Propofol and local anesthetics. Medical search. Frequent questions

Local adverse effects include neurovascular manifestations such as prolonged anesthesia and paresthesias, which may become irreversible. (medscape.com)
See also Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) Under Anesthesia . (medscape.com)
Large doses of lidocaine (up to 55 mg/kg, versus the conventional maximum of 4.5 mg/kg) are used for tumescent anesthesia, in which a dilute local anesthetic solution is injected into subcutaneous tissue until it becomes firm and tense. (medscape.com)
Globally, propofol is the most frequently used intravenous (IV) anesthetic for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
These factors make effective and safe anesthesia care challenging: blood loss can be rapid and profuse, and frequently utilized neurophysiologic monitoring requires adjustments in anesthetic technique, all of which usually occur during a variety of positions, usually the prone position. (renalandurologynews.com)
Sedative analgesics such as remifentanil and dexmedetomidine have been demonstrated in studies to improve the impact of local nerve block and extend the duration of analgesia and have therefore become important adjuvants during surgical anesthesia. (hindawi.com)
The conventional dose of remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia has a good anesthetic effect in clinical applications, but at the same time, drug-related side effects are strong, and even excessive sedation of patients occurs, which is not conducive to patient safety [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
General anesthetic, local infiltration anesthesia, and brachial plexus block are the most used anesthetic procedures for finger replantation at the moment. (hindawi.com)
General anesthesia can address the need for a longer operation duration for severed finger replantation while also providing a superior anesthetic effect. (hindawi.com)
In comparison to general anesthesia, brachial plexus block is easier to administer, requires less anesthetic medication, has a minimal effect on the entire body, maintains stable circulation, and provides prolonged postoperative analgesia compared to local infiltration anesthesia, and the analgesic effect and intraoperative treatment are superior. (hindawi.com)
When different amounts of anesthetic medicine is given, your body reaches different depths of anesthesia. (thepainlesspush.com)
Propofol seems to be the most commonly used venous anesthetic medication for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in the operating room ( 1 ). (ac.ir)
Propofol produces anesthesia by increasing GABA receptor activation ( 4 ). (ac.ir)
In general anesthesia, the induction dosage of propofol is 2.5 mg/kg, inducing anesthesia within 90-100 seconds ( 5 ). (ac.ir)
One of the benefits of propofol is that faster recovery from anesthesia, while reducing nausea and vomiting ( 6 ). (ac.ir)
Since pain during intravenous propofol injection is one of the most prevalent adverse effects of this drug, the management and alleviation of pain is helpful during anesthesia induction process ( 8 ). (ac.ir)
The following table illustrates the choices of anesthesia, a description of the anesthetic technique, and the usual indications for that technique. (kawaharaoralsurgery.com)
Local anesthetic is used in conjunction with the other methods of anesthesia in all oral surgery procedures. (kawaharaoralsurgery.com)
General anesthesia may be necessary if local anesthesia fails to anesthetize the surgical site which often occurs in the presence of infection. (kawaharaoralsurgery.com)
What is the difference between anesthetic and anesthesia? (vikschaatcorner.com)
Although anesthetics such as propofol are neuroprotective as well, neuroprotection during surgery and anesthesia is discussed with the aim of preventing and treating complications that result in CNS damage. (researchandmarkets.com)
Studies on the induction doses, the anesthesia induction time and the hemodynamic changes to different propofol infusion rates have shown that the slower the infusion rate, the lower the required dose for anesthetics and the longer the time required for anesthesia induction, but the drop in blood pressure decreases [ 7 ]. (ekja.org)
In burn patients, propofol is a commonly used drug for anesthesia induction and maintenance and for sedation in the ICU. (ekja.org)
Propofol infusions are typically used to make our patients sleep, and most propofol infusions cross the American Society of Anesthesiologists line into general anesthesia. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
If there is a complication or a bad outcome after the surgery, and you delivered general anesthesia when the operating room schedule said MAC and your preoperative anesthesia note stated the anesthesia plan was MAC, then you're at medical-legal risk for delivering a deeper anesthetic than what was documented on the schedule and on your anesthetic plan. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
The case proceeds with intravenous sedation, the surgeon complies with your request and blocks the base of the finger with local anesthesia, and the patient does fine. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
We recommended a dose of 0.2 mg/kg IV esketamine before induction of anesthesia to reduce the pain of propofol injection. (biomedcentral.com)
The burning pain from propofol infusion travels along the blood vessels, causing discomfort and anxiety in patients, and may even result in a traumatic anesthesia experience, making propofol infusion-related pain the major problem encountered in clinical anesthesia practice [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Intravenous general anesthesia was induced and maintained with continuous infusion of propofol. (peertechzpublications.org)
The dose of propofol was titrated to achieve a BIS of 50 and achieve an adequate level of anesthesia: asleep but not responding to stimulation. (peertechzpublications.org)
The level of anesthesia was maintained at BIS 30-50 by adjusting the target propofol level using TCI ( Figure 1 ). (peertechzpublications.org)
The level of anesthesia was maintained at a Mackenzie and Grant score of 5 by adjusting the target propofol level using the propofol TCI ( Figure 2 ). (peertechzpublications.org)
If the anesthesia level was deemed inadequate BIS value was more than 50, the target blood level of propofol was increased by 0.2 μg/ml. (peertechzpublications.org)
for administration with a neuroleptic such as droperidol injection as an anesthetic premedication, for the induction of anesthesia, and as an adjunct in the maintenance of general and regional anesthesia. (psychedeliccommunity.uk)
The technique preferred by most surgeons and anesthesia specialists uses propofol, the great colonoscopy anesthetic, with some other anesthetics, plus local anesthesia injected by the surgeon after the propofol puts you to sleep. (robertkotlermd.com)
This type of medication is called local anesthesia, and it only numbs or deadens a specific part of our body, where those nerve endings are. (archpointid.com)
2020. Acute cortisol and behavior of dairy goat kids administered local anesthesia, topical anesthesia or systemic analgesia prior to cautery disbudding. (awionline.org)
The choice of local anesthetic depends on the desired duration of anesthesia and akinesia and physician preference. (medscape.com)
Local anesthesia numbs a small part of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
You are awake and alert during local anesthesia. (medlineplus.gov)

Intravenous (IV) lidocaine during surgery can reduce the demand for propofol and the incidence of cardiopulmonary complications. (dovepress.com)
We examined whether IV lidocaine reduces the dose of propofol and the occurrence of adverse events during gastroscopy in elderly patients. (dovepress.com)
IV lidocaine reduced the total and maintenance propofol dose in Group L ( p (dovepress.com)
IV lidocaine can significantly reduce the amount of propofol, the incidence of hypoxia and postoperative pain during gastroscopy in elderly patients, with a higher patient and gastroscopist satisfaction. (dovepress.com)
Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic used in a 0.5-1% concentration in combination with bupivacaine (50:50 mixture). (medscape.com)
Epinephrine prolongs the duration of the anesthetic effects from lidocaine by causing vasoconstriction of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve axons. (medscape.com)
Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine and bupivacaine, function by blocking ion channels thereby preventing impulse conduction of pain. (vin.com)
The index of ultimate success was positive with three anesthetics, ie, lidocaine, isoflurane, and propofol, all of which were introduced much longer than 30 years ago. (harvard.edu)
Some common local anesthetics include: Lidocaine, procaine, and bupivacaine. (thepainlesspush.com)
Aim: This study was performed aimed to compare the effect of isometric exercises and lidocaine 2% on pain relief during intravenous propofol injection. (ac.ir)
Group A received propofol 1% with 40 mg lidocaine 2%, group B received pure propofol 1%, and group C completed 5 cycles of isometric exercises before injection of 1% pure propofol. (ac.ir)
Implications for Practice: The use of both lidocaine 2% and isometric exercises reduces the pain intensity of propofol injection. (ac.ir)
Therefore, many solutions have been proposed, including lidocaine injection ( 15 ), pre-warming the drug ( 16 ), pre-cooling injection site ( 17 ), injecting ketamine before propofol injection ( 18 ), dexamethasone ( 19 ), and injection into larger vessels ( 20 ), that the most commonly used method is lidocaine injection ( 21 ). (ac.ir)
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic which decreases pain by blocking peripheral neural pathways via impacting the excitable membranes. (ac.ir)
It is used as pre-treatment before propofol injection or as a lidocaine-propofol admixture ( 22 ). (ac.ir)
A local anesthetic (e.g. lidocaine) is administered in the area where the surgery is to be performed. (kawaharaoralsurgery.com)

Administration of propofol, the most frequently used intravenous anesthetic worldwide, has been associated with several iatrogenic infections despite its relative safety. (cdc.gov)
Prior studies have suggested that propofol (2, 6-diisopropylphenol), one of the most extensively used intravenous anesthetic agents during cancer surgical excision, influences the biological behaviors of cancer cell, including growth, invasiveness, and metastasis [ 10 , 11 ]. (aging-us.com)
Also, the case in Florida of a young woman who died after undergoing liposuction at a tanning salon after receiving local anesthetic injections and Propofol (the powerful intravenous anesthetic agent that killed Michael Jackson) is covered. (drjenniferwalden.com)

You're comfortable placing ultrasound-assisted regional anesthetic blocks, but you're not confident with this particular block. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
Retrobulbar block is type of regional anesthetic nerve block used in intraocular surgery. (medscape.com)

Propofol-based sedation has been widely used for gastroscopy, but the risk of respiratory suppression in elderly patients should not be overlooked. (dovepress.com)
The aim of this study is to determine the appropriate induction dose of propofol using a slow infusion rate for major burn patients to obtain desirable sedation and hypnotic conditions with minimal hemodynamic changes. (ekja.org)
The systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), the heart rate, the bispectral index and the modified observers' assessment of the alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S) were measured before the induction and after the propofol infusion, as well as immediately, 3 and 5 minutes after intubation. (ekja.org)
In the presented study, the authors used the BIS, which is commonly used to measure the patients' level of sedation and hypnosis, for major burn patients and the same dose of propofol as was given to healthy adult patients was infused at a slow infusion rate to determine what dose of propofal could maintain hemodynamic stability and adequate sedated and hypnotic states. (ekja.org)
The surgeon intends to supplement your intravenous (IV) sedation with local anesthetic at the surgical site. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
You discuss this with the surgeon, who requests you, "Just give the patient sedation with propofol. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
Per the American Society of Anesthesiologists Continuum of Depth of Sedation , if a patient is unarousable even with painful stimulation, that is a general anesthetic. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
Trigger finger surgery is done under light sedation using intravenous medications such as propofol and a local anesthetic injection. (dentonhand.com)
Propofol is an intravenous (IV) anesthetic medication widely used in for procedural sedation, in operating rooms, and intensive care units (ICUs). (biomedcentral.com)
Sedation may be maintained by a propofol or dexmedetomidine infusion. (brainkart.com)

Manifestations of local anesthetic toxicity typically appear 1 to 5 minutes after the injection, but onset may range from 30 seconds to as long as 60 minutes. (medscape.com)
These can be given through injection to the region or rubbed on the surface (topical anesthetic). (thepainlesspush.com)
Pain on injection, apnea, low blood pressure ( 7 ), and thrombophlebitis in the vein used to infuse propofol are regarded as the complications of propofol ( 8 ). (ac.ir)
According to observations, one of the most important features of propofol is pain on injection that produces discomfort for patients ( 9 ). (ac.ir)
Researchers have discovered two major sources of discomfort after propofol injection. (ac.ir)
In general, the incidence of pain on propofol injection is high ( 11 ). (ac.ir)
Many factors influence the intensity of pain on propofol injection, including injection speed, the size of the vessel, the concentration of propofol in the aqueous phase, and the effect of buffer solution ( 14 ). (ac.ir)
Therefore, the dose of local anaesthetic is always limited and care is taken to avoid injection into the bloodstream. (vikschaatcorner.com)
Ketamine can attenuate pain associated with IV propofol injection through local and central analgesic effects. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of our study is to determine the half effective dose (ED 50 ), 95% effective dose (ED 95 ), and 99% effective dose (ED 99 ) of esketamine for attenuating propofol injection pain using Dixon's up-and-down method to provide a reference for optimal dose selection for surgeries and procedures. (biomedcentral.com)
Thirty gynecological patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery were enrolled in a sequential method to determine the effective dose of esticketamine for analgesic propofol injection in order of operation. (biomedcentral.com)
Verfen® (Fentanyl citrate injection) is indicated: For analgesic action of short duration during the anesthetic periods, premedication, induction and maintenance, and in the immediate postoperative period (recovery room) as the need arises. (psychedeliccommunity.uk)

Propofol has gradually become the most common sedative-hypnotic drug used in painless gastroscopy due to its rapid effect, short half-life, and good sedative effect, but it has disadvantages such as a weak analgesic effect and suppression of respiratory and circulatory systems. (dovepress.com)

Marsh B, White M, Morton N, Kenny GN (1991) Pharmacokinetic model driven infusion of propofol in children. (peertechzpublications.org)
continuous intravenous infusion of propofol was initiated using the TCI method. (peertechzpublications.org)

When propofol is administrated to major burn patients, an induction dose of 1.5 mg/kg is appropriate and a slow infusion rate of 20 mg/kg/hr is safe for maintaining the desired hypnotic conditions and this dose and rate cause no significant hemodynamic problems. (ekja.org)
During induction, the target dose of esketamine was first given via venous access in the left hand of the patient, and 30 s later, a fixed dose of 2 mg/kg (1 ml/s) of propofol was given. (biomedcentral.com)
Surgical procedure examples with local anesthetic and dose. (asra.com)

Since its introduction as an anesthetic medication in the 1980s, due to its numerous applications and advantages, propofol was regarded not only in the operating room but also in other departments ( 2 , 3 ). (ac.ir)

It's possible to infuse propofol and keep a patient purposefully responsive, but very few of us do this. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)

The toxicity of local and infiltration anesthetics can be local or systemic. (medscape.com)
Ultrasound guidance, compared with anatomical landmark and paresthesia techniques, can provide direct visualization of the target nerve, surrounding tissue, and injectate spread, and may lead to improvement in patient safety for decreased nerve injury or other serious complications including local anesthetic systemic toxicity and pneumothorax [ 5 , 7 , 8 - 11 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
There is a growing body of literature describing the incidence, causes, treatment, and outcomes of common causes of PPCA (eg, malignant hyperthermia, massive trauma, and local anesthetic systemic toxicity) and the need for a better awareness of these topics within the anesthesiology community at large. (medscape.com)

During the procedure, sedatives such as midazolam or propofol may be used. (wikipedia.org)
Short-acting agents such as propofol or midazolam are often employed. (medscape.com)

15] With cryosurgery, patient satisfaction was less, and local complications were more frequent. (medscape.com)
Therefore, we confirm that the US-ISB procedure with low volumes of local anesthetics is an acceptable technique with a low rate of HDP and neurological complications. (anesth-pain-med.org)

To maximize surgical outcomes, anesthesiologists need to take into account a variety of parameters in addition to providing proper anesthetics, such as age, co-morbidities, functional status, duration of operation, anticipated blood loss, and surgical scope. (pulsus.com)
Additionally, the use of propofol was discussed, despite its short duration and solubility challenges. (zhaonline.org)

The procedure was done in an awake patient using topical cocaine as a local anesthetic. (wikipedia.org)
Identify the procedure associated with the highest number of propofol-related infections. (cdc.gov)
Local infiltration anesthetic, on the other hand, is not suited for long-term hand surgery since it cannot break during the procedure and alleviate the tourniquet discomfort. (hindawi.com)
Local anesthetic agents are used to increase patient comfort during the procedure. (medscape.com)
The Propofol is essential because it helps you stay asleep throughout the entire procedure until we're ready for you to wake up. (archpointid.com)

These highlights do not include all the information needed to use PROPOFOL INJECTABLE EMULSION safely and effectively. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
See full prescribing information for PROPOFOL INJECTABLE EMULSION. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
Propofol Injectable Emulsion vials are never to be accessed more than once or used on more than one person. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
2020. A systematic study of injectable anesthetic agents in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). (awionline.org)

Subjects received CPZ or saline placebo intravenously before a standardised anesthetic regimen. (ispub.com)
It has general anesthetic properties when administered intravenously. (medscape.com)

In fact, tetracaine is 5 to 8 times more efficacious than cocaine and is the most potent among dental topical anesthetics. (vikschaatcorner.com)

2021. Anesthetic efficacy of magnesium chloride and ethyl alcohol in temperate octopus and cuttlefish species. (awionline.org)

First, phenol may cause local pain immediately by stimulating topical intravenous administration. (ac.ir)

showed that 45-75% of intravenous propofol injections resulted in pain ( 12 ). (ac.ir)

Propofol is particularly suitable for outpatient and same-day surgeries because of its strong sedative and hypnotic effects, fast onset, quick recovery, and low incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). (biomedcentral.com)

Propofol is the main drug of choice for MAC because of its favorable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. (uberflip.com)

This helps open the spaces between the bones in your spine, making it easier for the anesthesiologist to place the epidural tube or spinal anesthetic. (thepainlesspush.com)

These are coated with anesthetic to provide epidural analgesia. (thepainlesspush.com)
The results of ESPB applied with 20 ml and 30 ml of local anesthetic before the surgical incision in thoracotomy patients showed that the use of 30 ml of local anesthetic provided more effective analgesia. (biomedcentral.com)
The hypothesis of this study is that the application of ESPB with 30 ml of local anesthetic after thoracotomy/lobectomy would provide more effective analgesia. (biomedcentral.com)

If respiratory depression was observed or BIS value was less than 30, the target blood concentration of propofol was decreased by 0.2 μg/ml. (peertechzpublications.org)

METHODS: A double-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital comparing chlorpromazine 10mg IV at anesthetic induction to saline with primary outcome prevention of PONV (defined as nausea and/or vomiting and/or retching at any time) in laparoscopic surgery, and secondary outcomes cardiac and other side effects. (ispub.com)
PONV was assessed in the Post-anesthetic Care Unit and 24 hours later.RESULTS: Group demographics were not different. (ispub.com)

The chemical in propofol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol, is insoluble in aqueous solutions, so the solution is formulated as a nonpyrogenic emulsion containing soybean oil, purified egg phosphatide, and glycerol. (cdc.gov)

There are, however, a variety of general anesthetic medicines that might produce hemodynamic abnormalities. (hindawi.com)

In this technique, local anesthetic is injected into the retrobulbar space, the area located behind the globe of the eye. (medscape.com)

These medicines are called anesthetics. (medlineplus.gov)

In addition, similar side-effect rates show that 30 ml of local anesthetic can be used safely. (biomedcentral.com)
Small doses of esketamine combined with propofol can be safely and effectively used for hysteroscopic surgery. (biomedcentral.com)

The evaluation of patients with possible toxicity from a local anesthetic should be guided by the clinical presentation. (medscape.com)
Twenty propofol-related outbreaks have been reported, affecting 144 patients and resulting in 10 deaths. (cdc.gov)
For these patients, MAC can help minimize the respi- ratory and cardiac instability associated with a gener- al anesthetic. (uberflip.com)
Many pathophysiologic alterations in patients with major burns can cause changes in the response of propofol. (ekja.org)
For induction with propofol, the patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups (group 1: 1.5 mg/kg, n = 20 and group 2: 2.0 mg/kg, n = 25). (ekja.org)
Preoperative identification of patients with reactive airways is important in planning a rational approach for anesthetic care. (isanagpur.org)
Depending on the patient, the type of surgery, and local practices, most patients are mechanically ven-tilated for 1-12 h postoperatively. (brainkart.com)
Aims and objectives: To compare the ease of insertion of LMA in patients given propofol alone versus thiopentone with lignocaine, as well as assessing the cost effectiveness of these agents in our hospital setting. (bvsalud.org)

Our study was an examination of room air during cardiovascular surgeries in a local hospital to quantify the level of "second hand" fentanyl, a similar setting to that previously reported. (cdc.gov)

The SBP and DBP were significantly decreased after the propofol infusion in both group, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. (ekja.org)

We are aware of the controversy that Dr. Gold's report of trace levels of fentanyl and propofol in the air of surgical rooms has evoked. (cdc.gov)

Background: Cervical cancer is the most prevalent malignancy worldwide and propofol reportedly has anti-cancer efficiencies. (aging-us.com)

While generally safe, local anesthetic agents can be toxic if administered inappropriately, and in some cases may cause unintended reactions even when properly administered. (medscape.com)
Background: A patient is required to be fully relaxed and airway reflexes should be adequately suppressed to allow for smooth insertion of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA).Propofol and a variety of other induction agents and their combinations have been tried to ease its insertion. (bvsalud.org)

Conclusions: Altogether, these results indicated that propofol restrained the growth and invasion of cervical cancer cells partly via regulating MIR155HG expression. (aging-us.com)

Assess the epidemiology of propofol-related infection. (cdc.gov)
Assess different sources of propofol-related infection. (cdc.gov)

Technical skills, such as needle manipulation during ISB using a nerve stimulator, as well as anatomical landmarks and the types of local anesthetic drug used for ISB, are important neurological risk factors [ 1 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)

Background: Local anaesthesia usage and wastage are common in the operation rooms. (bvsalud.org)

6 In avian species, local anesthetics are used for operative and/or post-operative pain relief. (vin.com)
A local anaesthetic is a very safe and effective way of numbing the area to be operated on and for providing pain relief afterwards. (vikschaatcorner.com)
Patient perception of pain was scored with the verbal rating scale (VRS) every 5 s after the start of the propofol infusion, and the evaluation was stopped once the patient became unresponsive. (biomedcentral.com)
If you are placed under a general anesthetic, you will be asleep and will not feel any pain. (sk-clinic.com)
If your San Diego brow lift is performed using a local anesthetic, you will be able to feel things being done to your face but you will feel pain. (sk-clinic.com)

In order to deliver the best anesthetic during surgery, a thorough understanding and strategy are needed because the senior population is also at risk for perioperative problems. (pulsus.com)
Previous studies have revealed that some anesthetics inhibit cancer metastases, not only via blocking perioperative stress responses, but also through inducing anticancer effects [ 8 , 9 ]. (aging-us.com)

9,11 Birds may be more sensitive to the toxic effects of local anesthetics compared to mammals, as higher doses (3.5-4.5 mg/kg) 15 produce toxic effects in dogs compared with birds (2.7-3.3 mg/kg) 11 . (vin.com)

In this overview of the evidence of propofol as a source of infection and appraisal of preventive strategies, we identified 58 studies through a literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Lilacs for propofol-related infections during 1989-2014. (cdc.gov)

Propofol is "fast on" and "fast off"- useful characteristics in maintaining patient comfort and breathing, and efficient patient throughput. (uberflip.com)
Deep MAC is a great tool when properly administered, but it can be one of the most challenging anesthetics to deliver because each patient can respond differently. (uberflip.com)
Tell the surgeon that the patient needs to have cardiac clearance prior to any general anesthetic, and that the case needs to be done in a hospital setting rather than at a freestanding surgery center. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
This study was based on the sequential allocation up-and-down rule designed by Dixon, and each patient was induced by esticketamine combined with propofol. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy18

Organisms9

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs106

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment73

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Health Care10

Anesthesia40

Lidocaine16

Intravenous anesthetic3

Regional Anesthetic2

Sedation10

Injection12

Analgesic1

Infusion of propofol2

Dose3

Medication1

Infuse propofol1

Systemic3

Midazolam2

Complications2

Duration2

Procedure5

Injectable4

Intravenously2

Tetracaine1

20211

Topical1

Injections1

Incidence1

Pharmacokinetic1

Spinal1

Analgesia3

Concentration1

PONV2

Aqueous1

Hemodynamic1

Technique1

Medicines1

Safely2

Patients8

Cardiovascular1

Significantly1

Fentanyl1

Prevalent1

Agents2

Conclusions1

Assess2

Drug1

Anaesthesia1

Pain5

Perioperative2

Doses1

Infection1

Patient4