Protein activators regulate. Medical search. Frequent questions

This gene encodes a protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA which mediates the effects of interferon in response to viral infection. (nih.gov)
High-throughput kinome-RNAi screen identifies protein kinase R activator (PACT) as a novel genetic modifier of CUG foci integrity in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). (nih.gov)
SP600125 inhibited interleukin-1β-induced JNK activity and activator protein-1 activation, but it did not affect the activation of extracellular-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. (aspetjournals.org)
Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of these cells are not well understood, activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway has been implicated in neuroprotective responses to excitotoxicity in other neuronal populations. (jneurosci.org)
Along these lines, accumulating evidence shows that the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in neuronal cell survival. (jneurosci.org)
Our data reveal that the vulnerable cells express high levels of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), which is a key regulator of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. (jneurosci.org)
Macroautophagy is regulated by numerous cellular factors, including the Class III PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) Vps34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34). (nih.gov)
We demonstrate here that the kinases Gsk3β and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) are novel determinants of IZ formation and cooperate with E(Spl) activity in a dose-dependent manner. (biologists.com)
Woolson, H. D. , Thomson, V. S. , Rutherford, C. , Yarwood, S. J. and Palmer, T. M. (2009) Selective inhibition of cytokine-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase by cyclic amp via Epac1-dependent induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling-3. (gla.ac.uk)
Here we demonstrate that elevation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) specifically attenuates ERK1,2 activation in response to either leptin or a soluble interleukin IL-6 receptor-α/IL-6 (sIL-6R-α/IL-6) trans-signalling complex but not protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. (gla.ac.uk)
The inhibitory effect of cAMP could not be reversed by inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) but was blocked by depletion of the alternative intracellular cAMP sensor exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1), which is also required to observe SOCS-3 accumulation in response to cAMP. (gla.ac.uk)
PAK, a kinase that regulates the actin cytoskeleton downstream of Rac, also binds FMRP. (fraxa.org)
Allosterically regulated proteins that require an activator are sometimes based on a thiol exchange interaction involving cysteines, for example, pyruvate kinase uses fructose bisphosphate (FBPs) as a heterotrophic activator and it contains a cysteine in its FBP binding site [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Interestingly, TiO2 NPs increased the AP-1 activity via stimulating the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family members, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs), p38 kinase, and C-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). (cdc.gov)
RAS guanyl-releasing protein 2 (Calcium and diacylglycerol-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor I) (Ras activator RasGRP2) (CalDAG- GEFI) (Guanine exchange factor MCG7) (F25B3.3 kinase homolog). (lu.se)
We are currently investigating two protein kinases, namely AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2). (lu.se)

Stevenson NJ, Ryan EJ, Keogh CA, Lloyd AT, Cormican P, Hegarty JE, O'Farrelly C. , Hepatitis C virus (HCV) regulates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein expression to escape interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) responses. (tcd.ie)

For instance, thrombolytic agents such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) exhibit limited or no physical recovery of patients suffering from stroke [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in plasma samples and local inflammation was assessed by neutrophil infiltration. (unav.edu)
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the primary inhibitor of both tissue- and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (t-PA, u-PA). (tmu.edu.tw)

D-Onecut appears to be a moderate transcriptional activator and functions as a nuclear protein in neuronal tissues of both the CNS and PNS during development and in the adult. (psu.edu)
We have a long-standing interest in the p53 protein, a stress-activated transcriptional activator. (southampton.ac.uk)

Enzyme inhibitors are a chemically diverse set of substances that range in size from organic small molecules to macromolecular proteins . (wikipedia.org)
In addition to small molecules, some proteins act as enzyme inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
[6] Another class of inhibitor proteins is the ribonuclease inhibitors , which bind to ribonucleases in one of the tightest known protein-protein interactions . (wikipedia.org)
[7] A special case of protein enzyme inhibitors are zymogens that contain an autoinhibitory N-terminal peptide that binds to the active site of enzyme that intramolecularly blocks its activity as a protective mechanism against uncontrolled catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
Oncogenic protein tyrosine phosphatases have long been viewed as drug targets of interest, and recently developed allosteric inhibitors of SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) have entered clinical trials. (aacrjournals.org)
The class Enzymatic-Reactions describes information specific to the pairing of an enzyme with a reaction that the enzyme catalyzes, such as its activators, inhibitors, and cofactors. (ecocyc.org)

Herein, the role of gal-3 in regulating S. aureus phagocytosis and S. aureus -induced intracellular ROS was analyzed by imaging flow cytometry and luminol-based chemiluminescence, respectively. (lu.se)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)

Moreover, ISE up-regulated the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand ratio. (degruyter.com)
A search of the literature revealed that SSRIs differ in their action on another ER protein called the sigma-1 receptor (S1R), which- like wolframin-is a regulator of the ER stress response. (flippingbook.com)

The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors (GDNFs), a family of neurotrophic factors, were initially thought to be able to regulate the growth, survival, and differentiation of neural-derived cell types. (medsci.org)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ishige sinicola , a brown alga, on osteoblast differentiation through the activation of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signalling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. (degruyter.com)
The oncogenic signaling pathway includes cellular species that regulate the growth, differentiation, and survival of cells. (american.edu)

TANK is an inhibitor of TRAF function which regulates TRAF protein activity via sequestering TRAFs in a dormant position in the cytoplasm. (prospecbio.com)

Measuring protein phosphorylation and expression in glioblastoma cells across 40 signaling pathway nodes in response to different drugs and for different oxygen tensions revealed that SHP2 antagonism has network-level, context-dependent signaling consequences that affect cell phenotypes (e.g., cell death) in unanticipated ways. (aacrjournals.org)
Protein phosphorylation is a biological process that regulates most aspects of cellular life, and the enzymes that catalyze this reaction - protein kinases - constitute the largest family of enzymes encoded by the human genome. (lu.se)
An overall aim of our research is to study the regulation and function of protein phosphorylation cascades that are important for the maintenance of a normal energy metabolism and that might be involved in the pathophysiological changes that ultimately lead to type 2 diabetes. (lu.se)

RNA-seq results showed that transcription factors and macrophage inflammatory proteins were significantly downregulated in the DNMT3A mutant clones. (frontiersin.org)

We have a specific focus on protein kinases that regulate adipose tissue function, since defects in this tissue, for example in its ability to efficiently store fat, is an underlying cause of insulin resistance and diabetes. (lu.se)

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions necessary for life , in which substrate molecules are converted into products . (wikipedia.org)
Cellular signaling pathways are networks of genes, proteins, enzymes, cytokines, and other cellular species that "communicate" in order to govern the basic functions of cells. (american.edu)

It relieved the inhibitory effect of DNMT3A mutation, promoted the phenotypic recovery of the co-cultured macrophages, eliminated resistance, and regulated the immune microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
In summary, this is the first report of an inhibitory role of gal-3 in regulating phagocytosis-induced ROS production. (lu.se)

Immunoflourescence images of expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 showing thealteration of key protein markers of antioxidant gene expression, read more in 'Melatonin targets ferroptosis through bimodal alteration of redox environment and cellular pathways in NAFLD model' from Saha et al, in this edition of Bioscience Reports. (portlandpress.com)
We have also developed interests in other pathways which regulate gene transcription and cancer cell proliferation in response to stress and changes in cell metabolism. (southampton.ac.uk)
A particular interest of our work has been how HDM2 and HDMX protein synthesis is controlled in response to cell-signalling pathways in different cell types, and how this affects p53 function in these cells. (southampton.ac.uk)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
Oxidative stress pathways regulate redox balance by Nrf2 and other ways. (springer.com)

The protein produced by the CREBBP gene helps regulate cell growth and division, as well as for the normal development of the body. (medicinenet.com)

We present evidence that D-Onecut can bind to similar DNA sequences with high specificity and affinity as other Onecut proteins through the highly conserved cut domain and homeodomain. (psu.edu)
Indeed, it has been demonstrated that cysteines are characterized by the most extreme conservation pattern, being highly conserved in functional positions of proteins but poorly conserved otherwise [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

SP600125 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation, inducible monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production, and serum-induced type I collagen production. (aspetjournals.org)
MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. (aspetjournals.org)

CtBP activity is modified by UV radiation and glycolytic metabolism, suggesting that CtBPs regulate cell survival in response to cellular stress. (southampton.ac.uk)
To avoid iron toxicity, yet to deliver adequate amounts of iron for biological processes, life on Earth has evolved to have sophisticated machinery that regulates iron at both the systemic and the cellular levels. (american.edu)
Cellular iron levels and iron associated proteins are differentially expressed in many cancers, and recently, it was reported that high expression levels of iron importer and low levels of iron exporter were associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. (american.edu)
When cells are under stress, particularly if they are unable to properly fold proteins, an ER stress response kicks in to get cellular processes back into balance. (flippingbook.com)
The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. (intechopen.com)
We specialize in the production of purified proteins and easy-to-use kits to study biochemical and cellular processes. (cytoskeleton.com)

One soluble factor modulating the interplay between immune cells and microbes is galectin-3 (gal-3), a carbohydrate-binding protein that regulates a wide variety of neutrophil functions. (lu.se)
Gal-3 has been shown to potentiate neutrophil interaction with bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus , and is also a potent activator of the neutrophil respiratory burst, inducing large amounts of granule-localized ROS in primed cells. (lu.se)
and is also a potent activator of the neutrophil respiratory burst, inducing large amounts of granule-localized ROS in primed cells. (lu.se)

The p53 tumour suppressor protein is a key component of one such stress-response pathway, and virtually all cancers loose functionality of the p53-stress response pathway. (southampton.ac.uk)
Considering the important role of activator protein-1 (AP-1) in regulating multiple genes involved in the cell proliferation and inflammation and the induction of neoplastic transformation, we aimed to evaluate the potency of TiO2 NPs (≤ 20 nm) on the activation of AP-1 signaling pathway and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a mouse epidermal cell line, JB6 cells. (cdc.gov)

Overall, the hepatic urea cycle is the major route for waste nitrogen disposal, generation of which is chiefly from protein and amino acid metabolism. (medscape.com)
nitrogen generation results chiefly from protein and amino acid metabolism. (medscape.com)

Surprisingly, RhoA (but not Rac1, Cdc42, or p190RhoGAP) protein levels increased due to reduced RhoA ubiquitination mediated by the adaptor protein CCM2 (cerebral cavernous malformation 2) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 and subsequent proteasomal degradation. (cytoskeleton.com)

ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNA and protein levels were much higher in the ocular tissues of Tyrp-1-TAg mice than in control ocular tissues from wild-type mice. (molvis.org)

Some Example Projects: Regulation of HDM2 and HDMX proteins The HDM2 oncoprotein is the major negative regulator of p53 function in the cell. (southampton.ac.uk)
Cysteines are one of the most rarely used amino acids, but when conserved in proteins they often play critical roles in structure, function, or regulation. (hindawi.com)
Reversible cysteine modifications allow for potential redox regulation of proteins. (hindawi.com)
The regulation of PAI-1 protein was also found in both culture medium and cell lysate when cells were attached to a culture dish. (tmu.edu.tw)
Using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blots experiments, we compared changes in ETS-1 and ETS-2 expression, their protein levels, and the regulation of some of their target gene expressions at different stages of the ocular tumoral progression in the transgenic mouse model, Tyrp-1-TAg, with those in normal eyes from control mice of the same age. (molvis.org)

Several of the mRNAs regulated by FMRP directly impact spine actin dynamics, including both the mRNA encoding the Rac GTPase, a key regulator of actin dynamics, and the mRNA encoding profilin, an actin binding protein. (fraxa.org)

Donaldson, J. G., Finazzi, D. & Klausner, R. D. Brefeldin A inhibits Golgi membrane-catalysed exchange of guanine nucleotide onto ARF protein. (nature.com)
Morinaga, N., Tsai, S.-C., Moss, J. & Vaughan, M. Isolation of a brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein for ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) 1 and ARF3 that contains a Sec7-like domain. (nature.com)

Researchers reported at least five genetic mutations in the SRCAP gene may result in an altered SNF2 protein that interferes with the normal activation of the CREBBP gene, causing developmental issues. (medicinenet.com)
Mutations in the SRCAP gene may result in an altered protein that interferes with normal activation of the CREBBP gene, resulting in problems in development. (medlineplus.gov)
Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
Mutations in three activator genes caused defects in surface motility and fruiting body development. (syr.edu)

This is the first study describing the production and distribution of ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNAs and proteins using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in murine ocular tissue sections of normal control eyes and tumoral eyes from mice of the same age. (molvis.org)

With a $163,000 grant from the FRAXA Research Foundation, Dr. Scott Soderling and Dr. Hwan Kim bred the standard mouse model of Fragile X syndrome to their lines of mice that express reduced levels of several key proteins that modulate synaptic actin. (fraxa.org)
CYFIP also couples Rac to WAVE-1, an activator of spine actin polymerization. (fraxa.org)
Our previous work has shown that WAVE-1 is an important actin regulatory protein that regulates dendritic spines (a component of the synapse) and synaptic plasticity. (fraxa.org)
Recently, the potential for the actin cytoskeleton (e.g., actin-binding protein complex Arp2/3) to regulate the activity and protein expression of upstream Rho-family GTPases (e.g. (cytoskeleton.com)

GTPase-activator protein for Ras-like GTPase is a family of evolutionarily related proteins. (wikipedia.org)
This intrinsic GTPase activity of ras is stimulated by a family of proteins collectively known as 'GAP' or GTPase-activating proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The Ras GTPase-activating proteins are quite large (from 765 residues for sar1 to 3079 residues for IRA2) but share only a limited (about 250 residues) region of sequence similarity, referred to as the 'catalytic domain' or rasGAP domain. (wikipedia.org)
The GTPase-activating protein p190RhoGAP reduced RhoA activity through increased physical interactions between the two proteins. (cytoskeleton.com)

Using AMPK activators and other tools, we aim to determine the role of AMPK in adipose cells. (lu.se)

Here, we report that high levels of the striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), a key regulator of ERK/MAPK signaling, are found in vulnerable somatostatin-immunoreactive hilar interneurons. (jneurosci.org)

We report here the characterization of the Drosophila homolog of the onecut homeobox gene, which encodes a protein product with one cut domain and one homeodomain. (psu.edu)

The SRCAP gene regulates the production of a protein called SNF2, which connects to the CREBBP activator protein. (medicinenet.com)
This gene provides instructions for making a protein called Snf2-related CREBBP activator protein, or SRCAP. (medlineplus.gov)
SRCAP is one of several proteins that help activate a gene called CREBBP . (medlineplus.gov)

Mice deficient in the Rac activator Tiam1 are resistant to Ras-induced skin tumours. (nature.com)

NtrC-like activators bind DNA sequences located upstream of σ54-RNA polymerase binding sites and use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to help σ54-RNA polymerase activate transcription. (syr.edu)

Role of CtBP transcriptional repressors in cancer cell proliferation and survival In common with p53, CtBP1 and CtBP2 proteins were discovered through their physical association with a viral oncoprotein. (southampton.ac.uk)

This protein can also down-regulate p53 function and thus modulate cell growth and apoptosis. (cancerindex.org)

Interactions with other proteins or molecules are another feature of cysteines that can affect protein activity. (hindawi.com)

Redox proteomics has taken advantage of the thiol specificity of ICAT reagents not only to identify targets of ROS but also to quantify oxidative thiol modifications in individual proteins. (hindawi.com)

Overall, activity of the cycle is regulated by the rate of synthesis of NAG, the enzyme activator that initiates incorporation of ammonia into the cycle. (medscape.com)

Traditional measurement of the relative absolute quantity of a protein between two samples is not always necessarily proportional to the activity of the protein. (hindawi.com)
However, measuring the relative quantity of a protein between two samples does not tell us anything about the activity of the protein itself. (hindawi.com)
In proteins where cysteine is not within the active site, activity can be modulated by changing conformation or by influencing its regulatory role, for example, iron sulfur complexes (ISCs) in aconitase possess cysteines required for its activity [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Thus, reversible cysteine modifications can influence protein activity and the relative quantification of the status of the thiol can potentially provide valuable insights into protein activity where the protein exists in a range of redox states. (hindawi.com)
Thus, CPS activity is regulated by the relationship of available NAG to inactive CPS enzyme protein. (medscape.com)

The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
In addition, Cyclin and CKI proteins are controlled at the level of their destruction. (intechopen.com)

Our method allows for the identification of the proteins, identification of redox-sensitive cysteines within proteins, and quantification of the redox status of individual cysteine-containing peptides. (hindawi.com)
This is especially important in reference to redox proteins that contain thiol switches susceptible to activation or inactivation. (hindawi.com)
Cysteine is the most important redox-responsive amino acid within proteins largely due to the wide range of oxidation states that sulfur can occupy-so called, "sulfur switches" [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cysteines often form part of active sites, allowing for the protein to be switched on or off depending on redox state. (hindawi.com)

This work showed that, in addition to down-regulating the ER stress response, the activated S1R could down-regulate cytokine production during severe infections that cause sepsis. (flippingbook.com)

Hence, our results provide evidence for the involvement of Ac and ceramide in controlling P. yoelii infection by regulating red blood cell development. (elifesciences.org)
The protein produced from the CREBBP gene plays a key role in regulating cell growth and division and is important for normal development. (medlineplus.gov)
Furthermore, Arp2/3 inhibition and concomitant reduction in active RhoA/increase in total RhoA resulted in defects in cytokinesis which were rescued with a cell-permeable Rho activator. (cytoskeleton.com)
mutants down-regulate AML cell susceptibility to NK-mediated lysis by disruption of the expression of NKG2D ligands, which can be restored by LSD1 inhibition. (bvsalud.org)

These proteins are important components in the machinery that regulates transcription of M. xanthus developmental genes. (syr.edu)

Ras proteins are membrane-associated molecular switches that bind GTP and GDP and slowly hydrolyze GTP to GDP. (wikipedia.org)

At a population level, P. falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) and merozoite surface protein-1 19kD (PfMSP1) IgG decreased during the first 12 months of life before reaching a nadir, whereas IgGs to other targets only declined for the first 4 months of life. (cdc.gov)

We hypothesized that CCAAT/enhancer- binding protein α (C/EBPα), one of the most studied lineage-specific transcription factors in hematopoiesis , might influence the expression of NKG2D-Ls. (bvsalud.org)

The findings are of interest in understanding molecular processes involved in regulating erythropoiesis, as well as the potential to develop host-directed therapies for malarial parasites that target human reticulocytes. (elifesciences.org)
Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. (yeastgenome.org)

Cherfils, J. & Chardin, P. GEFs: structural basis for their activation of small GTP-binding proteins. (nature.com)

Fifty three M. xanthus genes code for NtrC-like activator proteins and 16 of these genes are known to be important for the developmental process. (syr.edu)

Anatomy18

Organisms9

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs149

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes57

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Kinase16

Signal transducer and activator of transcription1

Plasminogen3

Transcriptional activator2

Inhibitors6

Intracellular2

Receptor2

Differentiation3

Inhibitor1

Phosphorylation3

Macrophage1

Kinases1

Enzymes2

Inhibitory3

Pathways7

Helps regulate1

Highly conserved2

Monocyte2

Cellular6

Neutrophil3

Pathway2

Metabolism2

Ubiquitin ligase1

Tissues1

Regulation5

MRNA1

Guanine2

Mutations4

MRNAs1

Actin4

GTPase4

AMPK1

Tyrosine1

Encodes a protein1

SRCAP3

Mice1

Sequences1

Viral oncoprotein1

Modulate1

Interactions1

Oxidative1

Synthesis1

Activity5

Cyclin2

Redox4

Cytokine1

Cell4

Machinery1

Bind1

Membrane1

Transcription factors1

Molecular2

Activation1

Developmental1