AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
AdipocytesAdipose Tissue, BrownAdipocytes, White3T3-L1 CellsAdipocytes, BrownAdipose TissueLipolysisInsulinGlucose Transporter Type 4Adipogenesis3T3 CellsMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsAdipose Tissue, WhiteThermogenesisGlucosePhaeophytaCell DifferentiationMitochondrial ProteinsPPAR gammaReceptors, Adrenergic, beta-3DeoxyglucoseRats, Inbred BNCells, CulturedLeptinObesityRNA, MessengerMuscle ProteinsReceptor, InsulinAdiponectinIon ChannelsLipid MetabolismCold TemperatureMice, ObeseGene Expression RegulationSterol EsteraseInsulin ResistanceCarrier ProteinsBiological TransportInsulin Receptor Substrate ProteinsEpididymisGlucose Transporter Type 1Thiazolidinediones3-O-MethylglucoseLipoprotein LipaseFatty AcidsRats, Inbred StrainsMice, Inbred C57BLIsoproterenolSignal TransductionAdrenergic beta-AgonistsHypoglycemic AgentsLipid MobilizationPhenylisopropyladenosineDioxolesCCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alphaSubcutaneous FatBody Temperature RegulationMethylglucosidesAdipokinesGlycerolPhosphorylationReceptors, Adrenergic, betaPhosphoproteinsAdrenergic beta-3 Receptor AgonistsFatty Acid-Binding ProteinsNorepinephrineCell MembraneInsulin AntagonistsMembrane ProteinsCystinyl AminopeptidaseEnergy MetabolismGene ExpressionTriglyceridesBrown Recluse SpiderKineticsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionLipidsRats, ZuckerTroutMitochondriaPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesGlycerolphosphate DehydrogenaseFatty Acids, NonesterifiedTranscription FactorsBody Weight1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthineRats, WistarHormones, EctopicFatty Acid SynthasesOmentumMice, KnockoutProteinsRats, Sprague-DawleyResistinBlotting, WesternLipaseCyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3Cell LineDiet, High-FatSargassum
Lipid dropletsThermogenesisMature adipocytesAdipose tissuesUCP1LipolysisGenesRegulatesAdipogenesisInducesObesityMicePrimary adipocytesMetabolismTriglyceridesBeigeMetabolicRegulationPPARMolecularTissuesMRNAOverexpressionSubcutaneousPrecursorEndoplasmic reticulumOxidativeMurineLeptinTumorSynthesisSkeletalKinaseDifferentiatePeptidesHumanRegulateTransmembraneEndocrineIntracellularWhite and brownTranscriptionEnergyHumansAmino acidsCellsExpressionMitochondria
Lipid droplets4
  • Brown adipocytes are smaller than white adipocytes and contain multitudes of small (multilocular) lipid droplets. (news-medical.net)
  • Despite cholesterol being delivered as cholesteryl ester in adipocytes, approximately 95% of cholesterol paradoxically exists as free cholesterol (FC) ( 7 ) and resides in the plasma membrane or the cytosolic interface of lipid droplets where it is readily available for mobilization ( 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In cells, such as adipocytes, TGs are stored in organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). (elifesciences.org)
  • While white adipocytes store energy as triacylglycerols in lipid droplets, brown adipocytes combust excess chemical energy and release in the form of heat through uncoupled respiration. (iisc.ac.in)
Thermogenesis15
Mature adipocytes3
  • The sympathetic nervous system regulates this function through β-adrenergic stimulation of brown mature adipocytes' dissipation of energy in the form of heat mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) activation. (springer.com)
  • We generated transgenic (TG) C57BL/6 mice expressing the Ptgs2 gene encoding cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mature adipocytes. (dtu.dk)
  • It has been suggested that adipogenesis is regulated by PPARβ/δ followed by PPARγ and C/EBPα promoting differentiation into mature adipocytes [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Adipose tissues4
  • More specifically, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), which is a retinol carrier protein in the serum, is well known for its effects in the adipose tissues. (snu.ac.kr)
  • Cyclooxygenases are known as important regulators of metabolism and immune processes via conversion of C20 fatty acids into various regulatory lipid mediators, and cyclooxygenase activity has been implicated in browning of white adipose tissues. (dtu.dk)
  • CHCHD10 is dramatically upregulated during thermogenic adipocytes activation by PPARγ-PGC1α, and positively correlated with UCP1 expression in the adipose tissues from human and mice. (figshare.com)
  • Most adipocytes exist in discrete depots throughout the body, notably in well-defined white and brown adipose tissues. (wustl.edu)
UCP19
  • To investigate the role of RBP4 in BAT, brown adipocyte-specific human RPB4 transgenic mice (UCP1-hRBP4 mice) were generated. (snu.ac.kr)
  • METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we report that cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) are crucially involved in induction of UCP1 expression in inguinal white adipocytes, but not in classic interscapular brown adipocytes. (ku.dk)
  • Cold-induced expression of UCP1 in inguinal white adipocytes was repressed in COX2 knockout (KO) mice and by administration of the COX inhibitor indomethacin in wild-type mice. (ku.dk)
  • Indomethacin repressed beta-adrenergic induction of UCP1 expression in primary inguinal adipocytes. (ku.dk)
  • CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings provide evidence that induction of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue, but not in classic interscapular brown adipose tissue is dependent on cyclooxygenase activity. (ku.dk)
  • Furthermore, the expression level of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and adipokine mRNA in WAT were measured. (burnthefat.com)
  • Clear signals of UCP1 protein and mRNA were detected in WAT of mice fed the Undaria lipids, although there is little expression of UCP1 in WAT of mice fed control diet. (burnthefat.com)
  • Brown adipocytes possess a mitochondrial transmembrane protein thermogenin or UCP1 which allows heat generation. (malaimare.ro)
  • Brown fat mitochondria are uncoupled from ATP production through the action of a specific uncoupling protein called UCP1. (todoslifestyle.com)
Lipolysis6
  • β-Adrenergic signaling is a core regulator of brown adipocyte function stimulating both lipolysis and transcription of thermogenic genes, thereby expanding the capacity for oxidative metabolism. (ku.dk)
  • We have used pharmacological inhibitors and a direct activator of lipolysis to acutely modulate the activity of lipases, thereby enabling us to uncover lipolysis-dependent signaling pathways downstream of β-adrenergic signaling in cultured brown adipocytes. (ku.dk)
  • Importantly, however, lipolysis also activates the unfolded protein response and regulates the core circadian transcriptional machinery independently of PPARs. (ku.dk)
  • Our results demonstrate that lipolysis generates important metabolic signals that exert profound pleiotropic effects on transcription and function of cultured brown adipocytes. (ku.dk)
  • Together, our findings reveal essential role of CHCHD10 in regulating lipolysis and thermogenic program in adipocytes. (figshare.com)
  • White adipocytes can store triglycerides as a consequence papillary thyroid cancer with tall cell variant lipogenesis, under the regulation of growth hormone or leptin and adiponectin, and release fatty acids resulted from lipolysis, under the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system, glucocorticoids, TNF-α, insulin, and natriuretic peptides. (malaimare.ro)
Genes5
  • Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-dependent intracellular proteins that stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to specific DNA sequences following activation by the appropriate ligand. (thermofisher.com)
  • Mechanistically, SML repressed the myogenic gene program in C2C12 myoblasts and increased all mitochondrial marker genes as appeared in brown adipose cells. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Lean adults have been found to have more genes that express brown fat, while obese patients have little to none. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • Our previous studies implicated ACLY in regulating histone acetylation and expression of glucose metabolism genes in adipocytes, in a nutrient-dependent manner. (grantome.com)
  • Downregulated adipose tissue expression of browning genes with increased environmental temperatures. (medscape.com)
Regulates2
  • The CNS also directly regulates adipocyte metabolism, as we have shown here by examining central action of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. (jci.org)
  • Specifically, we will test ACLY?s role in fat-specific and systemic carbohydrate metabolism and define the mechanisms through which ACLY regulates gene expression in white adipocytes. (grantome.com)
Adipogenesis4
Induces2
  • Irisin (Ir), a recently identified adipomyokine, cleaved and secreted to the circulation from the FNDC5 protein in response to physical activity and some environmental conditions has been postulated to induces the differentiation of a subset of white adipocytes into brown fat and mediates the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolic homeostasis. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • In the current study, we investigated the effect of a small molecule, sesaminol (SML) on brown fat activity and found that SML induces the thermogenic program in primary white adipocytes as well as chow diet fed mice. (iisc.ac.in)
Obesity11
  • GATA-3-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit an enhanced capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, and defective GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression is associated with obesity. (nih.gov)
  • However, in obese individuals this proportion of cholesterol can increase to well over half and could contribute to adipocyte dysfunction and obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome, including low levels of plasma HDL cholesterol ( 1 - 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Remarkably, HDL cholesterol transport machinery is highly represented in adipocytes ( 5 , 6 , 13 ) but the relevance to obesity and metabolic complications remains poorly understood. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Consistent with apoE being an LXR target gene in adipocyte ( 13 ), apoE-deficient mice also exhibit a lean phenotype and are resistant to diet-induced obesity ( 15 - 17 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Understanding the regulation of the pathways that lead to proliferation and differentiation of white and brown pre-adipocytes could be crucial for revealing the underlying mechanisms of obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exceeding the capacity to store TG in adipocytes occurs in obesity and is often accompanied by deposition of TG in other tissues and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thoracic perivascular adipocytes resemble brown adipocytes, while abdominal ones are more similar to white adipocytes and, consequently, are involved in obesity-induced inflammatory reactions. (malaimare.ro)
  • This characteristic phenomenon of brown fat attracts researchers and pharmacological industries to view brown fat as one of the potential therapeutic targets for obesity and associated metabolic disease. (iisc.ac.in)
  • The finding that brown fat activity is present in adult humans is of direct relevance to fighting the obesity epidemic. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • Understanding the regulation of brown fat expression has brought us one step closer to counteracting obesity and diabetes through genetic therapy or therapeutic drugs that induce brown fat expression. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • A new study finds that adipocyte SLC7A10 impairments may impact lipid accumulation during insulin resistance in patients with obesity. (medscape.com)
Mice9
  • We hypothesized that mice lacking TG storage in adipocytes would result in excess TG storage in cell types other than adipocytes and severe lipotoxicity accompanied by metabolic disease. (elifesciences.org)
  • To test this hypothesis, we selectively deleted both TG-synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, in adipocytes (ADGAT DKO mice). (elifesciences.org)
  • We generated mice lacking both known TG synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2 1 , 2 , in adipocytes. (elifesciences.org)
  • In particular, SML treatment to mice elevated mitochondrial complex proteins and the rate of oxygen consumption in brown and white fat. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Administration of SML to high fat diet (HFD) challenged mice decreased weight gain, adiposity and cholesterol levels along with an increase of brown fat gene program in brown and white fat. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Together, our results demonstrate that SML stimulates brown adipose function and protects mice against diet-induced weight gain. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Therefore, Aims 2 and Aim 3 determined the extent to which a relative low dose of 10,12 CLA or a CLA isomer mixture increases markers of browning in mice and its dependence in inflammatory signaling. (uncg.edu)
  • In Aim 3, a relatively low dose of 10,12 CLA reduced body fat and increased browning of WAT in overweight mice, which were independent of inflammatory signaling. (uncg.edu)
  • Previous studies on the regulation of a Ucp minigene in transgenic mice demonstrated that the sequences necessary for brown-fat-specific expression and inducibility by norepinephrine were located in the 5' flanking region between 1 and 2.8 kb from the transcriptional start site. (elsevierpure.com)
Primary adipocytes3
  • Our lab has demonstrated that 10,12 CLA triggered calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum in human primary adipocytes, which activated downstream inflammatory signaling, resulting in impaired uptake of glucose and fatty acid, and delipidation. (uncg.edu)
  • Therefore, my Aim 1 investigated the upstream mechanism by which 10,12 CLA increases intracellular calcium and inflammatory signaling in human primary adipocytes. (uncg.edu)
  • The results indicated that phospholipase C plays an important role in 10,12 CLA-mediated activation of intracellular calcium accumulation, inflammatory signaling, delipidation, and insulin resistance in human primary adipocytes. (uncg.edu)
Metabolism5
  • Moreover, white adipocytes have a low oxidative rate, which is the rate of macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) metabolism. (news-medical.net)
  • In addition to its potential role as a local energy reservoir, BMAT also secretes proteins, including adiponectin, RANK ligand, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, and stem cell factor, which contribute to local marrow niche functions and which may also influence global metabolism. (wustl.edu)
  • While recent studies have pointed towards a bidirectional relationship between signaling and metabolic pathways, the role of nutrient metabolism in modulating signaling and gene expression in adipocytes is poorly understood. (grantome.com)
  • ACLY deficiency results in altered gene expression patterns and lipid metabolism in both white and brown adipose tissue. (grantome.com)
  • We propose that disruption of acetyl-CoA metabolism is a feature of metabolic disease, and that by defining the roles of the key acetyl-CoA producer ACLY in adipocytes, these studies will point to new strategies to improve the metabolic health of individuals with or at risk for metabolic diseases. (grantome.com)
Triglycerides4
Beige4
  • UCP-1-expressing multilocular adipocytes, termed 'beige' or 'brite' (brown-in-white) adipocytes, can also be found interspersed among white adipocytes within SAT under conditions requiring increased heat production (e.g. chronic cold exposure). (springer.com)
  • These induced brown adipocytes in WAT are referred to as Brown in white (brite) or 'beige' adipocytes and differ from conventional BAT in infants. (news-medical.net)
  • Histologically, there are four types of fat tissue cells which are currently recognized white, brown, beige, and perivascular adipocytes. (malaimare.ro)
  • Recently, thermogenic, UCP positive adipocytes have been identified in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue and have been named beige adipocytes. (malaimare.ro)
Metabolic6
  • Therefore, this study aims to analyze the metabolic effects of RBP4 in the brown fat. (snu.ac.kr)
  • In summary, the metabolic phenotypes of RBP4 overexpression in BAT suggest that RBP4 could be involved in the activation of the brown fat, and further study is required to understand the molecular mechanisms. (snu.ac.kr)
  • Conversely, insufficient TG storage such as occurs in lipodystrophy is usually associated with adipocyte endocrine deficiency and similar metabolic derangements. (elifesciences.org)
  • We report here that selectively impairing TG storage in adipocytes leads to a unique murine model in which depletion of energy stores is not accompanied by metabolic derangements but instead results in protection from adverse metabolic effects, even with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, due to activation of energy dissipation pathways. (elifesciences.org)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3) and irisin (I) can modulate metabolic status, increase heat production, and promote differentiation of white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT). (fapesp.br)
  • Methods: Here we analyzed the effects of irisin on the metabolic activity of 3T3-L1 derived adipocytes through a mitochondrial flux assay. (famelab.gr)
Regulation5
  • Here, we show that murine GATA-2 and GATA-3 are specifically expressed in white adipocyte precursors and that their down-regulation sets the stage for terminal differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • VSTM2A plays a role in the regulation of the early stage of white and brown preadipocyte cell differentiation. (rndsystems.com)
  • Abstract title:Regulation of de novo lipogenesis through the control of nuclear SREBP-1c protein stability. (csh-asia.org)
  • Whereas bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) shares many properties in common with white adipose tissue, the distinct functions of BMAT are reflected by its development, regulation, protein secretion, and lipid composition. (wustl.edu)
  • And last year, Dr. Fawaz Haj, professor at University of California, Davis, made an important discovery marking the link between the regulation of insulin signalling and brown fat cells through an enzyme called protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). (todoslifestyle.com)
PPAR1
Molecular7
  • Thus, GATA-2 and GATA-3 regulate adipocyte differentiation through molecular control of the preadipocyte-adipocyte transition. (nih.gov)
  • Better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms regulating adipocyte size, number and depot-dependent expansion has become a focus of interest over recent decades. (springer.com)
  • Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. (novusbio.com)
  • Therefore, in this hpv test means we are reviewing the most recent data regarding the origin, structure, and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of adipocytes. (malaimare.ro)
  • Studies on molecular mechanisms in differentiation and dedifferentiation of adipocytes. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Retinoblastoma protein functions as a molecular switch determining white versus brown adipocyte differentiation. (hxtxf.cn)
  • Molecular studies to understand the precise mechanism of action and genetic expression of brown fat are underway. (todoslifestyle.com)
Tissues1
  • In addition to the classic brown adipocytes, a different type of brown fat cells seems to exist in tissues where WAT predominates. (biomedcentral.com)
MRNA4
  • In white adipocytes, mRNA expression of various fat storage-promoting enzymes such as lipoprotein lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 was markedly increased, while that of the rate-limiting step in fat oxidation, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1α, was decreased. (jci.org)
  • The changes in iWAT were accompanied by increased levels of specific COX-derived lipid mediators and increased mRNA levels of interleukin-33, interleukin-4 and arginase-1, but not increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 or increased energy expenditure. (dtu.dk)
  • It has been demonstrated that 10,12 CLA increased mRNA levels and protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, which have been linked to increased energy expenditure associated with white adipose tissue (WAT) browning and uncoupling of ATP synthesis. (uncg.edu)
  • It was also found that 10,12 CLA-induced browning in WAT was accompanied by increases in mRNA levels of COX-2 and other markers of inflammation. (uncg.edu)
Overexpression2
  • Moreover, the RBP4 overexpression in brown adipose tissue leads to a moderate improvement in glucose tolerance, and an increase in energy expenditure as well as core body temperature. (snu.ac.kr)
  • Consistently, overexpression of Chchd10 activates thermogenic adipocytes. (figshare.com)
Subcutaneous1
  • Our findings suggest a role for COX-2-derived lipid mediators from adipocytes in mediating type 2 immunity cues in subcutaneous WAT associated with decreased hepatic steatosis, but with no accompanying induction of browning and increased energy expenditure. (dtu.dk)
Precursor3
  • The ~120 kDa SREBP precursor protein is anchored in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope by virtue of two membrane-spanning helices in the middle of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • WAT is characterised by its capacity to adapt and expand in response to surplus energy through processes of adipocyte hypertrophy and/or recruitment and proliferation of precursor cells in combination with vascular and extracellular matrix remodelling. (springer.com)
  • The nature of these cells is still controversial, as current theories are suggesting their origin either by transdifferentiation of white adipocytes, or by differentiation from an own precursor cell. (malaimare.ro)
Endoplasmic reticulum4
  • The ERAP1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As its name suggests, this protein is active in a cellular structure called the endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein processing and transport. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Second, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 cleaves many types of proteins into small peptides that can be recognized by the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Each of the ERAP1 gene variants changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1. (medlineplus.gov)
Oxidative2
  • Conversely, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of WAT represent potential therapeutic approaches, since dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by BAT/browning-mediated oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects. (springer.com)
  • There is also evidence that the deleterious effects mediated by dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by the pro-oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. (springer.com)
Murine2
  • Thus, as an alternative, we produced EXIQON microarray of brown and white primary murine adipocytes (prior to and following differentiation) to yield global profiles of miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we sought to test the requirement for TG storage in adipocytes in murine physiology at baseline and in response to high-fat feeding. (elifesciences.org)
Leptin1
Tumor2
  • Cytokines secreted by adipocytes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin-6, are implicated in NAFLD. (wjgnet.com)
  • We have investigated this region in more detail in cultured mouse brown adipocyte tumor cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Synthesis2
  • It may be for this reason that adipocytes have evolved with an extremely limited capacity to perform de novo cholesterol synthesis ( 1 ) but possess multiple strategies to extract cholesterol from circulating lipoproteins ( 5 , 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Nuclear-cytoplasmic pools of acetyl-CoA are crucial for de novo synthesis of lipids and for protein lysine acetylation. (grantome.com)
Skeletal2
  • Chronic central ghrelin infusion resulted in increases in the glucose utilization rate of white and brown adipose tissue without affecting skeletal muscle. (jci.org)
  • Whole cell extracts (30 µg lysate) of 3T3-L1 (Lane 1), 3T3-L1 differentiated to adipocytes (Lane 2), Mouse Adipose (Lane 3), Rat Adipose (Lane 4), Mouse Brown Fat (Lane 5) and Mouse Skeletal Muscle (Lane 5) were electrophoresed using Novex® NuPAGE® 4-12 % Bis-Tris gel (Product # NP0322B. (thermofisher.com)
Kinase1
  • Among them, the sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, p53, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathways are most widely studied. (frontiersin.org)
Differentiate1
  • Alternatively, if immature precursors of BAT are already present in WAT, these can differentiate into mature brown adipocytes. (news-medical.net)
Peptides3
  • This protein is an aminopeptidase, which is an enzyme that cuts (cleaves) other proteins into smaller fragments called peptides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These peptides are exported to the cell surface, where they attach to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • MHC class I proteins display the peptides to the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
Human2
  • E. coli-derived human Abhd5 recombinant protein (Position: R169-D349). (thermofisher.com)
  • Until recently, it was believed that only rodents, hibernating animals and human infants had brown fat. (todoslifestyle.com)
Regulate1
  • Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP-1) in the inner membrane of brown-fat mitochondria uncouples electron transport from ATP production, allowing energy dissipation, thus helping to regulate body temperature [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transmembrane1
  • V-set and transmembrane domain-containing protein 2A (VSTM2A) is a secreted glycoprotein that is expressed by committed preadipocytes. (rndsystems.com)
Endocrine1
  • In addition, white adipocytes provide insulation and contribute to endocrine function as they secrete hormones. (news-medical.net)
Intracellular1
  • Wnts bind to the cell surface Frizzled family receptors in conjunction with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein family receptors (LRP5 or 6) resulting in the stabilization of intracellular beta -catenin levels (2). (novusbio.com)
White and brown1
  • Adipocytes are key players in maintaining energy homeostasis and are classified into two different categories: white and brown adipocytes. (iisc.ac.in)
Transcription1
Energy7
  • Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein- and proopiomelanocortin-producing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus primarily sense the body energy state. (nature.com)
  • This has fuelled the therapeutic interest in the transformation of energy-storing into energy-dissipating adipocytes. (news-medical.net)
  • Although TGs can also be found in LDs in other cell types (i.e., myocytes, hepatocytes, enterocytes), adipocytes represent by far the major energy depots in mammals. (elifesciences.org)
  • Brown fat, on the other hand, dissipates chemical energy from fatty acids and sugars into heat. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • Yes, you understood correctly -- while white fat stores energy, brown fat burns energy! (todoslifestyle.com)
  • In short, brown fat mitochondria "waste" energy by releasing it as heat. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • In the past decade, however, scientists have discovered the presence of brown fat in adult humans and an evident relationship between brown fat and energy expenditure. (todoslifestyle.com)
Humans2
  • Further research is yet to be done on the possibility of inducing brown fat expression in humans. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • Long-term studies aimed at observing the lifespan of transplanted or drug-induced brown fat cells need to be performed to see whether inducing brown fat differentiation in adult humans would have long term weight loss effects. (todoslifestyle.com)
Amino acids1
  • To understand the full spectrum of the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade, we have defined the tyrosine-phosphoproteome of the insulin signaling pathway, using high resolution mass spectrometry in combination with phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in differentiated brown adipocytes. (harvard.edu)
Cells5
  • Constitutive GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression suppressed adipocyte differentiation and trapped cells at the preadipocyte stage. (nih.gov)
  • There are two types of fat cells: white fat cells and brown fat cells. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • Said that, mitochondria in brown fat differ from those in muscle cells. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • Dr. Patrick Seale and Dr. Bruce Spiegalman from Harvard University discovered that brown fat cells originate from pre-differentiated muscle cells. (todoslifestyle.com)
  • First, the protein cleaves several other proteins called cytokine receptors on the surface of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Expression3
  • Site-directed mutagenesis of the reporter gene constructs established that independent mutations to a cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE-2) or one of two TTCC motifs (BRE [brown fat regulatory element]), all within 17 bp, eliminated transient expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Recent studies have revealed that acetylation of histones and other cellular proteins is sensitive to acetyl-CoA availability, and that acetylation may thus serve as a mechanism to modulate gene expression in a nutrient-sensitive manner. (grantome.com)
  • Genetic Variants in ERAP1 and ERAP2 Associated With Immune-Mediated Diseases Influence Protein Expression and the Isoform Profile. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitochondria2