Promoter embryonic expression patterns embryonic structures. Medical search. Frequent questions

Applying MPTR to dermal fibroblasts from middle-aged donors, we found that cells temporarily lose and then reacquire their fibroblast identity, possibly as a result of epigenetic memory at enhancers and/or persistent expression of some fibroblast genes. (elifesciences.org)
This synthetic genetic interaction is seen at the level of single genes and acts downstream of promoter nucleosome reorganization. (sdbonline.org)
The reduced expression of most of these genes in htz1Delta cells was reversed by the deletion of SIR2 (sir2Delta) suggesting that H2A.Z antagonizes telomeric silencing. (sdbonline.org)
Here, we describe in detail the spatiotemporal expression of three rprm genes ( rprma, rprmb , and rprm l) within distinct anatomical structures in the developing peripheral and central nervous system. (frontiersin.org)
One location where expression information for endogenous mouse genes is collected is the Mouse Genome Informatics database . (jax.org)
My lab previously identified several transcription factors (homeobox genes and T-box genes) involved in formation and patterning of both the primary embryonic axis and the limb axis in vertebrates. (nih.gov)
Recently, we have focused on the role of Shh/Gli3 and 5'Hoxd genes in regulating several aspects of limb development, including early digit patterning, as well as condensation and differentiation of cartilage precursors during final morphogenesis of the limb skeleton. (nih.gov)
To directly test this model of Shh function, we have restored cell survival in Shh mutant embryos after transient Shh expression by concomitant removal of the pro-apoptotic genes Bak/Bax to intercept cell death, in order to rescue the proposed late Shh role. (nih.gov)
To test the basis for defects in patterning, genes required for segment formation in the Drosophila embryo were examined. (sdbonline.org)
The most consistent effect on expression of the segmentation genes in the dri maternal and zygotic mutant embryos is a disruption to the expression of even-skipped ( eve ) stripe 4, observed in nearly all embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic dri product. (sdbonline.org)
It is presumed that Dri, like Osa, which is a member of the Trithorax Group of genes implicated in the modification of chromatin structures required for epigenetic regulation (Vazquez, 1999), is acting to establish stable chromatin structures. (sdbonline.org)
The developmental progression of embryonic stem cells into specialist cell types involves the activation of lineage-specific programs of gene expression and the silencing of genes involved in maintaining pluripotency. (ca.gov)
We found that a large fraction of genes were differentially localized in human thymocytes derived from embryonic stem cells versus human myeloid cells. (ca.gov)
During preimplantation embryonic development, imprinting genes are susceptible to methylation changes by artificial manipulation, which may lead to developmental abnormalities. (ndltd.org)
Promoter CpG methylation patterns of three imprinting genes, small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN), paternally expressed 3 (Peg3), and potassium voltage-gated channel 1 overlapping transcript 1 (Kcnq1ot1), were examined from genomic DNA of a single mouse blastocyst. (ndltd.org)
A unique feature of Hox genes in most species is that they are organized in clusters, with their relative genomic position corresponding to their order of expression along the A-P axis ( McGinnis and Krumlauf, 1992 ). (biorxiv.org)
In D. melanogaster , the eight Hox genes are organized in two separate clusters on chromosome 3R: the Antennapedia cluster (ANT-C) and the Bithorax cluster (BX-C). The 350 kb BX-C contains the Ubx, abd-A and Abd-B genes, which specify the identity of the more posterior embryonic parasegments 5 to 14 (PS5 to PS14). (biorxiv.org)
Gene structure analysis indicated that the maximum number of genes were intron-less and remained conserved during evolution. (nature.com)
The presence of biotic and abiotic stress-related cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region suggests that both KCS and ELO genes might also play their role in stress tolerance. (nature.com)
Hence, although rare, IAP-induced local heterochromatin spreading into nearby genes may influence expression and, in turn, host fitness. (prolekarniky.cz)
Several studies have analyzed genome-wide expression profiles of ASD patients using lymphoblastoid cell lines and blood samples, supporting upregulation of immune genes and downregulation of neurodevelopmental genes as key players in the pathogenesis of ASD (see [ 8 ] for a review). (biomedcentral.com)
During evolution, CpG rich regions, so-called CpG islands, have been established as prominent features of promoter regions of genes. (caister.com)
Both genes are expressed in overlapping patterns and function in strictly tissue-specific and dose-dependent manners, yet, their regulation is poorly understood. (eur.nl)
Background: Bivalent chromatin domains consisting of the activating histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and repressive histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) histone modifications are enriched at developmental genes that are repressed in embryonic stem cells but active during differentiation. (researchgate.net)
The way the DNA is structured, wrapped and read is fundamental to how and when the blueprint genes are read. (birmingham.ac.uk)
DNA sequences in genes that interact with regulatory proteins (such as transcription factors) to determine the rate and timing of expression of the genes as well as the beginning and end of the transcript. (nationalacademies.org)
In Drosophila , the homeotic genes specify cell identities at both embryonic and adult stages. (nih.gov)
The homeotic genes are expressed in precise spatial patterns that are crucial for the proper determination of cell fate. (nih.gov)
While these transgenic assays have been important in defining the structure of the cis -regulatory elements and identifying trans -acting factors that bind to them, their functions within the context of the endogenous genes remain poorly understood. (nih.gov)
High levels of DNA methylation at the promoter regions of genes typically lead to gene silencing, preventing the expression of those genes in specific cell types. (scitechnol.com)
The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
1 In particular, morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) have been used to block the expression of targeted genes in several invertebrate and vertebrate models. (cdc.gov)

The first variant as shown in the figure below has been found in lung, blood, and human embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Surprisingly, a Dnmt1 mutant construct lacking the CXXC domain formed covalent complexes with cytosine bases both in vitro and in vivo and rescued DNA methylation patterns in dnmt1−/− embryonic stem cells (ESCs) just as efficiently as wild type Dnmt1. (cipsm.de)
Among these are traits that depend on functional meristems, populations of stem cells maintained by the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop that controls the expression of the WUS homeobox transcription factor. (nature.com)
During the past year we have identified the folding patterns of human embryonic stem cells to iPS cells derived from human B cells. (ca.gov)
Next the interactome of the iPS cells was determined and compared to that of human embryonic stem cells. (ca.gov)
Using an ensemble of computational strategies we found that the majority of genomic regions in iPS cells derived from human B cells was indistinguishable from that of human embryonic stem cells. (ca.gov)
Specifically, we found that approximately 700 genomic regions located throughout the genome showed differential nuclear positioning upon comparing iPS cells derived from human lymphoid cells to that of human embryonic stem cells. (ca.gov)
These data indicate that the majority of the genome derived from that of human embryonic stem cells shows a similar pattern in chromatin folding as compared to that of iPS cells derived from human B cells but that they differ from each other in a subset of genomic regions. (ca.gov)
During the past three years we have identified the folding patterns of human embryonic stem cells to iPS cells derived from human B cells, differentiated progeny and mechanisms that orchestrate the folding patterns of genomes. (ca.gov)
These findings were important since they provide new insights as to how such regulatory elements find each other with great speed, selectivity and specificity to induce lineage specific patterns of gene expression both in embryonic stem cells and differentiated progeny. (ca.gov)
To examine this phenomenon, we chose two mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that possess insertionally polymorphic retrotransposons (IAP, ETn/MusD, and LINE elements) at specific loci in one cell line but not the other. (prolekarniky.cz)
The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)
Rb homeostasis is also essential for self-renewal and survival of human embryonic stem cells 10 . (biolegend.com)
The following chapters cover the epigenetic systems of plants, the epigenetic profile of embryonic stem cells, cell differentiation, imprinting marks, and random X chromosome inactivation. (caister.com)
Many promoters in embryonic stem (ES) cells harbor a distinctive histone modification signature that combines the activating histone H3 Lys 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) mark an. (researchgate.net)
These progenitors which are derived from either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or healthy induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) express wild-type levels of a-syn, thus making them equally susceptible to developing Lewy bodies over time. (lu.se)

We are analyzing the normal developmental function of early transcription factors that regulate digit patterning (Gli3, 5'Hoxd), with the long-term aim of linking regulatory cascades and patterned gene expression to the morphogenesis of specific structures. (nih.gov)
Identifying the direct target promoters of developmental gene-regulators will be critical to understand how these regulators function and to link regulatory cascades in developmental genetic programs to the basic cellular processes that drive morphogenesis of anatomic structures. (nih.gov)
Expression of a (trans)gene in a tissue where, or developmental stage when, such expression is not expected. (nationalacademies.org)
Throughout this paper I will detail the early career of Dr. Nusslein-Volhard and the ways in which her research helped to revolutionize the field of developmental biology as it pertains to embryonic development and gene analysis/function. (wepapers.com)
Different cell types, developmental stages, and environmental cues can lead to distinct epigenetic landscapes, influencing gene expression patterns and ultimately determining cell fate [ 6 ]. (scitechnol.com)

Hence now it is feasible to assign specific enhancers to distinct promoters and to identify the ensemble of anchors associated with the folding pattern of the genome. (ca.gov)
Promoters, enhancers and physical interactions between regions of DNA are important in ways that are only now becoming apparent, directing phases of development, and often perturbed in cancers. (birmingham.ac.uk)

Epigenetic regulation refers to the multiple chemical modifications of DNA or DNA-associated proteins that alter chromatin structure and DNA accessibility in a heritable manner, without changing DNA sequence. (frontiersin.org)
Molecular analysis suggested that Esc2p contributed to silencing in a manner similar to Sir1p and probably helped recruit or stabilize the other Sir proteins, while Htz1p present at HMR assembled a specialized chromatin structure necessary for silencing (Dhillon, 2000). (sdbonline.org)
These results describe a novel pathway for regulating transcription using variant histones to modulate chromatin structure (Santisteban, 2000). (sdbonline.org)
Rb is directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining chromatin structure and that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation. (biolegend.com)
The first seven chapters describe the different biological mechanisms of the epigenetic machinery including: DNA methylation, histone tails, chromatin structure, nucleosome occupancy, Polycomb group proteins, siRNAs and miRNAs. (caister.com)
Whereas most regions of the genome are constantly methylated these elements are mainly kept free of methylation thereby facilitating the establishment of an open chromatin structure and of initiation of transcription. (caister.com)
The epigenetic modification of DNA with 5-methylcytosine is an important regulatory event involved in chromatin structure, genomic imprinting, inactivation of the X chromosome, transcription, and retrotransposon silencing. (caister.com)
DNA methyltransferases are not limited to catalyzing DNA methylation, but also take part in the regulation of gene expression through interactions with other proteins that repress transcription and modify chromatin structure. (caister.com)

We demonstrate that RA forms a noisy gradient during critical stages of hindbrain patterning and that cells use distinct intracellular binding proteins to attenuate noise in RA levels. (elifesciences.org)
However, following gastrulation, dri expression becomes exquisitely tissue and stage specific (Gregory, 1996), raising the possibility that it may specify spatial-specific expression at later stages of development. (sdbonline.org)
Mammary gland development occurs through distinctive stages throughout embryonic and pubertal development and reproductive life. (biologists.com)
There are three main stages of mammary gland development both in rodents and humans: embryonic, pubertal and adult. (biologists.com)

Pax6 serves as a regulator in the coordination and pattern formation required for differentiation and proliferation to successfully take place, ensuring that the processes of neurogenesis and oculogenesis are carried out successfully. (biolegend.com)
Histone modifications and chromatin-associated protein complexes are crucially involved in the control of gene expression, supervising cell fate decisions and differentiation. (researchgate.net)
DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)
The process of cell fate determination is tightly regulated by intricate molecular networks, with epigenetic mechanisms playing a central role in orchestrating gene expression patterns that drive cellular differentiation. (scitechnol.com)
MiRNAs have been shown to play essential roles in the fine-tuning of gene expression during cellular differentiation and development [ 5 ]. (scitechnol.com)

Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and phasor analysis to measure endogenous retinoic acid (RA) directly in vivo, we have investigated the amplitude of noise in RA signaling, and how modulation of this noise affects patterning of hindbrain segments (rhombomeres) in the zebrafish embryo. (elifesciences.org)
Increasing noise disrupts sharpening of rhombomere boundaries and proper patterning of the hindbrain. (elifesciences.org)
In the zebrafish, rprma mRNA is expressed in the olfactory placodes (OP) and olfactory epithelium (OE), rprmb is observed in the tectum opticum (TeO) and trigeminal ganglion (Tg), whereas rprml is found primarily in the telencephalon (Tel). At protein level, RPRM is present in a subset of cells in the OP, and neurons in the OE, TeO, hindbrain and sensory peripheral structures. (frontiersin.org)

The expression analysis of both gene family members reflect their preferential seed-specific expression, especially during the mature embryo development stage. (nature.com)
Her main work with bicaudal allowed her to publish a paper in 1977, "Genetic analysis of pattern-formation in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster. (wepapers.com)
Analysis of beta 2-microglobulin gene expression in the developing mouse embryo and placenta. (ulaval.ca)
Expression of P5C reductase (P5CR) was indispensable for embryo development but surprisingly not needed for pollen or egg cell fertility. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, DNA methylation influences the functional integrity of mammalian genome by shaping its overall structure and leaving its marks in the genomic DNA sequence during evolution. (caister.com)
Conversely, low levels of DNA methylation are associated with active gene expression, allowing cells to acquire specific identities and functions. (scitechnol.com)
The proper establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns are crucial for normal development and tissue homeostasis [ 2 ]. (scitechnol.com)
For example, histone acetylation generally correlates with gene activation, while histone methylation can either activate or repress gene expression, depending on the specific histone residue being modified and the extent of methylation [ 4 ]. (scitechnol.com)

This chromatin organization differentially instructed alternative Abd-B promoter use, thereby expanding the possibilities to regulate transcriptional output. (biorxiv.org)

The development of new tools and culture techniques has also enabled the factors that influence branching morphogenesis in the embryonic and pubertal gland to be identified. (biologists.com)

A comprehensive toolbox of reporters for all subcellular structures is expected to transform our understanding of cell biology in tissues. (bvsalud.org)
Neural cell adhesion molecule: structure, immunoglobulin-like domains, cell surface modulation, and alternative RNA splicing. (academicinfluence.com)
Cell adhesion molecules in the regulation of animal form and tissue pattern. (academicinfluence.com)
Kinetics of homophilic binding by embryonic and adult forms of the neural cell adhesion molecule. (academicinfluence.com)
Chemical characterization of a neural cell adhesion molecule purified from embryonic brain membranes. (academicinfluence.com)
The expression levels from some promoters can be high enough to affect physiology of the cell. (jax.org)
Thus, understanding how normal transcription programs are regulated during development may also help to decipher abnormal gene expression patterns in tumors and devise new strategies to intercept cellular targets driving tumor cell behavior. (nih.gov)
The migratory neural crest cell population makes a significant contribution to the anterior segment structures of the eye. (molvis.org)
Both loss of expression and ectopic expression in the wrong tissues lead to changes in cell fate. (nih.gov)
Human Embryonic Kidney Stromal Cell Line Hek293t, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. (bioz.com)
Many molecular components involved in plant cell wall polymer synthesis have been identified, but it remains largely unknown how these molecular players function together to define the length and decoration pattern of a polysaccharide. (mdpi.com)
2006). The zinc finger transcription factor 191 is required for early embryonic development and cell proliferation. (geneticsmr.com)
During embryonic development, a single fertilized egg undergoes a series of complex events that lead to the formation of various cell types, each with specific functions and characteristics. (scitechnol.com)

Interestingly, neither wild type nor ΔCXXC Dnmt1 re-methylated imprinted CpG sites of the H19a promoter in dnmt1−/− ESCs, arguing against a role of the CXXC domain in restraining Dnmt1 methyltransferase activity on unmethylated CpG sites. (cipsm.de)

The conserved histone variant H2AZ has an important role in the regulation of gene expression and the establishment of a buffer to the spread of silent heterochromatin. (sdbonline.org)
Recent studies have revealed that variants of histone H2A and histone H3 play important roles not only in gene expression but also in the repair of DNA breaks and the assembly of chromosome centromeres. (sdbonline.org)

Pax6 is a transcription factor present during embryonic development. (biolegend.com)
2007). Repression of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by the zinc finger transcription factor ZNF24. (geneticsmr.com)
2008). Expression of the transcription factor Zfp191 during embryonic development in the mouse. (geneticsmr.com)
For example, we have applied light-activatable cMOs to interrogate transcription factor function during zebrafish notochord, pancreas, and vascular patterning. (cdc.gov)

The expression pattern of this gene family has been recently described during zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryogenesis, and primarily locates in the nervous system. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, we provide a reference dataset describing the expression patterns of RPRM gene products during zebrafish and mouse development as a first step to approach the physiological role of the RPRM gene family. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, zebrafish is very well-suited for systematic analysis of gene expression patterns at transcript level by whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH), and at protein level by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence (IHC/IF). (frontiersin.org)

Their unique feature is their ability to bind DNA at sequences known as promoter or enhancer regions. (biolegend.com)
Multiple sites within the Tbx3 locus contact the promoter, including sites corresponding to regions known to contain variations in the human genome influencing conduction. (eur.nl)
RNA polymerase is the enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA and binds DNA at promoter regions. (wepapers.com)

Importantly, a precise temporal description of RPRM protein expression during the development of neuronal structures is still missing. (frontiersin.org)

We identified an atrioventricular-specific enhancer and a pan-cardiac enhancer that contact the promoter and each other and synergize to activate transcription in the atrioventricular conduction system. (eur.nl)
The chromosomal aberrations identified an imaginal leg enhancer about 35 kb upstream of the Scr promoter. (nih.gov)
The enhancer is not only able to activate transcription of the Scr promoter that is 35 kb distant but can also activate transcription of the Scr promoter on the homologous chromosome. (nih.gov)

PromoSer: A large-scale mammalian promoter and transcription start site identification service. (geneticsmr.com)

The epigenetic regulation of spatiotemporal gene expression is crucial for human development. (researchgate.net)

Microarray-assessed tissue expression patterns through GEO profiles show that CCDC138 is expressed in moderate levels in various tissues including peripheral blood lymphocyte, fetal thymus, thymus, testis, ovary, feral brain, colon, mammary gland, and bone marrow. (wikipedia.org)
Many Cre transgenes have expression in unexpected organs and tissues, even when the promoters are thought to be tissue-specific. (jax.org)
Pax-6 acts as a critical gene for the development of eyes and other sensory organs, certain neural and epidermal tissues as well as other homologous structures, usually derived from ectodermal tissues. (biolegend.com)

A distinct ZmFCP1-FEA3 ligand-receptor combination, originally identified in maize, prevents WUS gene expression in the region below the OC (also called rib zone, RZ), thus confining WUS expression within the OC of meristems 6 . (nature.com)

It has also been predicted to be a soluble nuclear protein with a leucine zipper pattern (PS00029) at position 205 onwards with a sequence LQKRERFLLEREQLLFRHENAL. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, by characterization of the dominant maize mutant Barren inflorescence3 ( Bif3 ) we identified a tandem-duplicated copy of ZmWUS1 whose expression is dramatically enhanced by the insertion of a short stretch of chimeric proximal promoter sequence. (nature.com)
The proper copying and repair of DNA to maintain the correct sequence and structure of genomes is critical to the proper function of cells, and repair and replication is frequently disrupted in cancers and targeted by cancer treatments. (birmingham.ac.uk)
As DNA sequencing was not developed at those times, the sequence was established by oligopyrimidine pattern (Nobel, 1996). (wepapers.com)
Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chromatin architectures play a role in regulating gene expression levels across topological domains while our targeted sequence approach represents a widely applicable methodology for high-resolution analysis of regional variation across candidate genomic loci. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence itself. (scitechnol.com)

Morphogen gradients induce sharply defined domains of gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner, yet how cells interpret these signals in the face of spatial and temporal noise remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
We compared the structure and function of the CXXC domains in the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 and the methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet1. (cipsm.de)
Based on the known structure of a similar MLL1 domain we developed homology models and designed expression constructs for the isolated CXXC domains of Dnmt1 and Tet1 accordingly. (cipsm.de)

However, she had a breakthrough discovering a second gene that seemed to influence pattern formation in the embryos of flies, a gene later called dorsal. (wepapers.com)
The dissertation topic focused on genetic patterns in Drosophila embryos and the various mutations that can occur throughout development (Resnik 2012). (wepapers.com)
Expression of P5CR-GFP under the control of the endogenous P5CR promoter was able to restore growth of homozygous p5cr mutant embryos. (biomedcentral.com)

The Cre/lox system has become the cornerstone of modern mouse genetics because it enables sophisticated control over the timing and location of gene expression. (jax.org)
After losing interest in molecular biology she decided to apply her knowledge of genetics to cellular biology, more specifically pattern formation and regeneration in the hydra, a genus of freshwater polyps. (wepapers.com)

An example of this is B6.129-Lepr tm2(cre)Rck /J . One advantage of using a knock-in Cre allele is that Cre is expressed from the endogenous promoter, using all of the mouse gene's regulatory sequences. (jax.org)
Using a knock-in Cre also allows you to evaluate the likelihood of any unexpected expression by first reviewing the expression patterns of the endogenous gene. (jax.org)

The exons encode the α chain, with four kringle structures (highly conserved triple disulfide loop structures), a short spacer region between the α and β chains, and the β chain ( Fig. 1A ) ( 4 - 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Herein we examine the temporal and spatial expression patterns of RPRM gene-products (mRNA and protein) during neural development. (frontiersin.org)
German biologist, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard is renowned for elucidation of the genetic control of embryonic development of fruit flies. (wepapers.com)

By contrast, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was demonstrated to markedly downregulate HGF gene expression ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

This was first shown in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Loonstra A, et al. (jax.org)
1994. Ah receptor in embryonic mouse palate and effects of TCDD on receptor expression. (cdc.gov)

At the cellular level, ageing is associated with reduced function, altered gene expression and a perturbed epigenome. (elifesciences.org)
In particular, it has remained unclear as to whether and how the 3D-structures of the ES cells differ from that of differentiated progeny and how such differences relate to function. (ca.gov)
The structure and function of FOXD3 are conserved among vertebrates. (molvis.org)
We provide a high-resolution model of the 3-dimensional structure and function of the Tbx3/Tbx5 locus and show that the locus is organized in a preformed, permissive structure. (eur.nl)
The Genome Structure Function section of the Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences investigates the fundamentals of the active information database that is our genome, in normal and disease states. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Any perturbation to either the structure or function of an ecosystem. (nationalacademies.org)
FTO is a ubiquitously expressed N 6-methyladenosine demethylase [ 13 ], yet there are conflicting data and models of how changes in FTO expression might affect function and phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)

Cerebellar and hippocampal tissue samples from three En2 -/- and wild type (WT) littermate mice were assessed for differential gene expression using microarray hybridization followed by RankProd analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
This approach involves the intramolecular cross-linking of 5′ amine- and 3′ disulfide-modified MO oligonucleotides using appropriately functionalized tethers, generating macrocyclic structures that conformationally resist RNA hybridization. (cdc.gov)

The transcriptional patterns in each parasite are clonally transmitted over multiple generations of asexual growth, with stochastic switches between the active and silenced states occurring at low frequency ( Figure 1A ). (plos.org)

It is hypothesized to be caused by a prion, or small protein, which alters the structure of a normal brain protein, resulting in destruction of brain neural tissue. (nationalacademies.org)

Smad3-mediated recruitment of the methyltransferase SETDB1/ESET controls Snail1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. (ucsf.edu)

Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancer-genetics.org)

Crystal structure of a zinc-finger-RNA complex reveals two modes of molecular recognition. (geneticsmr.com)

A heritable chemical modification of DNA (replacement of cytosine by 5-methyl cytosine) that, when present in a control region, usually suppresses expression of the corresponding gene. (nationalacademies.org)

While each DNA blueprint, or gene, encodes for a different machine or structure, the genome, the collection of DNA wrapped up inside the nucleus, is much more active than a quiet library of neatly stacked blue-prints. (birmingham.ac.uk)

Clonally variant gene expression (CVGE) lies at the base of a bet-hedging adaptive strategy consisting of the stochastic generation of phenotypic diversity followed by natural selection upon environmental changes (for a recent discussion on bet-hedging, see [14] ). (plos.org)

The promoter region of CCDC138 is shown as figure below. (wikipedia.org)

The regulation of WUS transcription is crucial for meristem homeostasis, whereby high WUS expression leads to enlarged meristems and low expression leads to the formation of small meristems 3 , 14 . (nature.com)

By probing the 3-dimensional architecture of the Tbx3/Tbx5 cluster using high-resolution circular chromosome conformation capture sequencing in vivo, we found that its regulatory landscape is in a preformed conformation similar in embryonic heart, limbs, and brain. (eur.nl)

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