Promotes its phase separation and aggregation promotes liquid liquid phase separation. Medical search. Frequent questions

These organelles are biomolecular condensates of proteins and nucleic acids and are formed via a process called liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). (researchmatters.in)
Similarly, a homogeneously mixed protein solution may convert via LLPS into a dense phase comprising liquid droplets, and a light dilute phase. (researchmatters.in)
Recent studies have indicated that LLPS can promote tau aggregation, which is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease," explains Prof Samrat Mukhopadhyay, the corresponding author of the study. (researchmatters.in)
Here, we found that the C-terminus of IRS-1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). (nature.com)
Importantly, metabolic disease-derived G972R mutation results in a reduced ability of LLPS, potentially implicating the involvement of aberrant IRS-1 phase separation in various metabolic disorders. (nature.com)
Biomacromolecules can form biomolecular condensates through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS, referred to as phase separation ) mediated by multivalent weak interactions. (medicaltrend.org)
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) of the crystallins and their association with the cytoskeleton underpins transparency and optical function in the eye. (royalsociety.org)
N protein can also undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) with viral genome RNA and inhibit stress granules to facilitate viral replication and assembly. (ijbs.com)

In subsequent studies, 4,5 we showed that this effect is mediated by transfer of disulfide bonds from a redox-active site on the WT protein to a non-native site in the W42Q variant, which locked a misfolded conformer prone to non-amyloid aggregation. (mit.edu)

Many diseases affecting the brain and nervous system are linked to the formation of protein aggregates, or solid condensates, in cells from their liquid form condensate, but little is known about this process. (sciencemission.com)
Proteins regularly form condensates during liquid-to-liquid phase separation in a wide range of critical and healthy biological functions, such as the formation of human embryos. (sciencemission.com)
The world-first nanoscale optical observation of this process has allowed the team to determine that the transition from liquid to solid protein starts at the interface of the protein condensates. (sciencemission.com)
These liquid droplets, thus separated, form condensates. (researchmatters.in)
However, the maturation or hardening of liquid condensates into a gel/solid-like state disrupts cellular functioning, resulting in the abnormal phase transition that is associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. (researchmatters.in)
We also found that EphA2 can form liquid-liquid phase separation condensates on cell membrane, which can be disrupted by ALW-II-41-27, an inhibitor of EphA2. (aging-us.com)

Emulsions that mix immiscible liquids are central to products from food to cosmetics. (nanowerk.com)
[4] [5] Thus, the two immiscible phases (hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic) will change so that their corresponding interfacial area will be minimal. (wikipedia.org)
An emulsifier is a substance that helps stabilize and create emulsions, which are mixtures of two or more immiscible liquids, such as oil and water. (biolinscientific.com)
Emulsifiers work by reducing the surface tension between the two immiscible liquids, allowing them to mix more easily. (biolinscientific.com)
A dispersant is a substance that is used to disperse and stabilize solid particles or immiscible liquids within a liquid medium. (biolinscientific.com)

They require added molecules called surfactants to stabilize the interface between the liquids. (nanowerk.com)
Liquid chromatographic profiling is the use of chromatographic techniques to separate molecules by different physicochemical properties. (biopharmaspec.com)
This technique separates molecules using the interaction of the protein, glycoprotein or peptide with a hydrocarbon coated stationary phase. (biopharmaspec.com)
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) uses a filler with moderate hydrophobicity as the stationary phase and a salt-containing aqueous solution as the mobile phase, and uses the difference in the hydrophobic properties of the solute molecules to achieve separation by the difference in the strength of the hydrophobic interaction with the stationary phase, chromatographic method. (welch-us.com)
At present, the main application field of this technology is in the purification of proteins, and it has become an effective means for the separation of serum proteins, membrane-bound proteins, nuclear proteins, receptors, recombinant proteins, etc., as well as some drug molecules, and even cells. (welch-us.com)
The interaction between HIC media and hydrophobic biomolecules is believed to be driven by entropy increase and change in free energy, just like the spontaneous aggregation of hydrophobic molecules in aqueous systems. (welch-us.com)
The presence of high concentrations of salts can strongly interact with water molecules, resulting in the reduction of water molecules that can form holes around the hydrophobic molecules, which promotes the hydrophobicity between the hydrophobic molecules and the chromatographic medium. (welch-us.com)
The properties of residual water molecules in ionic liquids: a comparison between direct and inverse Kirkwood-Buff approaches. (uni-stuttgart.de)
The hydrophobic interaction is mostly an entropic effect originating from the disruption of the highly dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water by the nonpolar solute, causing the water to form a clathrate -like structure around the non-polar molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Wetting agents work by disrupting the cohesive forces between liquid molecules, enabling the liquid to penetrate and spread across a solid surface. (biolinscientific.com)

This can lead to aberrant structures associated with neurodegenerative diseases because the proteins no longer exhibit rapid reversibility back to liquid form. (sciencemission.com)
Specifically, aggregation was found to be associated with increased cell fitness in the case of TDP-43 mutations, as it protects the host from aberrant interactions. (frontiersin.org)
Aberrant protein aggregation, such as amyloidogenesis, is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. (cnr.it)

2023). Defining RNA oligonucleotides that reverse deleterious phase transitions of RNA-binding proteins with prion-like domains. (upenn.edu)
2023). Introduction: Phase Separation. (upenn.edu)
2023). C-terminal frameshift variant of TDP-43 with pronounced aggregation-propensity causes rimmed vacuole myopathy but not ALS/FTD. (upenn.edu)

However, the roles of phase separation in the regulation of many other signaling pathways await further exploration. (nature.com)
1 In the King lab, I focused on the aggregation pathways of oxidation-mimicking Trp variants of human γD-crystallin, 2 revealing another unusual phenomenon: the highly stable, aggregation-resistant WT protein drove a destabilized but still well folded variant into an aggregated state without itself aggregating 3 ( Figure 1 ). (mit.edu)
Polymorphism in the structure of fibrils formed by aggregation suggests the existence of many different assembly pathways and therefore a heterogeneous ensemble of soluble oligomers. (biorxiv.org)
Due to the lack of quantitative experimental results, there is no comprehensive aggregation model that includes heterogeneity of aggregation pathways. (biorxiv.org)

A desirable mobile phase would contain high organic content for better sensitivity and also show good on-column retention for polar ionic compounds. (springer.com)
Many-body effects in simulations of ionic liquids. (uni-stuttgart.de)
Aqueous Ionic Liquids and Their Influence on Peptide Conformations: Denaturation and Dehydration Mechanisms. (uni-stuttgart.de)
Aqueous ionic liquids and their effects on protein structures: an overview on recent theoretical and experimental results. (uni-stuttgart.de)
Journal of Ionic Liquids. (elsevierpure.com)

2022). Sexually dimorphic RNA helicases DDX3X and DDX3Y differentially regulate RNA metabolism through phase separation. (upenn.edu)

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) provides an alternative approach to effectively separate small polar compounds on polar stationary phases. (springer.com)
Enhancing our understanding of retention behavior in HILIC increases the scope of possible applications of liquid chromatography. (springer.com)
A theoretical description of analyte retention in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been the subject of various publications. (springer.com)
Normal or reversed-phase liquid chromatography can be used for analysis. (springer.com)
In normal phase liquid chromatography (NP-LC), the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. (springer.com)
NP-LC has been widely used to separate various compounds, from nonpolar to highly polar compounds (note that chromatography was first introduced as a method used in separation science). (springer.com)
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is an alternative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mode for separating polar compounds. (springer.com)
For historical reasons, it has been reported that HILIC is a variant of normal phase liquid chromatography, but the separation mechanism used in HILIC is more complicated than that in NP-LC. (springer.com)
Figure 2 shows how HILIC complements other areas of chromatography and extends the range of separation options. (springer.com)
For example, it is suitable for analyzing compounds in complex systems that always elute near the void in reserved-phase chromatography. (springer.com)
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography has established itself as the separation mode of choice for uncharged highly hydrophilic and amphiphilic compounds that are too polar to be well retained in RP-LC but have insufficient charge to allow effective electrostatic retention in ion-exchange chromatography. (springer.com)
Chromatographic patterns and data on the identity, homogeneity, and purity can be obtained by size exclusion chromatography, reverse-phase liquid chromatography, ion exchange liquid chromatography, affinity chromatography or other suitable procedures. (biopharmaspec.com)
Because the separation principle of hydrophobic interaction chromatography is completely different from chromatographic techniques such as ion exchange chromatography or gel filtration chromatography, this technique is often used in combination with the latter two to separate complex biological samples. (welch-us.com)
In theory, HIC and RPC are two closely related liquid chromatography techniques, both of which are based on the flow-water interaction between the hydrophobic regions on the surface of biomolecules and the hydrophobic ligands (alkyl or aromatic) on the chromatographic medium , however, the chromatographic mechanisms at the molecular level as well as the practical level differ between the two techniques. (welch-us.com)
Pharmacokinetic studies and tissue distributions were performed and detected by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry system. (dovepress.com)
Therefore, many analytical methodologies have been developed to assess quality, focusing mainly on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (novapublishers.com)
Electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of ginsenosides. (novapublishers.com)

Recent studies have shown that phase separation is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases, cancer , virus infection and other major diseases are closely related, and disease treatment targeting the phase separation process has become a new frontier of biomedicine. (medicaltrend.org)
The Rauch lab is focused on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to diseases associated with protein misfolding and aggregation - with a particular focus on the neurodegenerative protein tau. (umass.edu)

A novel D-amino acid peptide with therapeutic potential (ISAD1) inhibits aggregation of neurotoxic disease-relevant mutant Tau and prevents Tau toxicity in vitro. (neurotree.org)

Zn2+ was also observed to modulate the in vitro aggregation of the TDP-43's RRM12 domains. (padiracinnovation.org)
Hochmair J, Exner C, Betzel C, Mandelkow E , Wegmann S . Light Microscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering to Study Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of Tau Proteins In Vitro. (neurotree.org)

This is achieved through the association of exposed hydrophobic domains within the protein with the stationary phase as a high salt buffer. (biopharmaspec.com)
When the surface of the substance to be separated has aromatic groups, it will show a mixed separation of hydrophobic interaction and π-π interaction. (welch-us.com)
The RPC medium can be considered as a continuous hydrophobic phase, and the degree of substitution of ligands such as C4~C18 alkyl groups is usually in the hundreds of micromoles/mL gel: while the HIC medium has ligands such as C2~C alkyl groups or simple aromatic groups. (welch-us.com)
The degree of substitution is usually in the range of 10-50 mmol/mL gel, which can be regarded as a discontinuous hydrophobic phase, which is participated by one or several ligands when binding to biomolecules. (welch-us.com)
Hydrophobic materials are used for oil removal from water, the management of oil spills , and chemical separation processes to remove non-polar substances from polar compounds. (wikipedia.org)

Zinc promotes liquid-liquid phase separation of tau protein, forming highly dynamic liquid droplets. (padiracinnovation.org)
A confocal image of liquid droplets of tau k18 labelled with a fluorescent dye (image provided by the Mukhopadhyay Lab). (researchmatters.in)
The researchers of the current study used highly-sensitive fluorescence techniques to shed light on the formation of tau liquid droplets. (researchmatters.in)
The tau protein is known to undergo phase separation to form liquid droplets under natural conditions. (researchmatters.in)
The study found that in the phase-separated liquid droplets, the unwinding of tau's polypeptide chains allow the chains to interact with each other, giving rise to the fluidic nature of the protein assembly. (researchmatters.in)
These membraneless structures behave as liquid droplets in the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm. (nature.com)
They find that changes in permeability are linked to a topological inversion - from droplets in a continuous gas, to discrete bubbles in a continuous liquid - allowing them to construct a unified physical description of the sintering process. (durham.ac.uk)

In comparison with electrorheological fluids, the particles in EREs do not undergo aggregation and sedimentation. (intechopen.com)

The placement of these patches on the surface of a particle promotes bonding with patches on other particles. (wikipedia.org)
Patchy particles of valency three or more experience liquid-liquid phase separation. (wikipedia.org)
Some phase diagrams of patchy particles do not follow the law of rectilinear diameters. (wikipedia.org)
the first tries to form bond between two previously unbonded particles, the second tries to break an existing bond by separation. (wikipedia.org)
Aggregation volume-bias moves reflects the following procedure: two particles are chosen, I and J, which are not neighboring particles, particle J is moved inside the bonding volume of particle I. This process is carried out uniformly. (wikipedia.org)
Another aggregation volume-bias move follows a method of randomly choosing a particle J that is bonded to I. Particle J is then moved outside the bonding volume of particle I, resulting in the two particles no longer being bonded. (wikipedia.org)
The particles adsorb onto the liquid-liquid interface, locking it in place. (nanowerk.com)
To date bijels have required a careful balance of liquids plus modifications to the particles' surface chemistry. (nanowerk.com)
But the team discovered specific rough particles frustrate the usual process of phase separation. (nanowerk.com)
Inset of b)) An interlocking effect between rough particles forms force chains (marked in dark red) and other force-bearing aggregations (marked in light red) to provide mechanical support for the system. (nanowerk.com)
Electrorheological fluids are usually composed with polarizable particles dispersing within an insulating carrier liquid [ 7 - 9 ]. (intechopen.com)

Their work, published in Advanced Functional Materials ( 'Continuous Emulsion Channels Achieved by Controlling the Aqueous-Oil Interface Solely with Rough Colloids' ), demonstrates how roughness-enhanced friction can slow dynamics and stabilize complex liquid-liquid interfaces. (nanowerk.com)

This process assists biochemical reactions where protein concentrations are critical and also promotes healthy protein-protein interactions. (sciencemission.com)
The key breakthrough was using engineered roughness to manipulate the inter-particle and particle-liquid interactions. (nanowerk.com)
Sallaberry CA, Voss BJ, Majewski J, Biernat J, Mandelkow E , Chi EY , Vander Zanden CM . Tau and Membranes: Interactions That Promote Folding and Condensation. (neurotree.org)
In other words, in a liquid state, these weak interactions have to be transient. (researchmatters.in)
Any situation, such as mutations or anomalous expression, could result in disruption of these beneficial interactions with consequent aggregation and depletion of normal function. (frontiersin.org)
By harnessing liquid-liquid phase separation and leveraging supramolecular interactions between chimeric protein and natural DNA, the researchers achieved a reinforced adhesion performance in the biocomposite adhesive. (news-medical.net)

In a recent study , researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, have studied the mechanism behind the phase separation of the tau protein fragment that forms characteristic aggregates associated with Alzheimer's disease. (researchmatters.in)
icFSP1 exhibits a unique mechanism of action, which promotes ferroptosis in cancer cells by triggering the phase separation of FSP1, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. (medicaltrend.org)
The research team further studied the potential mechanism of icFSP1 on FSP1, and the results showed that, unlike the previously discovered inhibitor iFSP1, icFSP1 does not competitively inhibit the activity of FSP1 enzymes, but induces the relocation and aggregation of FSP1 from the cell membrane to the cell , synergizes with glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibition. (medicaltrend.org)
As transcription silencing is key for establishing the HIV reservoir, significant efforts have been made to understand the mechanism that regulate HIV gene transcription, and the role of the elongation machinery in promoting this step. (biomedcentral.com)
There are several ways to model the separation mechanism: partition, adsorption, ion exchange, and size exclusion. (springer.com)
Therefore, as the guidelines state, liquid chromatographic profiles provide important information on the purity of the molecule and are used as a mechanism for separation of different species within a sample. (biopharmaspec.com)
Characterization of this heterogeneity is the key to understanding the aggregation mechanism and toxicity of specific oligomers, but in practice it is extremely difficult because oligomers cannot be readily separated. (biorxiv.org)
To better understand the pathogenic mechanism, therefore, it is important to characterize the entire aggregation process from the initial oligomerization to the formation and growth of fibrils. (biorxiv.org)
Besides the function in viral life cycle, N protein can bind GSDMD to antagonize pyroptosis but promotes cell death via the Smad3-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest mechanism. (ijbs.com)

Inhibition of Tau aggregation with BSc3094 reduces Tau and decreases cognitive deficits in rTg4510 mice. (neurotree.org)

WT/mutant interaction drives aggregation of W42Q H γ D. Turbidity kinetic traces of His-tagged H 6 -W42Q at 1 mg/ml with WT or H 6 -WT at 4 mg/ml. (mit.edu)

In this initial study, we combine single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and image analysis using deep learning (codes are available at https://github.com/hoisunglab/FNet ) to interrogate several steps during the aggregation process of the 42-residue Aβ peptide (Aβ42), including dimerization, formation of stable oligomers, and fibril elongation. (biorxiv.org)
Alzheimer's disease causes neurons to die and break down, and involves high levels of a peptide called amyloid and aggregations of a protein called tau. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

Loss of solubility and aggregation can lead to the partial or complete abrogation of protein function. (frontiersin.org)
Polar samples always show good solubility in the aqueous mobile phase used in HILIC, which overcomes the drawbacks of the poor solubility often encountered in NP-LC. (springer.com)

The purpose of this work was to review the options for the characterization of HILIC stationary phases and their applications for separations of polar compounds in complex matrices. (springer.com)
The NEXUS project will develop an easily customizable integrated platform to enable Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) separation, purification, and multivariate characterization from complex biofluids. (cnr.it)

The characteristics of the hydrophilic stationary phase may affect and in some cases limit the choices of mobile phase composition, ion strength or buffer pH value available, since mechanisms other than hydrophilic partitioning could potentially occur. (springer.com)
The hydrocarbon chain lengths on the stationary phase can vary and are chosen depending on the nature of the components under investigation. (biopharmaspec.com)

For instance, emulsions like mayonnaise mix liquids that don't normally blend. (nanowerk.com)

Single-molecule spectroscopy can be an effective tool to probe heterogeneity because molecular species can be observed one at a time, so individual oligomers can be detected without separation. (biorxiv.org)

Liquid-liquid phase separation, driven by electrostatic complexation between a chimeric epidermal growth factor (EGF), elastin-like protein, and natural DNA, facilitated the assembly of the adhesive. (news-medical.net)

However, this process also increases the risk of dysfunctional aggregation, where unhealthy aggregates of solid proteins form in human cells," said another author. (sciencemission.com)

Wetting agents are also typically surfactants and help to reduce the surface tension of a liquid, allowing it to spread more easily and uniformly over a surface. (biolinscientific.com)

In October 2019, the Marcus Conrad team of Helmholtz Munich Research Center in Germany published a paper in Nature [1] , which identified FSP1 as a new type of potent ferroptosis inhibitor independent of glutathione , through the production of coenzyme Q10 Antioxidant forms of (CoQ) promote cancer cell resistance to ferroptosis. (medicaltrend.org)
The study found that phase separation of FSP1 promotes ferroptosis and led to the development of a new anticancer drug called icFSP1, which sensitizes cancer cells to ferroptosis. (medicaltrend.org)
This study revealed for the first time the link between ferroptosis and phase separation, and based on this, a new concept of cancer therapy by promoting FSP1 phase separation and ferroptosis was proposed. (medicaltrend.org)
These findings suggest that EphA2 is a novel membrane protein with phase separation ability and is associated with ferroptosis and immune cell infiltration, which further suggests that malignant progression of colorectal cancer may be inhibited by suppressing the phase separation ability of EphA2. (aging-us.com)

Therefore, it is important to unveil the pathway by which tau undergoes phase separation and maturation," he says. (researchmatters.in)

Furthermore, the adhesive exhibited hemostatic behavior, promoted cell proliferation and migration, remodeled the ECM, and accelerated in situ skin regeneration. (news-medical.net)

Despite tremendous effort to understand aggregation of Aβ to form oligomers and fibrils, experimental results vary widely and there is no consensus on the model for these processes 7 . (biorxiv.org)
S100B is a calcium/zinc-binding protein secreted by mature astrocytes, associated, at high levels, with nervous tissue injury in a variety of neuropathological processes, including Multiple Sclerosis in the acute phase. (cnr.it)

Here, we analysed two deep mutational scanning experiments to investigate the role of protein aggregation in molecular evolution. (frontiersin.org)
Our study shows that aggregation is an important context-dependent constraint of molecular evolution and opens up new avenues to investigate the role of aggregation in the cell. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we set to clarify this complex matter and question of whether aggregation is an important constraint in protein evolution that can be the discriminant between beneficial and detrimental situations by considering two cases: we studied molecular evolution of proteins in an endogenous vs. exogenous host. (frontiersin.org)

Protein aggregation is implicated as the cause of pathology in various diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. (biorxiv.org)

In HIV infected cells, knockout of FUS delays the gradual entry of HIV into latency, and similarly promotes viral activation in a T cell latency model that is treated with JQ1. (biomedcentral.com)

A partially helical region in the predominantly disordered C-terminal domain harbors several mutations associated with ALS and is important for TDP-43 function and liquid-liquid phase separation. (padiracinnovation.org)
We found that aggregation differentiates the effects of mutations in the two different cellular contexts. (frontiersin.org)
By contrast, in the case of TEM-1 beta-lactamase mutations, aggregation is linked to a decreased cell fitness due to inactivation of protein function. (frontiersin.org)

A liquid gradient of increasing organic composition is used to promote elution of each component in the sample. (biopharmaspec.com)

Although fibrils are known to be toxic, a number of experimental studies also suggest that a subset of soluble oligomers, transiently appearing during the aggregation process, are more responsible for disease pathology than the fibril itself 2 - 6 . (biorxiv.org)

While the composition and structure of NFTs are well-characterized, the in vivo process of tau aggregation and the subsequent spread of this aggregation are not well understood phenomena. (umass.edu)
A more fundamental reason for the difficulty may be the heterogeneity of the aggregation process. (biorxiv.org)
This polymorphism indicates that the entire aggregation process, including oligomerization, should be heterogeneous, which complicates biophysical and biochemical characterizations of Aβ. (biorxiv.org)

The observed Zn2+ promoted TDP-43 C-terminal fragments solid-like phase separation can be relevant to the Zn2+ dyshomeostasis in ALS and FTLD-TDP. (padiracinnovation.org)
In that way they promote the premature release of longer amyloid beta fragments. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

This heterogeneity in all stages of aggregation explains diverse and sometimes irreproducible results of experimental studies of amyloid-β. (biorxiv.org)

It lowered surface tension to promote particle attachment at the oil-water boundary. (nanowerk.com)
Foaming agents work by reducing the surface tension of a liquid, allowing it to trap air or gas bubbles and form a stable foam structure. (biolinscientific.com)

They come in different forms such as powders, liquids, and capsules, each suitable for specific cleaning tasks. (biolinscientific.com)

Since these intrinsically disordered regions, which are conformationally dynamic and do not adopt stable secondary or tertiary structures, are often essential for mediating the phase transition of proteins 9 , it is therefore of interest to consider if the C-terminus of IRS-1 is involved in phase separation and to further delineate such implications upon insulin/IGF signaling. (nature.com)
They have the ability to disperse and suspend one liquid phase within another, preventing separation and ensuring a homogeneous and stable mixture. (biolinscientific.com)

This liquid-to-solid transition can trigger the formation of what are called amyloid fibrils. (sciencemission.com)
By testing a protein associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - ALS disease, which affected astrophysicist Professor Stephen Hawking - the engineers closely monitored the transition of this protein from its liquid to solid phase. (sciencemission.com)
We can now directly observe the transition of these critical proteins from liquid to solid at the nanoscale - a millionth of a metre in scale," said another author. (sciencemission.com)
This window onto the phase transition also revealed that the internal structures of these protein agglomerates are heterogenous, where previously they were thought to be homogeneous. (sciencemission.com)

This kinetic trapping during blending creates non-equilibrium networks rather than the expected separated phases. (nanowerk.com)

For a full assessment of the purity of a sample, different chromatographic separation procedures are used so that any components not resolved by one procedure are likely to be resolved based on another chromatographic technique. (biopharmaspec.com)
In this chromatographic form of charge based separation, fractions can be collected for further analysis, something which is not possible with icIEF. (biopharmaspec.com)

Aggregation to form fibrils is also highly heterogeneous in terms of the number of strands in a fibril and the elongation speed and conformation of fibrils. (biorxiv.org)
During this phase then, the community will be highly concentrated among a small number of organizations, and the yearly increase in number of researchers is fairly moderate ( ibid. ). (hyle.org)

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