MitosisAnaphaseProphaseOocytesMeioticChromosomalProper chromosome segregationComplete set of chromosomesStructural Maintenance of ChromosomesKinetochoresMicrotubuleMetaphase chromosomeAneuploidyInterphaseInstabilitySomatic cellsPolesChromatinStagesGenomeAbnormalSingle chromosomeCentromeresMicrotubulesReplicationDrosophilaKinesinAlignmentMechanismCohesinCentromeric cohesionGeneticCentromereFragmentsKinetochoreCellsAberrationsNucleusComplexInheritance
Mitosis25
- In cell biology, mitosis (/maɪˈtoʊsɪs/) is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
- Cell division by mitosis gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (wikipedia.org)
- During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, animal cells undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, whereas fungi undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
- Because each resultant daughter cell should be genetically identical to the parent cell, the parent cell must make a copy of each chromosome before mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
- When mitosis begins, the chromosomes condense and become visible. (wikipedia.org)
- As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
- Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
- Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase that performs 2 crucial functions during mitosis: it is essential for spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and for correct chromosome alignment. (icr.ac.uk)
- Mitosis is an important stage in the cell cycle when the duplicated chromosomes are segregated to the daughter cells. (virginia.edu)
- Aurora-B, which is a member of the Chromosome Passenger Complex (CPC), is a key mitotic kinase and plays an important role in ensuring high fidelity mitosis by phosphorylating numerous substrates in the mitotic spindle. (virginia.edu)
- Plk1, the most thoroughly characterized member among the mammalian Plks, has multiple important roles in mitosis and cytokinesis, such as centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation, kinetochore-microtubule dynamics, activation of the anaphase promoting complex, chromosome segregation and execution of cytokinesis [ 3 , 4 , 13 ]. (oncotarget.com)
- In parallel, a small molecule screen will we performed to identify inhibitors of Kif18A that allow us to dissect potential functions of Kif18A in late mitosis and/or cytokinesis, without interfering with its reported function in prometaphase. (uni-konstanz.de)
- Collectively, the proposed studies will contribute to a detailed understanding of the function and regulation of the Kinesin-8 motor Kif18A in mitosis, and, thus, will provide important insights into the mechanism of chromosome segregation and how errors in this process can lead to aneuploidy and tumor formation. (uni-konstanz.de)
- The condensing complex compacts chromosomes, and the resulting condensed structure is necessary for chromosomal segregation during mitosis. (openstax.org)
- nature structural & molecular biology Abstract In the early stages of mitosis, cohesin is released from chromosome arms but not from centromeres. (cbinsights.com)
- During mitosis, cohesin is removed from chromosomes in two waves. (cbinsights.com)
- Human cancer cells are usually seen as a changes in the amount or organization of DNA because of mistakes in mitosis, causing chromosome instability and aneuploidy. (survivinpathway.com)
- Here, we used experimental and computational approaches to dissect the quantitative mechanisms underlying the ordered degradation of the substrates of the ubiquitin ligase APC/C Cdc20 , a key regulator of chromosome segregation in mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- The main goal of mitosis is to accurately segregate chromosomes, such that each daughter cell inherits a full complement of genetic information. (silverchair.com)
- This intricate phase, located within the larger mechanism of mitosis, is responsible for acting as a guarantor that each nascent cell obtains A precise set of chromosomes. (biologyideas.com)
- By definition, anaphase is a phase of mitosis wherein the replicated chromosomes, known as sister chromatids, separate from one another and move toward opposite poles of the cell. (biologyideas.com)
- Both in mitosis and meiosis, anaphase ensures each newly formed cell has a complete and accurate set of chromosomes, thus safeguarding the genetic integrity of an organism. (biologyideas.com)
- Anaphase marks a pivotal stage in mitosis, crucially ensuring each resulting daughter cell inherits an accurate set of chromosomes. (biologyideas.com)
Anaphase8
- Die einzelnen Untereinheiten offenbaren eine transiente Assoziation mit dem meiotischen Chromatin von Prometaphase bis Anaphase. (uni-bayreuth.de)
- On late anaphase I, the fresh chromosomes have reached brand new pole and they are nevertheless linked by the new pole-to-pole central spindle fabric. (gov.ls)
- It would appear that maintenance from bivalents from the no less than one chiasmata for each and every chromosome partners on metaphase-anaphase I is important to possess proper disjunction. (gov.ls)
- It encodes a component of cohesin, a multisubunit protein complex that provides sister chromatid cohesion along the length of a chromosome from DNA replication through prophase and prometaphase, after which it is dissociated in preparation for segregation during anaphase. (maayanlab.cloud)
- [5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, we delve into the significant role of the mitotic spindle, the complex that serves as the catalyst for moving chromosomes during anaphase, and observe the consequential fallout in case of anaphase errors, putting emphasis on common mishaps like non-disjunction which could potentially trigger chromosomal disorders including cancer and Down syndrome. (biologyideas.com)
- In spite of the meticulous processes that normally ensure accurate chromosome separation, errors during anaphase can still occur, leading to chromosomal instability and disease. (biologyideas.com)
- The switch from metaphase to anaphase is a critical event, powered by the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C). Essentially, this is a signal within the cell stating that the chromosomes have been properly aligned on the metaphase plate, signifying their readiness for separation. (biologyideas.com)
Prophase5
- The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). (nih.gov)
- The first stage of meiotic prophase I when the CHROMOSOMES first become visible. (nih.gov)
- The stage during the first meiotic prophase, following PACHYTENE STAGE , when the SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX dissolves and the homologous CHROMOSOMES begin to separate. (nih.gov)
- The stage during meiotic prophase I, following LEPTOTENE STAGE , during which SYNAPSIS occurs between homologous CHROMOSOMES via the SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX . (nih.gov)
- The stage of meiotic prophase I following DIPLONEMA when the homologous CHROMOSOMES complete CROSSING OVER and separation, and become fully condensed. (nih.gov)
Oocytes5
- Chromosome alignment and intracellular IgG localization in MI- and MII-stage oocytes were investigated by immunofluorescence analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
- There was marked increase of chromosome misalignments in MI and MII oocytes in the HA + CFA group compared to the control groups. (biomedcentral.com)
- Recombinant human CENP-A and CFA were used to induce ACA production in mice, then mouse MI- and MII-stage oocytes were cultured to investigate chromosome alignment and intracellular IgG localization by immunofluorescence assay in order to explore the involvement of ACA in impaired oocyte meiosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- To ascertain whether the Kunming (KM) mouse is an available model for age-related decline in female fertility in human or not, oocytes from young (6-8 weeks), middle-aged (9 months) and aged (12 months) female mice were compared with respect to number of oocytes, frequency of in-vitro maturation (IVM) and in-vitro fertilization (IVF), and meiotic chromosome segregation and alignment. (cambridge.org)
- Significant reduction of germinal vesicle (GV) and MII oocytes and significant increase of metaphase chromosome misalignment and premature chromatid segregation after meiotic maturation of oocytes, similar to human, presumably contribute to the decline in aged KM mice. (cambridge.org)
Meiotic3
- Here, we studied male meiotic chromosome behavior in four hybrid generations (F1-F4) between two chromosomal races of the Wood White butterfly Leptidea sinapis differentiated by at least 24 chromosomal fusions/fissions. (frontiersin.org)
- We demonstrate that (i) F1 hybrids are highly heterozygous with nearly all chromosomes participating in the formation of trivalents at the first meiotic division, and (ii) that from F1 to F4 the number of trivalents decreases and the number of bivalents increases. (frontiersin.org)
- In normal conventional meiosis, the first meiotic division is reductional, resulting in segregation of chromosomal homologs, whereas the second meiotic division is equational, resulting in separation of sister chromatids. (frontiersin.org)
Chromosomal4
- However, some species, especially plants and animals with holocentric chromosomes, are known to tolerate chromosomal heterozygosity even for multiple rearrangements. (frontiersin.org)
- We argue that the observed process of chromosome sorting would, if continued, result in a new homozygous chromosomal race, i.e., in a new karyotype with intermediate chromosome number and, possibly, in a new incipient homoploid hybrid species. (frontiersin.org)
- The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. (lookformedical.com)
- A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. (lookformedical.com)
Proper chromosome segregation2
- Necessary for ensuring proper chromosome segregation and binding to BUB3 is essential for this function. (icr.ac.uk)
- We have combined the proteomic analysis of Xenopus laevis in vitro-assembled chromosomes with RNA interference and live cell imaging in HeLa cells to identify novel factors required for proper chromosome segregation. (rupress.org)
Complete set of chromosomes1
- It's during this step that each half of the cell has an exact copy of the genetic information, thereby ensuring that each new cell has a complete set of chromosomes. (biologyideas.com)
Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes1
- Die beiden Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC)-Untereinheiten bilden zusammen mit einer Untereinheit aus der Familie der Kleisine eine dreigliedrige Ringstruktur aus, welche DNA-Stränge topologisch umschließen und dadurch intrachromosomale Verknüpfungen und Schlaufen stabilisieren kann. (uni-bayreuth.de)
Kinetochores3
- Kinetochores are proteinaceous assemblies that reside at the centromeric region of chromosomes and are key to this process by capturing spindle microtubules ( 1 ). (silverchair.com)
- SAC signaling fires at unattached kinetochores, which are continuously generated during error correction, and is extinguished once all chromosomes are bioriented, thus resuming mitotic progression and chromosome segregation ( 3 ). (silverchair.com)
- Such dynamism is essential for assembling and positioning the bipolar spindle, searching for and docking with kinetochores, congressing and segregating chromosomes, and governing the spindle checkpoint [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Microtubule6
- The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
- While it is clear that Kinesin-8 motors are critical for the dynamics of microtubules, only little is known about the regulation of their activity, the mechanism of their length-dependent microtubule depolymerization and potential post-metaphase functions in chromosome segregation. (uni-konstanz.de)
- SGO1-cohesin binding is maintained until the formation of microtubule-kinetochore attachments and is required for faithful chromosome segregation and the maintenance of a stable karyotype. (cbinsights.com)
- I-t involves the synthesis of a microtubule and the full intracellular reorganization based device, which segregates the 2 identical copies of the chromosomes between daughter cells. (survivinpathway.com)
- JNK2 was associated with the spindles especially the spindle poles and cytoplasmic microtubule organizing centers at prometaphase I, metaphase I, and metaphase II stages. (cambridge.org)
- Microtubule capture, however, is inherently error prone, and several cycles of attachment/detachment are often required before chromosomes achieve biorientation. (silverchair.com)
Metaphase chromosome1
- During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
Aneuploidy1
- Similarly, errors can also result in cells with missing or extra chromosomes, a condition known as 'aneuploidy', and can cause severe abnormalities. (biologyideas.com)
Interphase1
- Mechanistically, the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex prematurely associates with DNA lesions within ruptured micronuclei during interphase, which poises pulverized chromosomes for clustering upon mitotic entry. (nature.com)
Instability1
- Errors in segregation of chromosomes can lead to genomic instability that underlies multiple developmental diseases and cancer. (virginia.edu)
Somatic cells2
- The 46 chromosomes of human somatic cells are composed of 22 pairs of autosomes (matched pairs) and a pair of sex chromosomes, which may or may not be matched. (openstax.org)
- A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species. (lookformedical.com)
Poles1
- To accomplish this delicate task, once each chromosome is faithfully duplicated through DNA replication, its identical sister chromatids must attach to spindle microtubules coming from opposite spindle poles through a process known as chromosome biorientation. (silverchair.com)
Chromatin2
- Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome composed of double-stranded DNA, whereas eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes composed of chromatin, all surrounded by a nuclear membrane. (openstax.org)
- Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Stages2
- Chromosomes are compacted using a variety of mechanisms during certain stages of the cell cycle. (openstax.org)
- This phase is set into motion following prometaphase and metaphase stages. (biologyideas.com)
Genome2
- The genome is composed of a number of chromosomes-complexes of tightly coiled DNA that contain genetic information vital for proper cell function. (wikipedia.org)
- Cell cycle-dependent formation and activation of this tri-nuclease complex provides a unique mechanism by which cells ensure chromosome segregation and preserve genome integrity. (figshare.com)
Abnormal2
- Mistakes in this technique end in the synthesis of cells with abnormal chromosome content, that is, pretty much than two copies of each and every chromosome. (survivinpathway.com)
- Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. (lookformedical.com)
Single chromosome1
- In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1). (lookformedical.com)
Centromeres3
- Microtubules project from opposite ends of the cell, attach to the centromeres, and align the chromosomes centrally within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Cohesion at centromeres is protected by Shugoshin (SGO1) 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , giving rise to the typical X-shaped structure of human chromosomes. (cbinsights.com)
- Segregation off homologous centromeres happens at this point (the original division segregation), and proper disjunction away from homologs is dependent on chromosome pairing and you will chiasma development. (gov.ls)
Microtubules2
- However, most fragments derived from pulverized chromosomes are acentric and cannot directly bind to spindle microtubules 14 . (nature.com)
- The protection of centromeric cohesin by SGO1 maintains the sister chromatid cohesion that resists the pulling forces of microtubules until all chromosomes are attached in a bipolar manner to the mitotic spindle. (cbinsights.com)
Replication1
- An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional. (lookformedical.com)
Drosophila1
- A confocal 4D-stack from a transgenic Drosophila embryo expressing lamin-GFP (green) and injected with rhodamine-conjugated tubulin (red) during surrounding the prometaphase (phase I and II) spindle. (ucsd.edu)
Kinesin1
- The mitotic kinesin Kif18A is essential for chromosome congression in mammalian cells. (uni-konstanz.de)
Alignment1
- Kinase activity is essential for inhibition of APC/CCDC20 and for chromosome alignment but does not play a major role in the spindle-assembly checkpoint activity. (icr.ac.uk)
Mechanism1
- These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
Cohesin1
- Chromosome duplication results in two identical sister chromatids bound together by cohesin proteins at the centromere. (wikipedia.org)
Centromeric cohesion1
- By protecting centromeric cohesion, SGO1 thus ensures faithful chromosome segregation. (cbinsights.com)
Genetic4
- For the genetic algorithm, see Chromosome (genetic algorithm) . (wikipedia.org)
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Obviously, chromosome segregation without error correction would be highly detrimental, leading to unbalanced chromosome numbers, referred to as aneuploidies, which are hallmarks of cancer and genetic diseases. (silverchair.com)
Centromere1
- [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
Fragments2
- Mitotic clustering facilitates the reassembly of acentric fragments into rearranged chromosomes lacking the extensive DNA copy-number losses that are characteristic of canonical chromothripsis. (nature.com)
- The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
Kinetochore1
- Can regulate chromosome segregation in a kinetochore-independent manner. (icr.ac.uk)
Cells2
- Mitotic chromosome segregation requires the coordination of both regulatory and mechanical molecular machines and culminates in the delivery of two complete sets of chromosomes to two daughter cells. (rupress.org)
- This allocation is pivotal to cell survival and further division, as it guarantees that both daughter cells receive a full set of chromosomes. (biologyideas.com)
Aberrations2
- Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS. (lookformedical.com)
- or other CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE related aberrations. (lookformedical.com)
Nucleus1
- Bacteria have a single, circular DNA chromosome but no nucleus. (openstax.org)
Complex1
- [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
Inheritance3
- Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
- Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)