has been reported for use in flow cytometric analysis. (thermofisher.com)
Each lot of this antibody is quality control tested by immunofluorescent staining with flow cytometric analysis . (biolegend.com)
Knapp W, Strobl H, Majdic O. Flow cytometric analysis of cell-surface and intracellular antigens in leukemia diagnosis. (bdbiosciences.com)

Consequently, saliva not merely consists of several antimicrobial peptides and protein, but offers buffering capability also, which is essential in the dental defense against attacks. (exposed-skin-care.net)
For each humoral defense factor, history of researches, chemical and molecular characteristics, and functions of the following factors are presented here with some critical comments: lectins (agglutinins), lysozymes, antimicrobial peptides, pro-phenoloxidase (PO) activating system, and other humoral foctors (protease inhibitors, lysosomal enzymes, heat-shock proteins). (go.jp)

DEKnull has reduced immunogenicity to polymorphic regions responsible for strain-specific immunity while retaining conserved protein folds necessary for induction of strain-transcending blocking inhibitory antibodies. (rcsb.org)
developed a typing method based on antibody binding to polymorphic peptides, designed from proteins related to virulence. (frontiersin.org)

DEKnull is a synthetic DBP based antigen that has been engineered through mutation to enhance induction of blocking inhibitory antibodies. (rcsb.org)
This approach first identifies and locates a product-related impurity (a critical quality attribute) caused by isomerization, deamidation, oxidation, or other post-translational modifications, and then utilizes synthetic peptides and MS to assist the development of a LC-UV-based chromatographic method that separates and quantifies the product-related impurities by UV peaks. (pda.org)
Using synthetic peptides as antigens is a strategy that may be called for when developing monoclonal antibodies. (innovagen.com)
There are many merits to using synthetic peptides as antibody generators. (innovagen.com)
If a synthetic peptide is used for this screening process there is the possibility that the antibody that is ultimately selected, only targets the peptide and not the native protein. (innovagen.com)
Product NameAc-MBP (4-14) PeptideProduct Quantity5mg Product Description The synthetic peptide from myelin basic protein (QKRPSQRSKYL) can be used as a substrate for protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro kinase assay and negative controls. (lifetein.com)
1.9 A structure of the therapeutic antibody CAMPATH-1H fab in complex with a synthetic peptide antigen. (ox.ac.uk)

They represent 70% or more of serum antibodies. (gentaur.com)

While antigenic polymorphism is recognized as a challenge, efforts to counter this have primarily involved enhancing the quantity and quality of antibody with potent adjuvants, identifying conserved target proteins, or combining multiple antigens to broaden the immune response. (bvsalud.org)
Benefits and risks are associated with using all immunobiologics (i.e., an antigenic substance or antibody-containing preparation). (cdc.gov)

Non-specific binding of an antibody to proteins other than the antigen can sometimes occur. (abcam.com)
To determine which band or staining is specific, an immunizing peptide blocking experiment can be performed. (abcam.com)
The staining that disappears when using the blocked antibody is specific to the antibody. (abcam.com)
With monoclonal antibody production, one B cell produces only one specific sequence of antibody to a given antigen. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Their specific monovalent nature makes monoclonal antibodies very useful in highly targeted immunoassays and diagnostic applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Recombinant antibodies serve as highly specific detection probes in research, they are fast finding their niche in the detection of different pathogens and toxins and have great potential in therapeutic applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)
A specific antibody titer of sera from mice immunized with mRBD was ten-fold higher than the sera from the mice that received pRBD in ELISA, and about 100-fold higher in a neutralization test. (pimac.org)
When using two or more Super Bright dye-conjugated antibodies in a staining panel, it is recommended to use Super Bright Complete Staining Buffer (Product # SB-4401) to minimize any non-specific polymer interactions. (thermofisher.com)
To quantitate the site-specific Asp isomerization of the monoclonal antibody, a UV detection-based quantitation assay utilizing the same LC platform was developed. (pda.org)
This approach is generally applicable to monitor isomerization and other post-translational modifications of proteins in a specific and high-throughput mode to ensure product quality. (pda.org)
For a monoclonal antibody project the main advantage is that the antibody production can be directed towards a certain domain or specific site of interest. (innovagen.com)
Arrayit Protein Microarray Reaction Buffer Plus is formulated to increase signal strength and reduce background for specific types of protein microarray applications including peptide, antigen, antibody, serum and reverse phase for research and screening applications particularly those utilizing workstations, liquid handling robots, multiplex hybridization cassettes and other high-throughput technologies. (arrayit.com)
then we designed peptides with linkers joining the specific regions and predicted their 3D structure. (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, serotyping using the improved GRA6 peptide triad is useful to serotype T. gondii in humans and could be implemented for clinical management and epidemiological studies, to provide information on the parasite type in specific areas. (frontiersin.org)
Previous studies in our laboratory characterized a panel of highly mutated HIV-specific conformational epitope-targeting antibodies (Abs) from a panel of HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). (nih.gov)
[2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
Of the serotypes, only one, BoNT/C, administration of therapeutic immunoglobulin product and is most cleaves more than one specific protein. (cdc.gov)
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-specific monoclonal antibodies: production and epitope mapping. (cdc.gov)
The results for isotype specific antibodies of children in our study were related to evidence of sensitisation, exposure, and the risk of asthma. (cdc.gov)

Immunohistochemical analyses using an anti-Gau monoclonal antibody revealed strict co-localization of Gau proteins and a mitochondrial marker. (biomedcentral.com)
In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining have localized the protein to a subset of macrophages in the marginal zone of the spleen and the medullary cord of lymph nodes. (embl.de)

Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. (mdpi.com)
Ab-TrSOD, when compared to TrSOD, promoted a decrease in the formation of ROS of 19 and 14% at the concentrations of 1 and 6 μmol/L, respectively, indicating that this joplinks Recombinant Human Regulator of G-protein form was more effective in reducing oxidative stress compared to SOD without the cell penetrating peptide (CPP). (pimac.org)
The colour intensity is a measure for the amount of human β-amyloid(1-42) protein in the sample. (launchdiagnostics.com)
The major target of the neutralizing antibody response to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the outer envelope glycoprotein, gp120. (ox.ac.uk)
Anti-native and recombinant myeloperoxidase monoclonals and human autoantibodies. (bdbiosciences.com)
Analysis of the peptide subunits of human neutrophil myeloperoxidase. (bdbiosciences.com)

This antibody showed binding activity to both FLAG peptide and FLAG peptide tagged protein in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. (kjom.org)
It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. (thermofisher.com)
Here, a peptide-based serological assay was developed to specifically detect exposure to MPXV. (cdc.gov)

The idea is that, over time the immune system will have naturally selected the better antibodies. (innovagen.com)
An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)
The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
Increasing hypothesis that increasing cleanliness has led to increased exposure to mite was associated with increased prevalence of allergic disease because of a shift in the immune system sensitisation and IgG antibody to Der f 1. (cdc.gov)

Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)

The Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate Duffy Binding Protein (DBP) is a protein necessary for P. vivax invasion of reticulocytes. (rcsb.org)
We have also determined structures of almost all of the rare, broadly neutralizing antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope proteins, gp120 and gp41, in order to elucidate the sites of vulnerability that can be used for HIV-1 vaccine design. (scripps.edu)
As the target of 2C6 is available in the major clades of HIV and has robust ADCC activity, further definition and appreciation of targeting of antibodies similar to 2C6 during vaccine development should be considered. (nih.gov)
These findings suggest that antibodies arising from PvDBP may cross-react with VAR2CSA through the epitope in CRP1 and that CRP1 could be a potential vaccine candidate to target a distinct CSA binding site in VAR2CSA. (bvsalud.org)
Antigen-based therapy with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) vaccine in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised double-blind trial. (edu.pl)
The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)

This platform acquired its unique name because of its proprietary B cell immortalization technology that also allows us to produce monoclonal antibodies in a wide range of species. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These antibodies can be cloned from any species using suitable oligonucleotide primers. (sigmaaldrich.com)

It was originally coined in reference to the use of limited proteolysis to investigate contact sites within a monoclonal antibody - protein antigen complex and a year later to examine the protection from hydroxyl radical cleavage conferred by a protein bound to DNA within a DNA-protein complex. (wikipedia.org)
The antibody that is bound to the blocking peptide is no longer available to bind to the epitope present in the protein on the western blot or in the cell. (abcam.com)
After the primary antibody is bound to the target protein, a complex with HRP-linked secondary antibody is formed. (cellsignal.com)
The major components of the amyloid deposits are the 40- and 42-amino acid-long β-amyloid peptides, which are derived from integral membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein. (launchdiagnostics.com)
Residue 34 is located in pocket B and contacts the main chain carbon of bound peptides in HLA-A2. (usda.gov)
Of the resulting antigen/antibody complexes, the T3 analogue/antibody complexes are bound to the streptavidin coated solid phase. (cdc.gov)
Separation in a magnetic field and washing removes the sample T3/antibody complexes and other materials not bound to the solid phase. (cdc.gov)
Tandem repeats of SRCR domains are common in the membrane bound proteins. (embl.de)

The project has been structured in 3 main pathways or "tracks": a Discovery track, aiming at designing gp41-based antigens (Ag) using an iterative improvement process, and two development tracks (Parenteral and Mucosal) to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the Ags and the optimal administration conditions before selecting the most promising candidate for clinical development. (europa.eu)

The most promising Ags were submitted to a more in-depth biophysical investigation of their structure and conformation stability, and for their capacity to interact with neutralising antibodies (Abs) and peptides. (europa.eu)

The following product was used in this experiment: HLA-DR Monoclonal Antibody (LN3), Super Bright™ 436, eBioscience™ from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # 62-9956-42, RRID AB_2744822. (thermofisher.com)
The following product was used in this experiment: CD51/CD61 (Integrin alpha v beta 3) Monoclonal Antibody (23C6), Biotin, eBioscience™ from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # 13-0519-82, RRID AB_529536. (thermofisher.com)

In contrast, a site directed substitution in residue 34 dramatically alters ALV antigen presentation by the BFIV21 class I glycoprotein. (usda.gov)
Analysis of the CAMPATH-1H binding site reveals that in contrast to most antibodies CDR L3 plays a dominant role in antigen binding. (ox.ac.uk)
In contrast, the remainder of the antibody is relatively constant. (wikipedia.org)
Interpretation Exposure to cat allergen can produce an IgG increasing concentrations of cat allergen (by contrast with and IgG4 antibody response without sensitisation or risk of mite allergen) did not increase the risk of sensitisation to asthma. (cdc.gov)

This latter method was adapted through the direct treatment of proteins and their complexes with hydroxyl radicals and can be generally denoted RP-MS (for Radical Probe - Mass Spectrometry) akin to the designation used for Hydrogen-deuterium exchange Mass Spectrometry (denoted HD-MS or HX-MS). Time-resolved hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) employing mass spectrometry analysis was originated and developed in the late 1990s in synchrotron radiolysis studies. (wikipedia.org)
A computer program (PROXIMO) has also been written to help model protein complexes using data from the RP-MS/Protein footprinting approach. (wikipedia.org)
RP-MS/Protein footprinting studies of protein complexes can also employ computational approaches to assist with this modeling. (wikipedia.org)
Autoimmune anti-HIV-1gp120 antibody with antiidiotype-like activity in sera and immune complexes of HIV-1-related immunologic thrombocytopenia. (jci.org)

The chronicity of the infection negatively affected the reactivity index against the peptides. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we demonstrate that CHI3L1 augments epithelial cell infection by pseudoviruses that express the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, or omicron S proteins and that the CHI3L1 inhibitors anti-CHI3L1 and kasugamycin inhibit epithelial cell infection by these VOC pseudovirus moieties. (elifesciences.org)
We proposed that infection with P. vivax in non-pregnant individuals can generate antibodies that cross-react with VAR2CSA. (bvsalud.org)
Of fifty-three patients with genotype 1 infection included in this examination, IL28B SNPs at rs8099917, evolving numbers of ISDR on NS5A (aa2209-aa2248) and core protein transformation at aa70 or aa91 were discdone withd. (ika.ie)
Serological differentiation between childhood vaccination and recent infection with MPXV or other OPXVs is difficult due to the high level of conservation within OPXV proteins. (cdc.gov)

Consequently, the results of the study claim that a scarcity of the GB110 antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 may induce dental disease in DS. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Thus, with the exception of the hypervariable V3 loop, regions of HIV-1 gp120 with the potential to induce a neutralization response are likely to be poorly presented for antibody recognition on the surface of cell line-adapted virions. (ox.ac.uk)
Thus, among children with high exposure, the can induce an increase in IgG and IgG4 antibodies with a odds of sensitisation to mite rather than cat was 4·0 decrease in IgE antibodies,16,17 and that expression of the (99% CI 1·49-10·00). (cdc.gov)

Our ZooMAb ® recombinant antibodies represent a new generation of monoclonal antibodies that are specifically engineered using our proprietary technologies that provide state-of-the-art consistency and applications performance. (sigmaaldrich.com)
ZooMAb ® antibodies are designed with the most user-friendly formulation, handling, and storage features available today and have been validated in multiple immunoassay applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Despite binding HIV envelope protein and having a high number of somatic amino acid mutations, these Abs had poor neutralizing activity. (nih.gov)
IMPORTANCE This paper further defines the function and area of the HIV trimeric envelope protein targeted by the monoclonal antibody 2C6. (nih.gov)

Other programs takes a protein sequence as input and present you with one or more peptide sequences. (innovagen.com)
In our peptide design service , we use our own proprietary software, PeptideCAD ™, and although it takes all relevant parameters into account, it is still treated as just an aid - albeit a very useful one - for our experienced personnel in selecting suitable sequences. (innovagen.com)
However, the amino acid sequences involved in antigen binding was unknown. (kjom.org)
Recently, the amino acid sequences of the variable domain, which is involved in the antigen binding, has been determined through X-ray crystallography and Mass spectroscopy. (kjom.org)

LifeTein was awarded the fastest peptide synthesis service in 2021 by New world Report, thanks to their speedy custom protein, antibody, and chemical services for biotech, pharma, academia, government customers, and diagnostics. (pr.com)
Regarded as the fastest peptide synthesis service in 2021 by New World Report, LifeTein also provides custom protein, antibody, and chemical services for biotech, pharma, academia, government customers, and diagnostics. (pr.com)
Arrayit Protein Microarray Buffers improve the precision, speed and affordability of your microarray research in proteomics, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, agriculture, and other areas of life sciences and health care research. (arrayit.com)

They have limited sensitivity and are susceptible to antigen heterogeneity and experimental condition changes. (zen-bioscience.com)

CD3 plays a critical role in TCR signal transduction, T cell activation, and antigen recognition by binding the peptide/MHC antigen complex. (biolegend.com)
TCR signal transduction, T cell activation and antigen recognition. (biolegend.com)
Furthermore CDR H3, which is essential for effective antigen recognition in most antibodies, participates in only two main-chain interactions in CAMPATH-1H. (ox.ac.uk)

However, limited data are available about sequence variability in CD8 + T cell epitope regions of mumps virus (MuV) proteins. (mdpi.com)
With careful selection of the peptide sequence, high quality peptide synthesis and the use of a suitable immunisation strategy, you have increased the likelihood for obtaining a great antibody. (innovagen.com)
The predicted CD6 sequence is 468 amino acids long, with the typical features of a type I integral membrane protein. (embl.de)

LifeTein is asked frequently to synthesize relatively large peptides sized 100-200 residues. (pr.com)
BF residues 78 and 81 (HLA 79 and 82) form an antibody epitope with a slight effect on ALV antigen presentation, consistent with their predicted orientation based on the HLA-A2 crystal structure. (usda.gov)
Prolonged treatment with CAMPATH-1H can lead to patient anti-idiotype responses which may be exacerbated by the unusually high number of basic residues in the antibody. (ox.ac.uk)
This suggests that a strategy where redundant basic residues are replaced with neutral counterparts may be effective in further reducing the immunogenicity of this versatile and widely used antibody. (ox.ac.uk)

LifeTein provides the fastest turnaround time and most reliable quality in the industry, using their proprietary microwave-assisted heating technology for peptide synthesis. (pr.com)
Being recognized as the Fastest Peptide Synthesis Service is a tremendous honor for LifeTein. (pr.com)
This demonstrates that the synthesis of peptides sized 100-200 amino acids is not beyond the capabilities of our current PeptideSyn technology. (pr.com)
LifeTein's primary focus is peptide synthesis service. (pr.com)
The company has developed proprietary PeptideSyn technology, which provides a platform for continuous peptide synthesis using Fmoc and Boc chemistry, microwave technology, and a proprietary solid support resin. (pr.com)
The company takes great pride in this acknowledgement of the speed of its peptide synthesis as well. (pr.com)
LifeTein is the world leader in fast peptide synthesis service with lab facility located in New Jersey USA. (lifetein.com)

We have defined a broadly neutralizing epitope in all group 1 influenza subtypes and are working on other antibodies that recognize group 2 as well as those that cross all subtypes. (scripps.edu)

This article is about the class of proteins. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy19

Organisms10

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs135

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment46

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care3

Epitopes9

MAbs12

Primary antibodies1

Polyclonal10

Genes6

Affinity4

Mouse monoclonal antibody1

Binds5

Production of antibodies3

Conjugate3

Cross-reactivity4

Immunogenic3

Viral9

Molecules9

Clone3

Therapeutic monoclonal1

SURFACE ANTIGENS1

Recombinant expression system2

Specificity5

Hybridoma5

Fragments4

Receptor11

Extracellular5

Epitope recognized2

Cytotoxicity3

Reacts4

Cells26

Important in antigen1

Lymphocytes2

Cytometric analysis3

Antimicrobial peptides2

Polymorphic2

Synthetic7

Serum antibodies1

Antigenic2

Specific19

Immunohistochemical2

Human6

Assay3

Immune system7

Immunoglobulin2

Vaccine6

Species2

Bound8

Gp411

Conformation1

EBioscience2

Contrast4

Complexes4

Infection5

Induce3

ZooMAb2

Envelope Protein2

Sequences4

Diagnostics3

Heterogeneity1

Recognition3

Sequence3

Residues4

Synthesis7

Recognize1

Class of proteins1