• Primary sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium are continuously regenerated throughout adult life via the proliferation and differentiation of multipotent neural progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
  • First, the embryo and neurectoderm are patterned by secreted factors, which establish cell fates among progenitors and then differentiated neurons, encoded by combinations of transcription factors. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • It is well known that many neurons require retrograde neurotrophic support from their target cells to stay alive. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • We demonstrate that neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) self-renewal and spatiotemporal generation of neurons and other cell types are severely impacted by the loss of Ythdf2 in embryonic neocortex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we show that cortical deletion of Gli3 results in enlarged brain and folding structures in the cortical midline at the postnatal stage, which is mainly caused by the increased percentage of intermediate progenitors (IPs) and newborn neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • This is consistent with a negative-feedback loop, in which newly generated neurons modulate cell division of SVZ stem cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the process of formation of new neurons, occurs throughout life in the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that the expression of Wnt2b or constitutively active (CA) β-catenin inhibited retinal progenitor gene(RPG) expression and the differentiation of retinal neurons. (biologists.com)
  • Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mediates baseline and activity-induced survival of new neurons in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • Melatonin modulates cell survival of new neurons in the hippocampus of adult mice. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • It is widely accepted that new neurons are generated throughout life, which is called adult neurogenesis, in limited regions of the adult mammalian brain, such as the hippocampal dentate gyrus and subventricular zone. (jneurology.com)
  • In these regions, neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have been reported to proliferate and produce postmitotic neurons. (jneurology.com)
  • In the last decade, cortical adult neurogenesis and its neural stem cells (NSCs), which are self-renewing and can generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which have a tendency to differentiate into certain types of neurons, have been found in the cerebral cortex of adult mammals 3 . (jneurology.com)
  • Moreover, certain drugs, such as antidepressants, can accelerate production of neurons from cortical NPCs, and increased neurons from cortical NPCs have the inhibitory effect on neuronal cell death, which is induced by global ischemia 4 . (jneurology.com)
  • After that, using the DNA synthesis marker tritiated thymidine, Altman rediscovered the addition of new neurons in the cerebral cortex of adult rats 6 . (jneurology.com)
  • For example, we use conditional genetic knockouts to investigate the roles of certain transcription factors and intracellular signaling pathways in promoting stem-cell self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • Self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is regulated by local signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Around 50% of the SSC population undergo self-renewal to maintain stem cell numbers, and the other 50% become committed progenitor cells that will differentiate into spermatozoa during spermatogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cells present in the testes express molecules that play key roles in the regulation of SSC self-renewal. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mice, Sertoli cells have been shown to secrete Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) which has a stimulatory effect on stem cell self-renewal. (wikipedia.org)
  • SSCs survive within microenvironments, termed niches, which provide extrinsic stimuli that drive stem cell differentiation or self-renewal. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, FOXC2-producing uSPGs were also capable of self-renewal, forming cells which feature genetic markers associated with SSCs. (elifesciences.org)
  • In vitro neurosphere assays revealed striking increases in the number of neurosphere forming cells from p107 −/− brains that exhibited enhanced capacity for self-renewal. (rupress.org)
  • LIN28 (LIN28A and LIN28B) proteins are highly conserved small cytoplasmic RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that function as pluripotency factors, regulating the transition from self-renewal to a differentiated cell fate [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)
  • To explore VHL as a regulator defining nephron progenitor self-renewal versus differentiation, we bred Six2-TGC tg mice with VHL lox/lox mice to generate mice with a conditional deletion of VHL from Six2 + nephron progenitors. (lww.com)
  • Thus, telomerase activity and telomere maintenance are associated with the immortality of cancer cells, germ-line cells, and embryonic stem (ES) cells. (nature.com)
  • These results suggest that Tbr2+ IPCs play a major role in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and that a similar transcriptional program controls neurogenesis in adult SGZ as in embryonic cerebral cortex. (jneurosci.org)
  • suggesting that progenitor cells in the embryonic and adult brain may share similar molecular phenotypes. (jneurosci.org)
  • Indeed, the potent pathotropic migratory properties of BMSCs and ability to circumvent both the complications associated with immune rejection of allogenic cells and many of the moral reasons associated with embryonic stem cell use suggest that BMSCs are most promising stem cells as a potential target for the clinical use of genetically engineered stem cells [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We discuss these properties with examples both from the hematopoietic and embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems. (lu.se)
  • By embryonic day 15.5, kidneys of nephron progenitor cell-specific VHL knockout mice begin to exhibit reduced maturation of nephron progenitors. (lww.com)
  • The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is com- isolate the NSCs from neonatal mice and rats (Campos monly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluri- et al. (lu.se)
  • 2005). Notch1 and syndecan-1 potent human embryonic stem (ES) cells. (lu.se)
  • As a complementary approach, we also apply single-cell transcriptomic and single-cell epigenomic analyses to identify the genetic and epigenetic programs that both define and regulate olfactory neurogenesis during regeneration. (nih.gov)
  • We want to understand how the hierarchical organization of mature blood cell regeneration from stem and progenitor cells shapes the accumulation of somatic mutations and hence the risk of developing blood cancer. (digs-bb.de)
  • However, the growing interest in the development of innovative treatments that are aimed at the regeneration damaged tissue CNS is based on the latest research in the field of stem cells and neurology. (kiev.ua)
  • Thus, the introduction or mobilization of NSCs could be expected to lead to CNS regeneration by recapitulating normal CNS development, in terms of the activation of the endogenous regenerative capacity and cell transplantation therapy. (kiev.ua)
  • Mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest are of great interest partly because reversing this process could provide a way to stimulate cardiac regeneration after injury [ 17 ]. (springer.com)
  • These cells can be differentiated into mature endothelial cells, which are involved in processes of angiogenesis and vessel regeneration. (intechopen.com)
  • Thus, it has been shown that early EPCs release cytokines that promote tissue regeneration and neovasculogenesis, whereas late EPC and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) contribute to the formation of blood vessels and stimulate tube formation. (intechopen.com)
  • Consistent with this activity, functional analyses in mice suggest that Lin28B plays an important role in hair cell development and regeneration. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In neonatal murine cochlear organoids and explants, Lin28B antagonizes the activity of let7 miRNA and increases Akt-mTORC1 signaling to promote hair cell regeneration from immature supporting cells by inducing their de-differentiation and proliferation as well as by directly converting them into hair cells [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Thus, Lin28B functions in hair cell regeneration through mitotic and non-mitotic mechanisms, which are dependent on mitotic division or trans-differentiation of supporting cells into hair cells, respectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This suggests that coactivation of Lin28B and Follistatin may represent an endogenous mechanism mediating reprogramming of supporting cells for hair cell regeneration. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Lin28A is required for hair cell regeneration in the mammalian cochlea, and may function in redundant processes with Lin28B [ 3 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The Gerbaulet group studies the biology of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in their native environment. (digs-bb.de)
  • The hematopoietic system is the most regenerative mammalian tissue. (digs-bb.de)
  • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy and can differentiate into all types of mature blood cells throughout life. (digs-bb.de)
  • For decades, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells have been studied primarily through such transplantation-based assays. (digs-bb.de)
  • Preconditioning of recipients by lethal irradiation or chemotherapy forces transplanted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to realize their maximum potential, but this does not necessarily reflect their fate and behavior in the native bone marrow environment. (digs-bb.de)
  • To investigate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in their physiologic environment, we use state-of-the-art mouse models. (digs-bb.de)
  • We hypothesize that the continuous but rare differentiation of quiescent HSCs into rapidly dividing progenitors limits mutation accumulation in the hematopoietic system. (digs-bb.de)
  • In both the culicine and anopheline mosquito lineages there are several morphologically distinct classes of hemocytes: granulocytes are involved in the phagocytosis response, oenocytoids are involved in the melanization response, and prohemocytes are small cells of unknown function that have been hypothesized to serve as hematopoietic progenitors [ 14 - 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bone marrow stem cells, including the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), are being considered as potential targets for cell and gene therapy-based approaches against a variety of different diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • Although bone marrow fibrosis is seen in a variety of malignant and non-malignant disease states, the deposition of reticulin and collagen fibrosis in the bone marrow of patients with myelofibrosis is believed to be mediated by the myelofibrosis hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell, contributing to an impaired microenvironment favoring malignant over normal hematopoiesis. (haematologica.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative therapeutic approach that reliably results in resolution of bone marrow fibrosis in patients with myelofibrosis. (haematologica.org)
  • We discuss the rationale of various anti-fibrogenic treatment strategies targeting the clonal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell, aberrant signaling pathways, fibrogenic cytokines, and the tumor microenvironment. (haematologica.org)
  • 3 Myelofibrosis (MF) refers to the Philadelphia chromosome ( BCR-ABL1 )-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) originating at the level of the multipotent hematopoietic stem cell. (haematologica.org)
  • Second-line chemotherapy regimens vary, depending on whether hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is being considered. (medscape.com)
  • Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) signaling via its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is also involved in regulation of SSC fate decisions.CXCL12 is found in Sertoli cells in the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules in adult mouse testes, and its receptor is expressed in undifferentiated spermatogonial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Importantly, a recent study suggests that the influence of this interplay also extends to the maintenance of cell fate in the adult nervous system. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Morris, R. J. & Potten, C. S. Highly persistent label-retaining cells in the hair follicles of mice and their fate following induction of anagen. (nature.com)
  • The first step was for the team to follow the fate of these cells for six weeks following transplantation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using our fate mapping and proliferation reporter mouse models, we recently investigated how native hematopoiesis responds to systemic inflammation or blood loss (Munz et al. (digs-bb.de)
  • Mouse models for fate mapping and proliferation tracking allow investigating the contribution of HSC to native hematopoiesis. (digs-bb.de)
  • Her postdoctoral studies on neural stem cells and asymmetric cell division in the Lab of Dr. Yuh Nung Jan at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of San Francisco, California implied for the first time a minus-end directed myosin in the process of cell fate determination. (stanford.edu)
  • During two years as an instructor and head of a research group in Munich, Germany, Dr. Petritsch and her team showed that cell fate determinants use a bimodal mechanism (diffusion and active capturing) for proper intracellular location. (stanford.edu)
  • Her research identified conserved mechanisms of cell fate determination in mammalian brain progenitors and led to a paradigm shift in understanding how brain progenitor cells self-renew and differentiate. (stanford.edu)
  • Proper cell fate decisions by neuroglia stem cells are critical for growing the cell lineages that form the brain during development and to maintain adult brain homeostasis. (stanford.edu)
  • The mechanisms for cell fate decisions in the human brain are largely unknown. (stanford.edu)
  • By using patient-derived cells from brain surgeries, we investigate cell fate decision mechanisms in the normal brain and in brain malignancies. (stanford.edu)
  • We think that defective cell fate decisions fuel the intra-humoral heterogeneity and plasticity that makes treatment of human brain tumors so challenging. (stanford.edu)
  • We therefore work to gain an understanding of how brain cells control the fate of their progeny, whereby we unravel novel points of vulnerabilities in brain tumor cells, that could be exploited therapeutically. (stanford.edu)
  • Cell fate decisions within these hierarchical brain cell lineages are tightly controlled and irreversible: e.g. cells in the state of differentiation will not turn into progenitor cells or stem cells. (stanford.edu)
  • Defects in cell fate control could explain many key defects present in brain tumors Of special emphasis, we study the establishment of cell fates within normal hierarchical brain lineages for comparison to the dysregulated cell-fate hierarchies seen in brain tumors. (stanford.edu)
  • Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)
  • A key challenge is to understand how state, but must also afford flexibility in cell-fate choice to permit the different cell-fate options confronting stem and progenitor cell-type diversification and differentiation in response to cells are selected and coordinated such that adoption of a given intrinsic cues or extrinsic signals. (lu.se)
  • In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)
  • Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)
  • 2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)
  • Wnt signaling orchestrates multiple aspects of central nervous system development, including cell proliferation and cell fate choices. (biologists.com)
  • Organ formation requires the establishment of pattern in relatively broad domains, leading to specific fate choices by individual cells, along with coordinated proliferation. (biologists.com)
  • In both processes, rapid proliferation gives rise to new tissue, cell fate has to be specified within that tissue, and distinct positional identities have to be established to generate a properly patterned structure. (frontiersin.org)
  • BZU2/ZmMUTE controls symmetrical division of guard mother cell and specifies neighbor cell fate in maize. (stacksdiscovery.com)
  • The most important somatic cells that support regulation of SSCs are Sertoli cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Various other somatic cells in the interstitial tissue support Sertoli cells such as Leydig cells and peritubular myoid cells therefore indirectly influencing SSCs and the location of their niche. (wikipedia.org)
  • In somatic cells, the activity of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that can elongate telomeric repeats, is usually diminished after birth so that the telomere length is gradually shortened with cell divisions, and triggers cellular senescence. (nature.com)
  • Thus, even in stem cells, except for embryonal stem cells and cancer stem cells, telomere shortening occurs during replicative ageing, possibly at a slower rate than that in normal somatic cells. (nature.com)
  • Telomeric DNA consists of short guanine-rich repeat sequences in all eukaryotes with linear chromosomes, and its length in human somatic cells is remarkably heterogeneous among individuals ranging from 5 to 20 kb, according to age, organ, and the proliferative history of each cell ( Wright and Shay, 2005 ). (nature.com)
  • In most human somatic cells except for stem cells and lymphocytes, telomerase activity is diminished after birth so that telomere length shortens with each cell division. (nature.com)
  • In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)
  • With growth, these proliferate and, in a remarkably articulated manner, progressively differentiate into multipotent stem cells (Type B), progenitor cells (Type C), mature body somatic cells (Type E), and many eventually become senescent cells (Type E). (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • In essence, early-on the body sets up pools of stem and progenitor cells to replace lost somatic cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Although the DNA content of all somatic cells is identical, different cells appear and behave differently. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • A spermatogonial stem cell (SSC), also known as a type A spermatogonium, is a spermatogonium that does not differentiate into a spermatocyte, a precursor of sperm cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type B spermatogonia, on the other hand, differentiate into spermatocytes, which in turn undergo meiosis to eventually form mature sperm cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aal spermatogonia differentiate and thus are no longer classed as stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • When they move past the basal membrane they differentiate due to cell signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two primary differentiation stages, the first of which involves the transformation of As (single) spermatogonia into daughter progeny Apr (paired) spermatogonia, which are predestined to differentiate. (wikipedia.org)
  • We recently unraveled an alternative pathway of thrombopoiesis, in which HSCs directly differentiate into megakaryocytes, bypassing the classical multipotent progenitor intermediates (Morcos, Li, Munz et al. (digs-bb.de)
  • Human pluripotent stem cells, with their ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into virtually all cell types of the human body, provide a novel resource to study human development and to implement relevant disease models. (mdpi.com)
  • The above list is in order of increasing cell-type specificity and decreasing cell-type potency to differentiate into other cell types. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Starting at conception and throughout life, all cells on this list except the senescent ones will selectively reproduce and possibly differentiate into cells of types further down in the list. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • At maturity there are relatively very few Type A cells and a mix of Type B, C and D cells, Type B and C cells typically live in protected stem cell niches where they reproduce and, as-needed differentiate to become the normal working body Type D cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • At an advanced age, the pools of Type B and Type C cells become depleted in part because of replicative senescence and the cells remaining in the pools lose their ability to differentiate as necessary to replace Type D cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Cells in those pools replicate and differentiate throughout life. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Currently, little is known about molecular mechanisms that regulate proliferation and differentiation in the SGZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • Little is known about the early stages that regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neural stem cells and their immediate progeny. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The regenerative capacity of the olfactory epithelium therefore presents a powerful and experimentally accessible paradigm for elucidating the mechanisms regulating neural stem-cell function. (nih.gov)
  • We are using a variety of approaches to unravel the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating olfactory stem cells and olfactory neurogenesis in the mouse. (nih.gov)
  • Our studies provide a model for understanding the mechanisms regulating neural stem cells and lay the groundwork for the future development of treatments and therapeutics to ameliorate tissue damage and degeneration in the nervous system. (nih.gov)
  • In this review we summarized the recent progress in study of basic stem cell biology, on the prospective identification of NSCs, the elucidation of the mechanisms of ontogenic changes, potential differentiation, and their therapeutic applications. (kiev.ua)
  • The present study is aimed to define molecular mechanisms for SARSCoV- 2 virion production after injection of mRNA vaccination with a comparison to virion proliferation in non-vaccinated patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and fibrosis. (fortunejournals.com)
  • A switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration drives these cells toward differentiation, but the mechanisms that control this switch are poorly defined. (lww.com)
  • this process often begins with mutations that inactivate normal cellular mechanisms for monitoring the fidelity of DNA replication, resulting in the rapid accumulation of mutations in genes involved in controlling the growth and death of cells. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • The generation of cellular diversity in the nervous system requires the specification and differentiation of a multitude of cell lineages from multipotent progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
  • This experimental paradigm revealed the existence of a rare population of somatic stem cells that can stably reconstitute all blood lineages lifelong. (digs-bb.de)
  • Here, we analyzed the structure and epigenetic landscapes of cell lineages in the telencephalon of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) that possesses a clearly delineated dorsal pallium (Dd2). (bvsalud.org)
  • Taken together, we suggest that cell lineages are the basic components for the functional regionalization in the pallial anatomical compartments and that their changes have been the driving force for evolutionary diversity. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is especially true for malignant glioma cells, which simultaneously express markers of different lineages and states exhibiting incomplete differentiation. (stanford.edu)
  • Although human HSCs as vehicles to treat metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) has been used to treat patients with early onset MLD in a phase I/II trial, the HSCs give rise to all different blood cell lineages, such as the myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the fly visual system, for example, photoreceptor axons target the developing optic lobe and secrete the morphogen hedgehog, which induces optic lobe progenitor cells to complete a final cell division and undergo neuronal differentiation (Huang and Kunes, 1996). (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Synaptic network activity induces neuronal differentiation of adult hippocampal precursor cells through BDNF signaling. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • In agreement with the function of Ythdf2, delayed degradation of neuron differentiation-related m 6 A-containing mRNAs is seen in Ythdf2 −/− NSPCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Experiments were also conducted to assess the responses of Tbr2+ cells to neurogenic stimuli, with the goal of understanding how Tbr2+ IPCs contribute to neuron production in the adult DG. (jneurosci.org)
  • Similarly, histamine through H1-receptor activation increases cortical neuron differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • These data, together with the bioinformatic analysis, suggest that higher H1-receptor activity in embryos under high glucose increases FOXP2 nuclear translocation, presumably through PKCα phosphorylation, impairing the transition of radial glia to intermediate progenitor and increasing neuron differentiation in embryos of diabetic rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • A similar situation has been demonstrated in the mammalian brain, where axons from the visual thalamus induce the proliferation and differentiation of the primary visual cortex (Dehay et al. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Interestingly, Lin28B inhibits the processing of mature let7 miRNA, which functions to induce cell cycle exit in progenitor cells [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, pathological processes, such as neuroinflammation, stroke or epilepsy, are able to induce proliferation and differentiation of NSCs and NPCs. (jneurology.com)
  • Using BrdU pulse-and-chase experiment to label proliferating cells and their progeny in vivo, we quantified labeled newborn cells and fit the model on the experimental data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ), GFAP-positive neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neuroblasts that migrate tangentially along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) toward the olfactory bulb (OB). (jneurosci.org)
  • As development progresses, nephron progenitors switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration for energy-mediated by an unknown mechanism-and undergo differentiation. (lww.com)
  • Fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) is another molecule crucial for the regulation of stem cell renewal and is expressed in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and germ cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The regulation of telomere length and telomerase activity is a complex and dynamic process that is tightly linked to cell cycle regulation in human stem cells. (nature.com)
  • Brain morphogenesis requires precise regulation of multiple genes to control specification of distinct neural progenitors (NPs) and neuronal production. (frontiersin.org)
  • The latter findings point to the participation of Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling in the regulation of other aspects of growth, such as tissue expansion or turnover by cell proliferation. (jneurosci.org)
  • The construction of this cell line is the first promising step in the regulation of GAL secretion from hTERT-immortalized BMSCs, and the potential application of this system may provide a stem cell-based research platform for pain. (hindawi.com)
  • Accumulating evidence highlights emerging functions of RBPs in the post-transcriptional regulation of inner ear development and hair cell function. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Our findings identify a novel role for VHL in mediating nephron progenitor differentiation through metabolic regulation, and suggest that VHL is required for normal kidney development. (lww.com)
  • The regulation mechanism of LINC00707 on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. (stacksdiscovery.com)
  • Combining in vivo and in vitro assays, we show that the proliferation and differentiation capabilities of NSPCs decrease significantly in Ythdf2 −/− embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon severe injury, these adult tissue stem cells are activated and go on to reconstitute all of the cellular constituents of this sensory epithelium. (nih.gov)
  • Similar to tissue-resident macrophages, mast cells are of dual ontogeny and are generated during both fetal and adult ("definitive") hematopoiesis. (digs-bb.de)
  • Stem cells have attracted much interest in tissue engineering as a cell source due to their ability to proliferate in an undifferentiated state for prolonged time and capability of differentiating to different cell types after induction. (wjgnet.com)
  • Scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering as a substrate that can mimic the native extracellular matrix and the properties of scaffolds have been shown to affect the cell behavior such as the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. (wjgnet.com)
  • However, obtaining primary neuronal cells from adult tissue is difficult and faces major ethical issues in clinical practice. (hindawi.com)
  • The transcriptional signatures of the neuronal cell types in the telencephalon and the timeline of their emergence from larva to adult remain largely undescribed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, our work provides a comprehensive transcriptional analysis of the cell types in the zebrafish telencephalon and a resource for dissecting its development and function. (bvsalud.org)
  • On the contrary, knockdown of Sprouty proteins increases proliferation of activated astrocytes and, consequently, reduces secondary brain damage in neuronal lesion models such as kainic acid-induced epilepsy or endothelin-induced ischemia. (springer.com)
  • ES) cells are known to be sustained during CNS devel- enriched in neurosphere-initiating cel s. (lu.se)
  • 2004), the ABC trans- panded neurosphere cells and also mark subfractions porter Bcrp1/ABCG2 (Hulspas et al. (lu.se)
  • of neurosphere-initiating cells. (lu.se)
  • In adult mouse hippocampus, Tbr2 protein and Tbr2-GFP (green fluorescent protein) transgene expression were specifically localized to intermediate-stage progenitor cells (IPCs), a type of transit amplifying cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Vimentin is a developmentally regulated intermediate filament protein (IFP) found in cells of mesenchymal origin. (thermofisher.com)
  • The use of human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hTERT-BMSCs) as vehicles to deliver antinociceptive galanin (GAL) molecules into pain-processing centers represents a novel cell therapy strategy for pain management. (hindawi.com)
  • Through qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistofluorescence, and flow cytometry, we showed an increased FOXP2 expression and nuclear localization, a reduced Nestin expression and -positive cells number, and a higher PKCα expression in the cortical neuroepithelium of fourteen-day-old embryos from diabetic rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the cochlea of mouse embryos, it is highly expressed in prosensory cells and down-regulated at the onset of hair cell differentiation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Normal CNS development is initiated by the induction of stem cells in the CNS, i.e., neural stem cells (NSCs). (kiev.ua)
  • Pharmacological experiments show that Nogo-66/NgR1 interaction reduces the proliferation of NSCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, we provide transcriptome-wide landscapes of m 5 C modification in poly(A)-enriched RNAs together with mRNA transcription and translation profiles for mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) cultured in three different concentrations of folate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2005). Finally, negative revealed that SSEA4 is detectable in the early neuroepi- selection strategies have been also developed as an alter- thelium, and its expression decreases as development native method to enrich for NSCs from both adult proceeds. (lu.se)
  • 2000). In *Correspondence to: Perrine Barraud, Department of Veterinary Medi- contrast, several cell surface markers have been used to cine, Neurosciences, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, United enrich for NSCs in the rodent CNS. (lu.se)
  • Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promote epidermal differentiation and hair follicle development. (nature.com)
  • The mitochondrial electron transport chain is dispensable for proliferation and differentiation of epidermal progenitor cells. (nature.com)
  • In fact, low levels of telomerase activity have been found in human adult stem cells including haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic stem cells such as neuronal, skin, intestinal crypt, mammary epithelial, pancreas, adrenal cortex, kidney, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ( Table 1 ). (nature.com)
  • Adaptive peripheral immune response increases proliferation of neural precursor cells in the adult hippocampus. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • And the gene expression changes in a way that favors protection against cancer over differentiation capability, e.g. expression of p16ink4a increases. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • On the single-cell level, lifespan has been shown to decrease in a logarithmic fashion as mutation burden increases (Lee 2018). (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Knockdown of microRNA (miRNA) miR-7 can rescue abnormal brain morphology in Gli3 knockout mice by recovering progenitor specification, neuronal production and migration through a counter-balance of the Gli3 activity. (frontiersin.org)
  • To study the potential role in this metabolic shift of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), a protein component of a ubiquitin ligase complex, the authors generated nephron progenitor cell-specific VHL knockout mice. (lww.com)
  • Eggs are formed from progenitor germ cells that exit the mitotic cycle, thereby ending their ability to proliferate through cell division, and subsequently enter meiosis, a process unique to the formation of eggs and sperm which removes one half of the genetic material from each type of cell prior to fertilization. (science20.com)
  • According to this concept, HSCs are activated by an increased demand for mature blood cells in situations such as systemic infection or severe blood loss. (digs-bb.de)
  • A critical length of telomere repeats is required to ensure proper telomere function and avoid the activation of DNA damage pathways that result in replicative senescence or cell death. (nature.com)
  • It is relatively well documented that transcription factors and signaling pathways are critically involved in the formation of inner ear structures and in the development of hair cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This linear paradigm, from patterning to differentiation to connection, has been increasingly challenged by studies from both invertebrate and vertebrate systems. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • First, neuronal phenotypes in the adult nervous system may be more plastic than previously recognised and more actively maintained by regulators of gene expression in response to ongoing retrograde (and possibly anterograde? (wiringthebrain.com)
  • While the sub-types of hemocytes that circulate within the mosquito hemocoel are known, basic aspects of hemocyte biology, such as hemocyte numbers, proliferation and spatial distribution, remain poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This white paper will first provide a brief refresher on the central paradigm of molecular biology, the rigorously controlled process by which genetic information flows within cells and biological systems. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • 9 Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. (jci.org)
  • Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) announced the release of The Digital Cell: Cell Biology as a Data Science, available on its website in hardcover format. (cshlpress.com)
  • During foetal development, gonocytes develop from primordial germ cells and following this SSCs develop from gonocytes in the testis. (wikipedia.org)
  • While traditional thinking has held that female mammals are born with all of the eggs they will ever have, newer research has demonstrated that adult mouse and human ovaries contain a rare population of progenitor germ cells called oogonial stem cells capable of dividing and generating new oocytes. (science20.com)
  • Researchers traced the number of divisions a cell has undergone with age (its 'depth') and counted the number of times progenitor germ cells divided before becoming oocytes. (science20.com)
  • In a new assessment of the work by Shapiro and colleagues, reproductive biologists Dori Woods, Evelyn Telfer and Jonathan Tilly conclude that the most plausible explanation for these findings is that progenitor germ cells in ovaries continue to divide throughout reproductive life, resulting in production of new oocytes with greater depth as animals age. (science20.com)
  • Transplantation experiments have revealed that most cells which can perform the hallmark feature of SSCs (that is, re-establishing full spermatogenesis in testes lacking germ cells) are found within the single uSPG population, but may also be present among paired and aligned progenitors ( Kubota and Brinster, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • transplanted a population of uSPGs enriched in these cells into the testes of mice treated with busulfan, a toxic compound that kills endogenous germ cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • SSCs are the early precursor for spermatozoa and are responsible for the continuation of spermatogenesis in adult mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • One SSC is the precursor for multiple spermatozoa and therefore SSCs are much less numerous in the testes than cells undergoing spermatogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • This membrane glycoprotein is found on almost all mature leucocytes but critically not on their haematopoeitic precursor CUDC-101 stem cells, allowing for a 'reboot' of the immune system with rapid depletion and gradual reconstitution of the immune system [2]. (thebiotechdictionary.com)
  • Although these investigations were performed in mice, there is emerging evidence that oogonial stem cells are also present in the ovaries of reproductive-age women, and these cells possess the capacity, like their mouse counterparts, to generate new oocytes under certain experimental conditions. (science20.com)
  • This revealed that this population could give rise to all subtypes of uSPGs, with some of the resulting progenitors differentiating into sperm that could fertilise eggs and generate offspring. (elifesciences.org)
  • In the healthy brain, neuroglia stem cells generate progenitors, which in turn give rise to differentiating cells that will eventually acquire their final functional state. (stanford.edu)
  • Among the top ten genes preferentially enriched in these cells, Foxc2 was the only one to code for a protein exclusively present in the nucleus of uSPGs that also expressed ZBTB16, a protein important for SSCs to self-renew. (elifesciences.org)
  • This finding is consistent with the fact that many FOXC2-regulated genes are involved in cell cycle arrest. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using an integrated analysis of single-cell transcriptomes of approximately 64,000 cells obtained from 6-day-postfertilization (dpf), 15-dpf, and adult telencephalon, we delineated nine main neuronal cell types in the pallium and eight in the subpallium and nominated novel marker genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Comparing zebrafish and mouse neuronal cell types revealed both conserved and absent types and marker genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The differentially translated genes induced by low folate are associated with cytoplasmic translation and mitochondrial function, while the differentially translated genes induced by high folate are associated with increased neural stem cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Deep sequencing followed by abundancy ranking pinpointed six top hit genes potentially associated with either improved or impaired endodermal differentiation, which were selected for functional validation in CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout (KO) lines. (mdpi.com)
  • With roughly 30,000 genes in mammalian genomes, fection with a vector encoding MyoD (Tapscott et al. (lu.se)
  • explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
  • Setting aside sporadic mutations, every somatic cell in the body contains an identical genome with an identical complement of genes, each of which encodes a specific protein. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Thus, gene expression must be tightly regulated so that only appropriate genes are expressed in a particular cell type. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • 2012) Cell lineage analysis of the mammalian female germline. (science20.com)
  • More specifically, the lineage-tracing experiments showed that FOXC2-producing uSPGs could produce paired uSPGs that would then either divide to form two single uSPGs (including some that retained Foxc2 expression), or form chains of aligned uSPGs containing at most one FOXC2-producing cell ( Figure 1A ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Remarkably, the same TF cascade was found to be linked to stages of neuronal lineage progression in adult SGZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
  • The nature of the stem cell substates and their relationship to commitment to differ- entiate and lineage selection can be elucidated in terms of a landscape picture in which stable states can be defined mathematically as attractors. (lu.se)
  • This requirement strongly limits the number of solutions or entiation and lineage-specification, programmed cell death, and ``states'' for the system. (lu.se)
  • Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)
  • the neuroblast stage has the highest temporal variance within the cell types of the neurogenic cascade, while the apoptotic stage is short. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mfge8, a secreted glycoprotein, is a key molecule that mediates the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Excessive proliferation, apoptotic evasion, and migratory spread are all hallmarks of tumorigenesis. (stanford.edu)
  • In an ongoing project, we are investigating how this mast cell ontogeny modifies the effect of a somatic kit mutation and may explain the heterogeneous phenotype of mastocytosis. (digs-bb.de)
  • Single-cell transcriptomics of LepR-positive skeletal cells reveals heterogeneous stress-dependent stem and progenitor pools. (stacksdiscovery.com)
  • Interest in ALMS1 is heightened by the recent discovery of its involvement in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest, a process with potential relevance to regenerative medicine. (springer.com)
  • Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. (stacksdiscovery.com)
  • As Type D cells die from trauma or apoptosis they are replaced by new cells resulting from differentiation of Type B and Type C cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • New evidence in mice suggests that cells expressing the transcription factor FOXC2 may form a reservoir of quiescent stem cells that contributes to sperm formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Interestingly, FOXC2-producing uSPGs were mostly quiescent, with only 5% featuring markers associated with proliferation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Interestingly, high Sprouty2 levels are also found in malignant glioma cells. (springer.com)