• Here we examined whether deficiency of a de novo DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt3a, affects in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to neuronal and glial cell lineages. (ca.gov)
  • All-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the most active metabolite of vitamin A. Several studies have described a pivotal role for RA signalling in different biological processes such as cell growth and differentiation, embryonic development and organogenesis. (mdpi.com)
  • Thoma et al observed that Ngn2 alone is sufficient to induce neuronal differentiation in embryonic stem cells. (bartleby.com)
  • In this study they used murine embryonic stem cells and transfected with Ngn2 expression and after five days post transfection they observed that cells expressed Tuj1 and MAP2 (both are neuronal markers). (bartleby.com)
  • During embryonic development, MET signaling plays a role in gastrulation, development and migration of muscles and neuronal precursors, angiogenesis and kidney formation. (joplink.net)
  • Role of Otx2 in Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs): Otx2 is an intrinsic determinant required to maintain the ESC metastable state by antagonizing ground state pluripotency and promoting commitment to differentiation. (cnr.it)
  • We provide detailed protocols for lentiviral transduction, neural differentiation, and subsequent analysis of human embryonic stem cells. (lu.se)
  • Expression of tau was shown to suppress proliferation, promote neuronal differentiation and restore neurite and axonal outgrowth in the hippocampus of a tau knockin-knockout mouse model. (europa.eu)
  • Silencing AEG-1 expression has also been shown to suppress AST migration and proliferation to wounded areas ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Specifically, we discuss contributors to aberrant neuronal excitability, including abnormal levels of intracellular Ca 2+ and glutamate, pathological amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, genetic risk factors, including APOE , and impaired inhibitory interneuron and glial function. (nature.com)
  • Early-passage neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from Dnmt3a-deficient ESCs exhibited a moderate phenotype in precocious glial differentiation compared with wild-type counterparts. (ca.gov)
  • Among them are the Sprouty proteins which mainly act as inhibitors of growth factor-dependent neuronal and glial signaling pathways. (springer.com)
  • however, glial cell proliferation is still ongoing. (medscape.com)
  • The germinal matrix supports the division of glioblasts and differentiation of glial elements until approximately 32 weeks' gestation, at which time regression is nearly complete. (medscape.com)
  • Another study in a glial cell line suggested this enzyme could affect OL differentiation by affecting transcription, although the mechanistic aspects were Fosphenytoin disodium not elucidated19. (hwupdate.org)
  • Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and are responsible for ensuring axonal conduction and neuronal support1. (hwupdate.org)
  • The aim of the present work is to review cumulative evidence regarding the participation of PI3K pathways in neuronal function, focusing on their role in neuronal metabolism and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in neuronal maintenance and plasticity or on the expression of pathological hallmarks associated with neurodegeneration. (mdpi.com)
  • Therefore, downstream signaling pathways that are responsible for NPAS3-VGF induced proliferation via glutamate receptors were explored. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we focus on the impact of ncRNA post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, especially those of microRNAs and lncRNAs, in RA signalling pathways during differentiation and disease. (mdpi.com)
  • The medulloblastoma has been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a "malignant, invasive embryonal tumor of the cerebellum with preferential manifestation in children , predominantly neuronal differentiation, and inherent tendency to metastasize via CSF [cerebrospinal fluid] pathways. (medscape.com)
  • Numb's primary function in cell differentiation is as an inhibitor of Notch signaling which is essential for maintaining self-renewal potential in stem and progenitor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dnmt3a regulates both proliferation and differentiation of mouse neural stem cells. (ca.gov)
  • In this study, VGF (non-acronymic) was found regulated by NPAS3 in neuronal stem cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mice homozygous for a conditional allele activated in neuronal stem cells exhibit decreased NSC proliferation and premature differentiation and decreased number of late-born neurons. (jax.org)
  • From their computational model, the researchers at the LCSB identified a molecule called sFRP5 that keeps the neuronal stem cells inactive in old mice, and prevents proliferation by blocking the Wnt pathway crucial for cell differentiation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Although graphene/stem cell-based tissue engineering has recently emerged and has promisingly and progressively been utilized for developing one of the most effective regenerative nanomedicines, it suffers from low differentiation efficiency, low hybridization after transplantation and lack of appropriate scaffolds required in implantations without any degrading in functionality of the cells. (rsc.org)
  • Among various stem cells, neural stem cells (NSCs) and their neural differentiation on graphene have attracted a lot of interest, because graphene-based neuronal tissue engineering can promisingly realize the regenerative therapy of various incurable neurological diseases/disorders and the fabrication of neuronal networks. (rsc.org)
  • Then, various stimulation techniques (including electrical, pulsed laser, flash photo, near infrared (NIR), chemical and morphological stimuli) which have recently been implemented in graphene-based stem cell differentiations were reviewed. (rsc.org)
  • Since there has been no in vivo application of graphene in neuronal regenerative medicine, we hope that this review can excite further and concentrated investigations on in vivo (and even in vitro ) neural proliferation, stimulation and differentiation of stem cells on biocompatible graphene scaffolds having the potential of degradability for the generation of implantable neuronal networks. (rsc.org)
  • The effect of exposure of different stem cells types to extremely low frequency magnetic fields on neuronal differentiation in relation to gene expression should be investigated. (emf-portal.org)
  • Additionally, tests were conducted with Egr1-knockdown and Egr1- overexpressing human bone marrow - mesenchymal stem cells as Egr1 was supposed to play a crucial role in magnetic field mediated neuronal differentiation . (emf-portal.org)
  • Currently, little is known about molecular mechanisms that regulate proliferation and differentiation in the SGZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • DNA methylation is known to regulate cell differentiation and neuronal function in vivo. (ca.gov)
  • Neuronal hyperexcitability in Alzheimer's disease: what are the drivers behind this aberrant phenotype? (nature.com)
  • However, successive passaging to passage 6 (P6), when wild-type NSCs become gliogenic, revealed a robust phenotype of precocious astrocyte and oligodendrocyte differentiation in Dnmt3a(-/-) NSCs, consistent with our previous findings in the more severely hypomethylated Dnmt1(-/-) NSCs. (ca.gov)
  • Retinoic acid (RA, 10 μm) induced differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells into a neuronal phenotype showing neurite growth. (nih.gov)
  • Role of Otx2 in dopaminergic neurogenesis: dose-dependent, anterior -posterior and dorsal-ventral integrated control by Otx2 regulates proliferation, number and neurotransmitter phenotype of dopaminergic progenitors. (cnr.it)
  • Specifically, the employment of BC-Ppy compositesdrives partial H9c2 differentiation toward a cardiomyocyte-like phenotype.The scaffolds increase the expression of functional cardiac markersin H9c2 cells, indicative of a higher differentiation efficiency,which is not observed with plain BC. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • In addition to its role in proliferation and differentiation, Numb has also been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis and the response of neural progenitors to chemotactic cues during migration. (wikipedia.org)
  • The revealed peculiarities of structural and neurochemical organization and description of basic histogenetic processes (proliferation, migration and neuronal cell differentiation) during the brain forming in fish, which have signs of fetal organization, widen the existing knowledge about histogenesis of these structures in postembryonic development. (scirp.org)
  • Role of Orthopedia (Otp) in proliferation, migration and differentiation of the murine neuroendocrine hypothalamus. (cnr.it)
  • We investigate immortalized cells in terms of migration, proliferation, stress and membrane conformation on the nanowires. (lu.se)
  • In this review, we summarize the role of Sprouties in the lesioned central and peripheral nervous system with particular reference to Sprouty2 that is upregulated in various experimental models of neuronal degeneration and regeneration. (springer.com)
  • Together, these results identify PRMT5 as critical for oligodendrocyte differentiation and developmental myelination by modulating the cross-talk between histone arginine methylation and lysine acetylation. (hwupdate.org)
  • Thus, our work revealed a novel role for Dnmt3a in regulating both the timing of neural cell differentiation and the cell proliferation in the paradigm of mESC-derived-NSCs. (ca.gov)
  • Doxorubicin, a brain-impermeable chemotherapeutic agent, is also readily and selectively uptaken by NSCs and reduces their proliferation, which might explain its problematic anti-neurogenic or cognitive side-effect. (elifesciences.org)
  • Hence, in this review, we further focused on the potential bioapplications of graphene-based nanomaterials for the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. (rsc.org)
  • The effect of QA on cell survival and differentiation has therefore been examined on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. (nih.gov)
  • Conditional ablation of in progenitors results in hypomyelination, reduced survival and differentiation. (hwupdate.org)
  • Helios modulates the maturation of a CA1 neuronal subpopulation required for spatial memory formation. (neurotree.org)
  • They are used here as an in vitro model for testing the effects of Epidiferphane™ (EDP) on progenitor cell's viability, proliferation and differentiation. (usda.gov)
  • Adult human neural progenitor cells (AHNPs) isolated and characterized previously in our lab, demonstrate impressive ability to generate diverse neuronal populations. (usda.gov)
  • Depletion of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27 ( Xic1 ) impairs neuronal differentiation and increases the number of ElrC (+) progenitor cells in Xenopus tropicalis. (xenbase.org)
  • Their number is tightly regulated and dependent on differentiation, survival, and proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). (hwupdate.org)
  • Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling contributes to a variety of processes, mediating many aspects of cellular function, including nutrient uptake, anabolic reactions, cell growth, proliferation, and survival. (mdpi.com)
  • While EDP as well as its individual components did not show significant effects on the viability, proliferation and differentiation of AHNPs, they were able to revive the decrease in cell viability as well as proliferation rate following cellular stress induced by DA, which indicates their potential neuroprotective effect on AHNPs. (usda.gov)
  • This is especially apparent in neuronal cells of the central nervous system where they have vital roles as neurotransmitters and cellular regulators. (matreya.com)
  • The reversible lysine acetylation of histone H3 may play a vital role in the regulation of many cellular processes including chromatin dynamics and transcription, gene silencing, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, differentiation, DNA replication and repair, nuclear import and neuronal repression. (abcam.com)
  • Role of Otx2 in the control of identity and fate of neuronal precursors in the ventral midbrain. (cnr.it)
  • The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of NPAS3 and VGF, and their roles in neural cell proliferation, in the context of psychiatric illnesses. (frontiersin.org)
  • This network collectively detailed how NPAS3 connects with VGF and intersected neural cell proliferation, synaptic activity and psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)
  • Over-expression of NPAS3 also enhances the cell proliferation, which can be blocked by knockdown of VGF. (frontiersin.org)
  • Both RA and QA increased expression of the neuronal marker β3-tubulin in whole-cell homogenates and in the neuritic fraction assessed using a neurite outgrowth assay. (nih.gov)
  • Expression of the neuronal proliferation marker doublecortin revealed that, unlike RA, QA did not decrease the number of mitotic cells. (nih.gov)
  • Results from RNA sequencing revealed that AEG‑1 modulated neuronal morphology and development by regulating the expression of numerous genes, such as ubiquitin C, C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 1, MMP9, Notch1, neuropilin 1 and ephrin type‑A receptor 4. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Histamine and its receptors represent a complex system of immunoregulation with distinct effects mediated by four GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors HRs 1-4) and their differential expression, which changes according to the stage of cell differentiation and microenvironmental influences. (hindawi.com)
  • At the same time, we found an increase in the expression of ElrC, a marker of cells as they undergo a transition from proliferation to differentiation. (xenbase.org)
  • Effect of p27Xic1 MO on ElrC expression and proliferation. (xenbase.org)
  • Finally, NPAS3 was found to influence proliferation of neural cells through VGF. (frontiersin.org)
  • The viability of the treated cells was examined using the Trypan Blue exclusion method, and proliferation of these cells was evaluated using the ethynyl-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. (usda.gov)
  • A subset of treated cells was labeled with a battery of neuronal markers to examine the differentiation of these cells. (usda.gov)
  • To determine whether EDP or its individual compounds could protect AHNPs from stress induced by dopamine (DA) present in the media, some pre-treated cells were exposed to DA for 2 hours and their viability, proliferation as well as calcium buffering were then examined. (usda.gov)
  • 1% proliferation index in tumor cells. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Michelle Monje is senior author of a paper that found neuronal activity causes changes in myelin, cells that insulate nerve fibers and make them more efficient.The brain is a wonderfully flexible and adaptive learning tool. (stanford.edu)
  • There have been studies that showed a correlation between experience and myelin dynamics, and studies of isolated cells in a dish suggesting a relationship between neuronal activity and myelination. (stanford.edu)
  • Promotes also differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells. (joplink.net)
  • Regulation of arteriovenous specification and differentiation in both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells are also involved in Notch signaling including regulation of blood vessel sprouting, branching during normal and pathological angiogenesis, and the physiological responses of vascular smooth muscle cells ( 4 , 6 , 7 , 21 - 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, exogenous AhR induced catecholaminergic differentiation in N2a-Rα cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The excessive activation of AhR resulted in neural differentiation of Neuro2a cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gangliosides 1 are acidic glycosphingolipids that form lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membrane, especially in neuronal cells in the central nervous system. (matreya.com)
  • Many existing protocols for neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent cells result in heterogeneous cell populations and unsynchronized differentiation, necessitating the development of methods for labeling specific cell populations. (lu.se)
  • Immunophenotypic characterization of these mice was performed by conducting confocal analysis of brain sections, stained with antibodies specific for the pan-OL lineage marker OLIG2, for OPC-specific surface receptor (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor receptor- (PDGFR)) and for differentiation markers (e.g. (hwupdate.org)
  • QA (50-150 nm) also caused a concentration-dependent increase in the neurite/soma ratio, indicating differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • In this review, we summarize the evidence for neuronal excitability changes over the course of AD onset and progression and the molecular mechanisms underpinning these differences. (nature.com)
  • Remarkably, the same TF cascade was found to be linked to stages of neuronal lineage progression in adult SGZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • The Risk-Associated Long Noncoding RNA NBAT-1 Controls Neuroblastoma Progression by Regulating Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Thus, the present study was carried out to examine these mechanisms in aged animals by administering a control, 2 % SB- or 2 % BB-supplemented diet to aged Fischer 344 rats for 8 weeks to ascertain their effectiveness in reversing age-related deficits in behavioural and neuronal function. (cambridge.org)
  • We and others have previously contributed to elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing proliferation and differentiation of OPC2C4. (hwupdate.org)
  • Glutamate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) have been implicated in neuronal development and several types of cancer. (nih.gov)
  • On the contrary, knockdown of Sprouty proteins increases proliferation of activated astrocytes and, consequently, reduces secondary brain damage in neuronal lesion models such as kainic acid-induced epilepsy or endothelin-induced ischemia. (springer.com)
  • To investigate whether p27(Xic1) is necessary for cell cycle exit and/or neuronal differentiation, we used antisense morpholino oligos (MO) to knockdown the protein levels in vivo. (xenbase.org)
  • Neuronal degeneration, gliosis, and an inflammatory infiltrate may be demonstrated throughout the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Depletion of p27(Xic1) in X. tropicalis caused an increase in proliferation and a suppression of the neuronal differentiation marker, N-tubulin. (xenbase.org)
  • S100 as personality changes, memory disorders, levels sometimes rise in the absence of disorientation, flapping tremor, shortened neuronal damage, suggesting that S100 attention span, lack of muscle coordination, is a marker of BBB rather than neuronal bradykinesia, somnolence and changes in damage, although in a variety of neurologi- sleep patterns [2]. (who.int)
  • Among the latter, we reported decreased acetylation of lysine residues on histone tails as an essential event for the differentiation of OPCs into OL2,5C9. (hwupdate.org)
  • One daughter cell, generally that receiving the Numb, is able to adopt a neuronal fate and innervate the developing nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Importantly, activity recordings at the level of single neurons, neuronal networks or even entire brain regions consistently show hyperexcitability in the early stages of AD (summarized in Table 1 ). (nature.com)
  • Understanding the processes of brain damage and repair following BM is a prerequisite for the development of new drugs that can preserve and restore neuronal function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immunohistochemical examination revealed neuronal tumor immunophenotype with diffuse positivity for non-specific enolase, synaptophysin, and focal positivity for S-100. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Therefore, the entire oligodendroglial differentiation, diffuse astrocytomas, oligoastrocytomas, coding sequence of the LATS1 gene in IDH1 Mutation, and 1P/19q loSS and oligodendrogliomas. (who.int)
  • Primary neuronal tumor that intrinsically arise from the pineal gland are referred to as pineal parenchymal tumors (PPTs). (thieme-connect.com)
  • Their neuropathological spectrum is divided into well-differentiated "pineocytoma" (World Health Organization [WHO] grade I), pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation and papillary tumor of pineal region (WHO grades II and III), and poorly differentiated "pinealoblastoma" (WHO grade IV). (thieme-connect.com)
  • Ngns (class II bHLH transcription factors) are known as pro-neural factors as they are necessary to initiate differentiation of NSPCs and are important to specify a neuronal subtype[3]. (bartleby.com)
  • During fetal development, the subependymal germinal matrix is a site of neuronal proliferation as neuroblasts divide and migrate into the cerebral parenchyma. (medscape.com)
  • Differential dosage-dependent roles of OTX2 in specifying regional identities and neuronal cell types during brain development. (cnr.it)
  • Although the function of AEG‑1 has been demonstrated in neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the underlying mechanism of neuronal AEG‑1 function remains unclear. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The various forms of Numb have differential progenitor-promoting and differentiation-promoting functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • But there has been no way to show that neuronal activity directly causes myelin changes in an intact brain. (stanford.edu)
  • Activated AhR may disrupt the strictly regulated brain formation with irregular differentiation occurring rather than cell death. (biomedcentral.com)