• RESULTS: Hypoxic environment promoted the secretion of small extracellular vesicles, and reduced the apoptosis and DNA damage caused by radiation, accompanied by increased expression of small extracellular vesicles miR-152-3p from hypoxic cervical cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • First, in the T. spiralis infection model, H&E staining was used to analyse the damage to jejunum tissue, a TUNEL assay was used to examine cell apoptosis, and the expression of ERS-related and apoptosis-related molecules was also measured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results showed that TsKaSPI could induce apoptosis in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC cells) by activating ERS and promote activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results confirmed that TsKaSPI could activate ERS and lead to apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, T. spiralis infection and TsKaSPI can promote cell apoptosis by activating the ERS response in intestinal epithelial cells and activate the NF-κB signalling pathway to promote the occurrence and development of inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, we hypothesized that T. spiralis SPI (TsSPI) may be involved in intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis induced by T. spiralis infection, but the specific mechanism remains to be further explored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flow cytometric analysis and western blot were taken to analyze cell apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell proliferation was inhibited after cisplatin treatment when ERp44 was knocked down and ERp44 strengthened cisplatin resistance by influencing cell apoptosis and pyroptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in β cells under conditions of increased insulin demand. (jci.org)
  • But if homeostasis cannot be reestablished, UPR signaling eventually induces cell death by apoptosis, an effective means of protecting the organism from rogue cells expressing dysfunctional or even toxic signaling molecules. (ucsd.edu)
  • In bax − / − bak − / − cells, introduction of Bak mutants selectively targeted to either mitochondria or the ER can induce apoptosis. (rupress.org)
  • The present study aimed to induce apoptosis in U-87 glioma cell line by knockdown of PTX3 gene. (ac.ir)
  • To assess the effect of PTX3 knock down on cellular apoptosis, the mortality rate of transfected cells was compared with control groups by flow cytometry. (ac.ir)
  • Flowcytometry results indicated the induction of apoptosis in 65% of the cells. (ac.ir)
  • The efficiency of designed siRNA was approved in vitro, with significant effect on the downregulation of PTX3 gene and induction of apoptosis in U-87 glioma cells. (ac.ir)
  • Its absence may lead to defects in the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of proteins, which control cell growth and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ras proteins have been implicated to function as components of the cellular signal transduction pathways related to cell proliferation and differentiation. (caltech.edu)
  • In addition with their main function in the legislation of cell routine progression, particular types of CDKs and cyclins get excited about transcription also, splicing, epigenetic legislation, neuronal features, stem cell regeneration, spermatogenesis, and differentiation [10]. (niepokorny.org)
  • A comparison of their known functions has identified, besides a common role within protein folding, multiple roles for the cyclophilins within pre-mRNA splicing and cellular signalling, and within transcription and cell cycle regulation for the parvulins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Binding of neural cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) to the cellular prion protein. (academicinfluence.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • PIK3CA is a component of the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), an enzyme that regulates cellular growth and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Then we also collected exosomes and cell viability was increased after the addition of NPC-derived-exosomes with cisplatin treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite their shared conservation throughout nature, the three traditional PPIase families do not share a conserved role in cell viability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, two cytosolic PPIases, PpiB and trigger factor, in Bacillus subtilis have been shown not to possess an essential function under normal growth conditions, but they become essential for cell viability under starvation conditions [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of lysyl oxidase can cause osteolathyrism, but, at the same time, its upregulation by tumor cells may promote metastasis of the existing tumor, causing it to become malignant and cancerous. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fact, recent research has shown overexpression of LOX as crucial to promoting tumor growth and metastasis in several cancers, including breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results demonstrate that tumor growth, peritoneal dissemination and peritoneum or organ metastasis implanted MKN45 cells were significantly decreased in shAhR and Biseugenol-treated mice and that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was caused. (oncotarget.com)
  • Therefore, this study mainly explored whether Trichinella spiralis Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor (TsKaSPI) contributed to the invasion of intestinal epithelial cells during the infectious stage of T. spiralis by regulating ERS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although studies of ERS have become a hot spot, there have been no relevant studies on the relationship between TsSPI and ERS in intestinal epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hyperinsulinemia also promotes cancer, but the direct action of insulin on mutated endometrial epithelial cells is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we treated 12Z endometriotic epithelial cells carrying the PIK3CA H1047R oncogene with insulin and examined transcriptomes by RNA-seq. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results suggest that response to insulin signaling is altered in mutated endometriotic epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methods: Primary mouse enteric neurons (EN) were exposed to a conditioned medium from ACE2-expressing Caco-2 colonic epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 or treated with tunicamycin (ER stress inducer). (emory.edu)
  • Whole cell extracts (30 µg lysate) of K-562 (Lane 1), HeLa (Lane 2), HeLa treated with Tunicamycin (Lane 3), A549 (Lane 4), A549 treated with Thapsigargin (Lane 5) were electrophoresed using NuPAGE™ 4-12% Bis-Tris Protein Gel (Product # NP0322BOX). (thermofisher.com)
  • We studied the expression of different PRPS genes in glioma cells with ERN1 knockdown under hypoxic condition. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • It was shown that hypoxia decreases the expression of PRPS1 and PRPS2 genes in both types of glioma cells, being more pronounced in cells without ERN1 function, but PRPSAP1 and PRPSAP2 gene expressions are suppressed by hypoxia only in glioma cells with blockade of ERN1. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Moreover, the blockade of endoribonuclease activity of ERN1 does not affect the expression of PRPS1 and PRPS2 as well as PPRS-associated protein genes in U87 glioma cells. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Retinal degeneration is progressive deterioration of the retinal cells, eventually culminating in their death. (molvis.org)
  • Sequenced combined intravitreal triamcinolone and indocyanine conservationist angiography-guided photodynamic therapy to degenerate to retinal angiomatous proliferation. (upb.ro)
  • We used a previously established model of mouse primary enteric neuronal cells and an enteric neuronal cell line treated with palmitate (PA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and enteric neuronal cell death. (emory.edu)
  • Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have illuminated the diverse neuronal and glial cell types within the human brain. (salk.edu)
  • Furthermore, the high refractoriness of liver cancer to treatments has been associated with the interaction of very complex and diverse mechanisms of chemoresistance, which can act synergistically to protect tumor cells from the chemotherapy agents [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Examples of GADD153 inducing stress include: treatment with tunicamycin, nutrient starvation and reducing agents that interfere with the calcium flux across the ER membrane. (thermofisher.com)
  • KLF13 knockdown and overexpression promoted and inhibited the proliferation and migration of THCA cells, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lastly, silencing of IFIT1 greatly reversed the proliferation and migration induced by KLF13 knockdown. (bvsalud.org)
  • The transcriptional changes induced by insulin in PIK3CA H1047R cells were rescued by knockdown of Viperin, while Viperin OE alone was insufficient to induce a DGE response to insulin, suggesting that Viperin is necessary but not sufficient for the synergistic effect of PIK3CA H1047R and insulin treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A concise synthetic route to the tunicamycin antibiotics is described, illustrated by the preparation of (+)-tunicamycin-V (1-V), Key features of the synthesis include (1) the development and application of a silicon-mediated reductive coupling of aldehydes and allylic alcohols to construct the undecose core of the natural product and (2) the development of an efficient procedure for the synthesis of the trehalose glycosidic bond within the antibiotic. (caltech.edu)
  • The resultant amino polyol is a versatile intermediate for the synthesis of any of the homologous tunicamycin antibiotics. (caltech.edu)
  • Their ability to function as potent inhibitors of oligosaccharide synthesis in eukaryotic cells has established them as unique biochemical probes of the role of glycosylation on protein structure and function. (caltech.edu)
  • Recent studies indicate that nutrient fluctuations and insulin resistance increase proinsulin synthesis in β cells beyond the capacity for folding of nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, thereby disrupting ER homeostasis and triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR). (jci.org)
  • UPR signaling can protect cells from ER stress by expanding the amount of ER in the cell, enhancing the degradation of misfolded proteins, and reducing the synthesis of new proteins. (ucsd.edu)
  • In human cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is activated but phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) and total shutoff of protein synthesis is observed only in cells infected with gamma(1)z34.5- mutants. (scienceopen.com)
  • These results indicate that in infected cells, gamma(1)34.5 interacts with and redirects phosphatase to dephosphorylate eIF-2alpha to enable continued protein synthesis despite the presence of activated PKR. (scienceopen.com)
  • The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a key regulator of diverse physiological functions such as proliferation, global protein, and lipid synthesis as well as many metabolic pathways interacting to increase secretory capabilities. (go.jp)
  • Cell migration ability was measured with Transwell assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • Besides, IFIT1 upregulation was critical for the proliferation and migration of THCA cell lines. (bvsalud.org)
  • In our previous research, we have also reported that ERp44 was highly expressed in NPC and associated with patients' survive state and clinical stages, it also participated in promoting cells proliferation and migration [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some conditions, especially in tumor microenvironment, cells undergo nutrient deprivation, hypoxia or drug-induced toxicity, protein folding is interfered. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In both genetic and diet-induced models of insulin resistance, CHOP deficiency improved β cell ultrastructure and promoted cell survival. (jci.org)
  • Using this strategy, we demonstrated that IRE1 signaling promoted cell survival but surprisingly, this signaling pathway was specifically shut down by persistent ER stress. (ucsd.edu)
  • These findings provide a molecular basis to investigate how UPR signaling promotes cell survival or cell death in response to protein misfolding. (ucsd.edu)
  • Histomorphometry revealed that although the bone formation rate and mineralizing surface at the periosteum decreased in Tg mice, they increased at the endosteum, suggesting opposing effects of IGFBP-5 on periosteal and endosteal osteoblasts (by altering proliferation or survival). (westminster.ac.uk)
  • Cell proliferation ability was detected with CCK8 and colony formation assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • We took CCK8 to detect the role of ERp44 on cell chemosensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP) expression and secretion by EN were assessed by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. (emory.edu)
  • The GADD34 protein may have a similar function in eukaryotic cells. (scienceopen.com)
  • Syncytin, a cell fusion- inducing gene, has been cloned from placenta where it regulates cell fusion. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates glucose homeostasis, and high levels of circulating insulin can activate the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway which promotes growth in cancer cells [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Secreted LOX is responsible for the invasive properties of hypoxic cancer cells through focal adhesion kinase activity and cell-to-matrix adhesion. (wikipedia.org)
  • METHODS: Small extracellular vesicles extracted from hypoxic and normoxic cultured cervical cancer cells were evaluated for their effects on radioresistance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion: Over 20 years after selleck screening library the cloning and identification of HCV, we have developed the first highly sensitive, specific and reproducible in situ detection systems that allows to identify HCV infected cells in liver biopsies in patients with viral loads as low as 1 0E4 IU/ml. (cxcr-signal.com)
  • Identification of G1-regulated genes in normally cycling human cells. (1library.org)
  • Single-cell sequencing could help to solve the fundamental challenge of linking millions of cell-type-specific enhancers with their target genes. (salk.edu)
  • The expression of KLF13 and IFIT1 in cell samples was investigated with Western blot assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • The efficacy of PTX3 silencing in the U-87 cells was evaluated by Real‐time PCR assay. (ac.ir)
  • Using a single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (snATAC-seq), we explored open chromatin landscapes across 1.1 million cells in 42 brain regions from three adults. (salk.edu)
  • Useful similarity was confirmed by many experimental configurations, e.g., the recombinant appearance of pUL97 within a fungus complementation assay, where pUL97 could recovery the proliferation of the mutant missing CDK activity [17]. (niepokorny.org)
  • Pentraxin 3 promotes glioblastoma progression by negative regulating cells autophagy. (ac.ir)
  • Our research focuses on 1) understanding the molecular mechanisms by which UPR signaling protects cells or alternatively promotes cell death and 2) investigating the role of UPR signaling in the pathogenesis of human diseases associated with protein misfolding. (ucsd.edu)
  • The molecular gatekeepers of the UPR are ER-resident transmembrane proteins with luminal domains that monitor the quality of protein folding in the ER coupled across the ER membrane to cytosolic effector domains that transmit that information to the rest of the cell. (ucsd.edu)
  • Cell adhesion molecules: implications for a molecular histology. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Cell adhesion and the molecular processes of morphogenesis. (academicinfluence.com)
  • The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is an outstanding model organism for studying molecular genetics, developmental biology, neuroscience, and cell biology. (molcells.org)
  • We identified 188 cell types and characterized their molecular signatures. (salk.edu)
  • Cell growth in vivo with or without KLF13 overexpression was evaluated on a xenograft model. (bvsalud.org)
  • Presently, two-dimensional (2D) cell-based models fail to predict in vivo efficacy, contributing to limited success in translating new drugs for clinical use. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, in the present study, we examined the mechanism underlying the increasing effect of NA on SS firing of PC in mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo and in cerebellar slice by cell-attached and whole-cell recording technique and pharmacological methods. (bvsalud.org)
  • We performed differential centrifugation to isolate exosomes from serum or conditioned media of cells and analyzed the impact of exosomal ERp44 on cells cisplatin sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tunicamycin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma), fetal bovine serum (FBS) (HyClone, Logan, UT) and Dulbecco's modified Eagle (DMEM) (Nissui, Tokyo, Japan) were also buy order prochlorperazine online uk prochlorperazine in mexico commercially elbow. (upb.ro)
  • Endoglin, PlGF, TGFbeta3, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, and a placental IGFBP protease have found new roles in regulating cytotrophoblast proliferation and invasiveness. (eurekaselect.com)
  • These results demonstrate the critical functional roles for the arginine metabolism-independent tumor suppressor activity of ASS1 in HCC and suggest that upregulating ASS1 in these tumors is a potential strategy in HCC cells with low ASS1 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We reveal strong links between specific brain cell types and neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and major depression, and have developed deep learning models to predict the regulatory roles of noncoding risk variants in these disorders. (salk.edu)
  • Furthermore to people indirect results on cell routine legislation, the viral proteins kinase pUL97 straight cross-talks with CDKs since it mimics CDKs in phosphorylating partly-identical substrates and evidently possesses commonalities in protein framework and functionality. (niepokorny.org)
  • Our comparative proteomic analysis of HCC cells grown in culture as monolayers (2D) and spheroids (3D) revealed that argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) expression was higher in 3D cells than in 2D cells due to upregulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study we investigated the mechanisms involved in the induction of oxidative stress and impairment of mitochondrial quality control and mitophagy in hepatocytes by the saturated fatty acid palmitate and Western diet feeding in mice and if their harmful effects could be reversed by the neurotrophic factor glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). (emory.edu)
  • Results: SARS-CoV-2 infection led to increased expression of BiP/GRP78, a marker and key regulator for ER stress in Caco-2 cells. (emory.edu)
  • We assessed the effect of Chop deletion in multiple mouse models of type 2 diabetes and found that Chop -/- mice had improved glycemic control and expanded β cell mass in all conditions analyzed. (jci.org)
  • Konnova EA, Deftu AF, Chu Sin Chung P, Pertin M, Kirschmann G, Decosterd I, Suter MR. Characterisation of GFAP-Expressing Glial Cells in the Dorsal Root Ganglion after Spared Nerve Injury. (unil.ch)
  • We identified interferon signaling, viral response, and protein targeting pathways that are induced by insulin but dependent on Viperin in PIK3CA H1047R mutant cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These drawbacks may be explained, at least in part, by the various phenotypes and histological characteristics of tumor liver cells and its microenvironment [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In their oncogenic form, the natural GTP-ase activity of Ras proteins is inhibited, leading to overstimulation of the signaling pathway for cell growth. (caltech.edu)
  • Activation of pentose phosphate pathway is an important factor of enhanced cell proliferation and tumor growth. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Metabolic alterations in cancer cells are numerous and include aerobic glycolysis, reduced oxidative phosphorylation, and increased generation of biosynthetic intermediates needed for cell growth and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Surface modulation in cell recognition and cell growth. (academicinfluence.com)
  • The carboxyl-terminal 64 aa of gamma(1)34.5 protein are homologous to the corresponding domain of MyD116, the murine growth arrest and DNA damage gene 34 (GADD34) protein and the two domains are functionally interchangeable in infected cells. (scienceopen.com)
  • Protein misfolding concomitantly activates IRE1 and PERK, thereby obscuring insight into protective or proapoptotic contributions of these two signaling pathways toward life or death cell fates. (ucsd.edu)
  • In contrast to eIF-2alpha-P phosphatase activity, extracts of mock-infected cells exhibit a 2-fold higher phosphatase activity on [32P]phosphorylase than extracts of infected cells. (scienceopen.com)
  • Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) exhibit two types of discharge activities: simple spike (SS) and complex spike (CS). (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, CD154 reduced the inhibition of apoB100 secretion by HepG2 cells grown in the presence of high concentrations of OA, an effect suppressed by XBP1 mRNA silencing and in HepG2 cells expressing a dominant negative form of inositol requiring ER-to-nucleus signaling protein-1. (cxcr-signal.com)
  • Hádinger N, Bősz E, Tóth B, Vantomme G, Lüthi A, Acsády L. Region-selective control of the thalamic reticular nucleus via cortical layer 5 pyramidal cells. (unil.ch)
  • Integrative analyses revealed concordant changes in DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, chromatin organization, and gene expression across cell types, cortical areas, and basal ganglia structures. (salk.edu)
  • While cells naively responded to insulin, the magnitude of differential gene expression (DGE) was nine times greater in PIK3CA H1047R cells, representing a synergistic effect between insulin signaling and PIK3CA H1047R expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Delineating the gene-regulatory programs underlying complex cell types is fundamental for understanding brain function in health and disease. (salk.edu)
  • This multimodal epigenomic brain cell atlas provides new insights into the complexity of cell-type-specific gene regulation in adult human brains. (salk.edu)
  • Our study shows how controlling for gene co-expression enables robust enhancer-gene linkage using single-cell sequencing data. (salk.edu)
  • Proteins, either secreted from the cell or embedded in the plasma membrane to monitor the environment, transmit much of this information. (ucsd.edu)
  • Cells have evolved elaborate mechanisms to ensure the accuracy with which proteins are folded and assembled before export or transport to the cell surface. (ucsd.edu)
  • In this way, cells display or release only high-quality, functional proteins. (ucsd.edu)
  • To maintain fidelity, the cell needs to fold proteins as they are made, and this system needs to adapt to changing environmental conditions. (ucsd.edu)
  • For instance, how can cells control the diverse patterns of glycosylation of various secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in an orderly manner with high accuracy? (go.jp)
  • EBNA3C is an EBV-encoded nuclear protein, essential for proliferation of EBV infected B-lymphocytes. (scienceopen.com)
  • In contrast, the KCBP knockout (KO) line in the moss Physcomitrella patens showed a defect in nuclear and organelle positioning in apical stem cells. (go.jp)
  • More importantly, our results showed under ERS, NPC cells secreted exosomes containing ERp44 and could transfer them to adjacent cells to strengthen chemoresistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. (lookformedical.com)
  • Western blot was performed using Anti-CHOP Polyclonal Antibody (Product # PA5-28956) and a 21kDa band corresponding to CHOP was observed across the cell lines tested. (thermofisher.com)
  • We created isogenic human cell lines bearing these chemicallv sensitized alleles which allowed us to selectively activate IRE1 or PERK signaling independent of protein misfolding. (ucsd.edu)
  • In vitro, the effect of CD154 was studied on primary hepatocyte cultures and hepatocyte-derived cell lines. (cxcr-signal.com)
  • Treatment of primary hepatocyte cultures and hepatocyte-derived cell lines with soluble CD154 increased XBP1 mRNA splicing in cells subjected to either oleic acid (OA) or TM treatment. (cxcr-signal.com)
  • Neural cell adhesion molecule: structure, immunoglobulin-like domains, cell surface modulation, and alternative RNA splicing. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Kinetics of homophilic binding by embryonic and adult forms of the neural cell adhesion molecule. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Chemical characterization of a neural cell adhesion molecule purified from embryonic brain membranes. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Purification and characterization of a cell adhesion molecule from neural retina. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Fucose is a monosaccharide that is commonly found in the cell walls of bacteria and is involved in the formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Organism health depends on the accuracy of the signals sent and received by constituent cells. (ucsd.edu)
  • The progression from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes is caused by the failure of pancreatic β cells to produce sufficient levels of insulin to meet the metabolic demand. (jci.org)
  • This Antibody was verified by Cell treatment to ensure that the antibody binds to the antigen stated. (thermofisher.com)
  • Our data suggested that exosomal ERp44 derived from ER-stressed NPC cells took an inevitable role in NPC chemoresistance and might act as a treatment target. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To determine the morphology of nuclei immediately after drug treatment, cells have been treated with or without the need of the indicated concentration of baicalein for 24 h. (gardos-channel.com)
  • Proteomics-Based Discovery of First-in-Class Chemical Probes for Programmed Cell Death Protein 2 (PDCD2). (stanford.edu)
  • ISG signal intensity was lowest in uninfected cells with uninfected neighbors, intermediate in uninfected cells with at least one HCV positive neighbor, and highest in HCV positive cells. (cxcr-signal.com)