Projections pathway. Medical search. Frequent questions

To provide a literature database tracking the use of a global scenarios framework consisting of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), and Shared Policy Assumptions (SPAs), for climate, socioeconomic, environmental, and other related research. (columbia.edu)
A new set of emissions scenarios, the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), was used for the climate model simulations in the IPCC AR5. (judithcurry.com)

To examine whether input specificity provides a substrate for information segregation in these circuits, we used a monosynaptic rabies virus system to generate brain-wide maps of neurons that form synapses with direct- or indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons. (nih.gov)
We also confirm synaptic innervation of striatal projection neurons by the raphe and pedunculopontine nuclei. (nih.gov)
Dopaminergic neurons of this pathway release dopamine from axon terminals that synapse onto GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), located in the striatum. (wikipedia.org)
The pars compacta contains dopaminergic neurons from the A9 cell group that forms the nigrostriatal pathway that, by supplying dopamine to the striatum, relays information to the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
The SNc is composed of a thin band of cells that overlies the SNr and is situated laterally to the A10 group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that forms the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The majority (about 95%) of cells in the dorsal striatum are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs). (wikipedia.org)
Here we identify a hypothalamus to telencephalon neural pathway for regulating impulsivity involving communication from melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-expressing lateral hypothalamic neurons to the ventral hippocampus subregion (vHP). (nature.com)
Results from additional functional connectivity and neural pathway tracing analyses implicate the nucleus accumbens as a putative downstream target of vHP MCH1 receptor-expressing neurons. (nature.com)
By the time Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms appear, typically 60% of neurons in the substantia nigra and their axonal projections (nerve fibers) to the striatum have degenerated. (michaeljfox.org)
Since targeted axonal outgrowth is limited in the central nervous system, our approach is it to a use tissue engineering strategy to directly restore substantia nigra neurons and their axonal projections to treat PD. (michaeljfox.org)
We hypothesize that micro-TENNs will simultaneously restore substantia nigra neurons and reestablish long-distance axonal pathways to the striatum in order to restore function in models having undergone PD-like neurodegeneration. (michaeljfox.org)
Next-generation micro-TENNs consisting of dopaminergic neurons and long unidirectional axonal projections will be characterized and optimize in vitro . (michaeljfox.org)
Among motor symptoms and signs, the cardinal ones (bradykinesia, rest tremor, and rigidity) are mainly ascribed to the loss of dopaminergic neurons [ 4 ], but those involving posture, balance, and gait are largely secondary to degeneration of nondopaminergic pathways and significantly contribute to impairment and disability in advanced PD patients [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
This caspase‐3 activation concurs with a rapid loss of dendritic spines and deficits in synaptic long‐term depression (LTD) in striatal projection neurons forming the indirect pathway. (lu.se)
Taken together, our data identify transient and non‐apoptotic caspase activation as a critical event in the early plastic changes of indirect pathway neurons following dopamine denervation. (lu.se)
We were also the first to identify and map the dopaminergic projections to the habenula and the spinal cord, and reveal the special dendritic projections from the nigra compacta neurons that allow dopamine to be released from dendrites in the pars reticulata. (lu.se)

Based on the framework of shared socio-economic pathways, this study predicts future population and economic conditions of the Zhanghe River Basin and combines with the water quota to predict future water demand. (iwaponline.com)
Building watershed water demand scenarios using shared socio-economic pathways. (iwaponline.com)

We discovered that sensory cortical and limbic structures preferentially innervated the direct pathway, whereas motor cortex preferentially targeted the indirect pathway. (nih.gov)
Approximately half of these MSNs contain dopamine D1 receptors and project directly to the substantia nigra to form the direct pathway of the basal ganglia, whereas the other half express dopamine D2 receptors that project indirectly to the substantia nigra via the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus to form the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
Interestingly, systemic treatment with a caspase inhibitor prevents both the spine pruning and the deficit of indirect pathway LTD without interfering with the ongoing dopaminergic degeneration. (lu.se)

The nigrostriatal pathway is a bilateral dopaminergic pathway in the brain that connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in the midbrain with the dorsal striatum (i.e., the caudate nucleus and putamen) in the forebrain. (wikipedia.org)
8. Lindvall, O., Björklund, A.: Dopaminengic innervation of the globus pallidus by collaterals from the nigrostriatal pathway. (lu.se)

However, the neural convergences of the four motor cortical projections, which might yield critical information about the anatomical basis of motor signal processing and how the motor cortex modulates from simple to complex behaviors, have not been precisely compared. (nature.com)
Although pharmacologic manipulation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and the neural pathways that mediate photophobia may be possible in the future, current therapies are directed at the underlying cause of the photophobia and optical modulation of these cells and pathways. (researchgate.net)
We will not discuss signal transduction pathways, enteric nervous systems related to controlling food intake, or neural signalling pathways in organs associated with the gastrointestinal tract such as liver or pancreas. (hindawi.com)

To provide subnational (county) population projection scenarios for the United States essential for understanding long-term demographic changes, planning for the future, and decision-making in a variety of applications. (columbia.edu)
Furthermore, Teagasc has specialised in producing nearly identical projection scenarios (with only marginal differences) for the EPA and policy advisories, as if there are no real alternatives to the industry plan. (antaisce.org)

It is one of the four major dopamine pathways in the brain, and is critical in the production of movement as part of a system called the basal ganglia motor loop. (wikipedia.org)
Lindvall, allowed for the first time the visualisation of the dopamine neuron system in its entirety, and allowed us to map anatomically the previously unknown dopamine projections to cortical and limbic areas. (lu.se)
9. Björklund, A., Skagerberg, G.: Evidence for a major spinal cord projection from the diencephalic A11 dopamine cell group in the rat. (lu.se)

The two major projection cell types in striatum target different downstream basal ganglia targets and have opposing effects on motivated behavior, yet differential innervation of these neuronal subtypes is not well understood. (nih.gov)
Here, we implicate the Wnt binding receptor Frizzled3 in several uncharacterized aspects of MSN pathway formation [i.e., anterior-posterior guidance of MSN axons in the striatum and their subsequent growth into the globus pallidus (GP), an important (intermediate) target]. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we determine the embryonic ontogeny of the two main striatal pathways (striatonigral and striatopallidal) and identify novel (non)cell-autonomous roles for the axon guidance receptor Frizzled3 in uncharacterized aspects of striatal pathway formation (i.e., anterior-posterior axon guidance in the striatum and axon entry into the globus pallidus). (jneurosci.org)
Using a mouse model of clinically manifest Parkinson's disease, we provide the first evidence that caspase‐3 is transiently activated in the striatum shortly after the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. (lu.se)

The hypothalamus is a key region which possesses reciprocal connections between the higher cortical centres such as reward-related limbic pathways, and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Striatal axon pathways mediate complex physiological functions and are an important therapeutic target, underscoring the need to define how these connections are established. (jneurosci.org)

Affected individuals may experience problems with how they see the world (afferent visual pathway symptoms) and/or how smoothly and synchronously their eyes move together (efferent visual pathway disorders). (medscape.com)
Efferent visual pathway lesions can create a perception of oscillopsia, a visual disturbance in which objects appear to jiggle or move owing to nystagmus (involuntary eye movements). (medscape.com)

Sea-level rise projections are based on the CMIP5 ensemble of global climate models. (europa.eu)
Table 7.1 summarizes the IPCC AR5 temperature and sea level rise projections for 2046-2065 and 2081-2100. (judithcurry.com)

Some individuals with MS and other CNS inflammatory syndromes also may experience homonymous visual field defects caused by lesions in retrochiasmal or retrogeniculate (posterior) regions of the afferent visual pathway. (medscape.com)
Illustration of the afferent auditory reflex pathway. (medscape.com)

These projections are further divided into layer 5 and 6 neuronal outputs, thereby producing four cortical outputs that may target other areas in a combinatorial manner. (nature.com)

[ 2 ] From 1950-1970, several other studies of electrical stimulation of the exposed motor cortex (ie, during neurosurgical procedures) were performed in animals and humans to study the pyramidal pathway and other corticospinal connections. (medscape.com)
The concept of pyramidal pathways with fibers originating only from Betz cells in the primary motor cortex has been invalidated. (medscape.com)
The motor cortex orchestrates simple to complex motor behaviors through its output projections to target areas. (nature.com)

However, the best approach to modeling friction is unclear, increasing uncertainties in projections of future mass loss and sea-level rise. (wiley.com)
How to best represent these effects in computer models is unclear, which magnifies uncertainties in our projections of future sea-level rise. (wiley.com)

To provide global SSP-consistent spatial urban land projections and base year grids based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) data at a resolution of one-eighth degree (7.5 arc-minutes) for climate, socioeconomic, environmental, and other related research. (columbia.edu)
To provide global SSP-consistent spatial urban land projections and base year grids based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) data at a resolution of 1-km (about 30 arc-seconds) for climate, socioeconomic, environmental, and other related research. (columbia.edu)

A model predicts that the pathway of future inequality will, to a large extent, be shaped by the housing markets. (lu.se)

Interestingly, centrifugal projections from more caudal brain areas are deeply involved in modulating both main and accessory sensory processing. (frontiersin.org)

The pathway involving the thalamus is particularly interesting because of the role of the thalamus for multiple sensory integration [85,86]. (researchgate.net)

However, future projections for Peru and southern Brazil are more uncertain, and simulations show that increasing the model resolution can switch the sign of precipitation projections. (springer.com)
Our findings imply that using results directly from GCMs, and even from coarse-resolution (50 km) regional models, may give incorrect conclusions about regional-scale precipitation projections. (springer.com)
While climate modelling at convection-permitting scales is computationally costly, we show that coarse-resolution regional simulations using a scale-aware convection parameterization, instead of a more conventional scheme, better mirror fine-resolution precipitation projections. (springer.com)

Global climate models (GCM) are our best tools for projecting large-scale changes in climate, but they cannot make reliable projections locally. (springer.com)

Here, we constructed a whole-brain, three-dimensional (3D) map showing the tract pathways and targeting locations of these four motor cortical outputs in mice. (nature.com)
We find that tau uniformly occupies the terminal zone of the perforant pathway in tau-expressing mice. (unboundmedicine.com)

Remarkably, the molecular programs regulating striatal pathway development remain poorly characterized. (jneurosci.org)
However, the precise network structure that integrates these four projections remains poorly understood. (nature.com)

Therefore, the central chemosensory projections merge inputs from different organs to obtain a complex chemosensory picture. (frontiersin.org)

To meet the local and global transport emission reduction targets, policymakers need more realistic/sophisticated future projections of transport demand to better understand the speed and depth of the actions required to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. (iiasa.ac.at)
Combining the water-use quota method with population and economic projection data to calculate future water demand. (iwaponline.com)
Projections of future states of the global climate are subject to several sources of uncertainty. (judithcurry.com)
So, a key requirement for the project is the ability to provide quantitative projections of the future climate. (climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au)
However, future climate projections also have a number of different sources of uncertainty embedded in them. (climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au)

Within target areas, various combinations of these four projections were defined based on specific 3D spatial patterns, reflecting anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral and core-capsular relationships. (nature.com)

The paper offers a multi-step Framework that outlines strategies for connecting to career pathway efforts and delineates a three-phase model design to inform the construction of on-ramp programming. (theseedcenter.org)

This article discusses the anatomy of the auditory pathway (see the following images), as well as a few physiologic considerations and clinical applications. (medscape.com)

The primary (MOp) and secondary (MOs) motor cortices are known to produce specific output projections that are targeted to both similar and different target areas. (nature.com)

Fossil fuel development pathway is the scenario with the highest socio-economic water demand, while regional competitive pathway is the scenario with the least. (iwaponline.com)
Assuming a high greenhouse gas emission scenario, the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 (van Vuuren et al. (springer.com)

Variation in pathway activity, across the samples, is gauged by the degree of correlation between downstream targets of a pathway. (lu.se)

Remarkably, these motor cortical projections showed unique and separate tract pathways despite targeting similar areas. (nature.com)

Finally, we find that several sample-wise pathway activities are significantly associated with clinical classifications of the samples. (lu.se)

In the health assessment, ATSDR also looked at the projection of cancer cases in areas surrounding Kelly AFB and concluded that a significant increase in the risk of developing cancer is unlikely from exposure to air emissions from Kelly from 1995-2001. (cdc.gov)

Moreover, we devise a score for pathway activity in individual samples, based on the average expression value of the downstream targets. (lu.se)

If successful, this work will show the ability of our unique micro-tissue engineering strategy to physically reconstruct lost pathways and alleviate the symptoms of PD. (michaeljfox.org)
Intermediate and advanced PD stages are characterized by motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, which depend on complex mechanisms secondary to severe nigrostriatal loss and to the problems related to oral levodopa absorption, and motor and nonmotor symptoms and signs that are secondary to marked dopaminergic loss and multisystem neurodegeneration with damage to nondopaminergic pathways. (hindawi.com)

The first neurofibrillary cortical lesions in Alzheimer's disease occur in the entorhinal cortex, thereby disrupting the origin of the perforant pathway projection to the hippocampus, and amyloid deposits are often found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, which is the terminal zone of the entorhinal cortex. (unboundmedicine.com)

there is substantial uncertainty associated with climate model projections of 21st century climate change, including the changes in sea surface temperatures and ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns that would cause any changes in hurricane activity. (judithcurry.com)

Together, these data dissect MSN pathway development and reveal (non)cell-autonomous roles for Frizzled3 in MSN axon guidance. (jneurosci.org)

Signal transduction pathways convey information from the outside of the cell to transcription factors, which in turn regulate gene expression. (lu.se)
This study shows that it is feasible to infer signal transduction pathway activity, in individual samples, from gene expression data. (lu.se)

This Chapter addresses climate model projections of hurricane activity out to 2100, in response to manmade global warming. (judithcurry.com)

By contrast, the addition of amyloid deposits in this area leads to disruption of the perforant pathway terminal zone and apparent aberrant distribution of tau-containing axons. (unboundmedicine.com)
Specific modalities can be associated with unique peripheral receptors, peripheral axons of stereotyped diameter and specific central projection pathways. (cdc.gov)

Our objective is to analyze tumor gene expression data from microarrays in the context of such pathways. (lu.se)
We use pathways compiled from the Transpath/Transfac databases and the literature, and three publicly available cancer microarray data sets. (lu.se)
Several pathways are found to be differentially active in the data sets using these scores. (lu.se)
This approach defines a projection of high-dimensional gene expression data onto low-dimensional pathway activity scores. (lu.se)

Defects in these cell structures probably disrupt important chemical signaling pathways within cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Here we look at the terms, how they are used, lay out the existing sets of global pathways, and suggest some common standard language we can all use to help in our communication. (climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au)

This 3D topographic map ultimately provides evidence for the relevance of comparative connectomics: motor cortical projections known to be convergent are actually segregated in many target areas with unique targeting patterns, a finding that has anatomical value for revealing functional subdomains that have not been classified by conventional methods. (nature.com)
This map provides insight into how four different motor cortical projections have actomic and topographic patterns in different and similar target areas. (nature.com)

The results show that (1) under regional competitive pathway, the population is the largest, while under uneven pathway, the population is the smallest. (iwaponline.com)

The present research examines intercultural accuracy-people's ability to make accurate judgments about outgroup values-and the role of social projection processes. (columbia.edu)
Simplifications and the interactions between parameterized and resolved processes induce 'errors' in models, which can have a leading-order impact on projections. (judithcurry.com)
Also, current models may exclude some processes that could turn out to be important for projections) or produce a common error in the representation of a particular process. (judithcurry.com)

Anatomy8

Chemicals and Drugs4

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care4

Representative Concentration Pathways2

Neurons16

Socio-economic pathways2

Indirect pathway3

Nigrostriatal pathway2

Neural3

Scenarios2

Dopamine3

Striatum4

Limbic1

Mediate1

Efferent2

Rise projections2

Afferent2

Neuronal1

Motor cortex3

Uncertainties2

SSPs2

Predicts1

Interestingly1

Sensory1

Precipitation3

Climate Models1

Mice2

Poorly2

Organs1

Future5

Anterior-posterior1

Framework1

Anatomy1

Cortices1

Scenario2

Variation1

Remarkably1

Significantly1

Emissions1

Downstream1

Symptoms2

Alzheimer's1

Uncertainty1

Reveal1

Signal2

21001

Axons2

Data4

Structures1

Global1

Areas2

Results1

Processes3