• These projections preferentially go to cortical layer I neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • For Purkinje cell output to reach the rest of the brain it must be conveyed by neurons of the DCN or vestibular nuclei. (jneurosci.org)
  • Interneurons and inhibitory projection neurons from the DCN to the inferior olive have been omitted for simplicity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Cerebellar input arrives from climbing and mossy fibers to stimulate neurons in the deep nuclei and the cortex, in which climbing fibers stimulate Purkinje cells directly and granule cells excited by mossy fibers stimulate Purkinje cells by way of parallel fibers. (jneurosci.org)
  • Large, non-GABAergic DCN projection neurons express Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 channel subunits. (jneurosci.org)
  • There is a highly divergent projection from large numbers of cerebral cortical neurons (eight CCs are shown) to the two input nuclei of the BG network, namely the striatum (shaded box containing six spiny neurons (SpNs)) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (scholarpedia.org)
  • The cerebral cortex sends divergent excitatory projections to a network (shaded box) of medium spiny neurons and to STN. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Coordinated scaling of cortical and cerebellar numbers of neurons. (nature.com)
  • Interpositus neurons, which receive inputs from both sensorimotor cortex and the spinal cord, are involved in somesthetic reflex behaviors and assist the cerebral cortex in transforming sensory signals to motor-oriented commands by acting via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical projections. (springer.com)
  • In excitatory neurons, duplication was accompanied by divergence in gene expression and shifts in projection patterns. (oist.jp)
  • We identify Sox14 as an exclusive marker of inhibitory projection neurons in the lateral and interposed, but not the medial, cerebellar nuclei. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sox14+ neurons make up â ¼80% of Gad1+ neurons in these nuclei and are indistinguishable by soma size from other inhibitory neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • All Sox14+ neurons of the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei are generated at approximately E10/10.5 and extend long-range, predominantly contralateral projections to the inferior olive. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cerebellar Sox14+ and glutamatergic projection neurons assemble in non-overlapping populations at the nuclear transition zone, and their integration into a coherent nucleus depends on Sox14 function. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our study gives a direct insight into how nucleo-olivary projection neurons are generated, their projections, and their function in an intact behaving mouse. (bvsalud.org)
  • These neurons play a critical conceptual role in all models of cerebellar function, and this study represents the first specific analysis of their molecular identity and function and offers a powerful model for future investigation of cerebellar function in motor control and learning. (bvsalud.org)
  • Analysis of the cerebellar Purkinje neurons, which are crucial in coordinating movement, show that there is a dramatic loss of sodium current. (epilepsytreatmentdrugs.com)
  • The Purkinje neurons are the projection neurons of the cerebellum, sending crucial information on coordination of complex movements to deep cerebellar nuclei and from there onwards to the cerebral cortex and other higher centers. (epilepsytreatmentdrugs.com)
  • The Purkinje neurons are unique because they are GABAergic inhibitory neurons that serve as projection neurons, in contrast to virtually all other projection neurons, which are excitatory. (epilepsytreatmentdrugs.com)
  • Dr. Cooper's team believes that the dramatic loss of sodium current in both the hippocampal inhibitory GABAergic interneurons and the cerebellar inhibitory Purkinje neurons means that many classes of GABAergic neurons throughout the brain may have reduced sodium currents and reduced excitability, and that impaired excitability of these other inhibitory neurons may be responsible for other aspects of the disease like spasticity and cognitive impairment. (epilepsytreatmentdrugs.com)
  • Three coupled 2D lattices dealing with the main cellular groups in this neuronal circuit are used to model the dynamics of the excitatory feedforward loop linking the inferior olive (IO) neurons to the cerebellar nuclei (CN) via collateral axons that also proceed to terminate as climbing fiber afferents to Purkinje cells (PC). (ucm.es)
  • Distribution of glutamate decarboxylase-positive neurons in the rat cerebellar nuclei. (ucm.es)
  • The carotid body detects changes in PaCO2 through chemoreceptors, and this information gets conveyed to the nucleus solitarius (NTS) glutamatergic neurons that will target rostral ventrolateral medulla and respiratory pattern generator, leading to increased sympathetic activity. (statpearls.com)
  • The sensory root (nervus intermedius) consists of (1) central projections of neurons located in the geniculate ganglion (general somatic fibers that synapse in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and special afferent fibers that synapse in the nucleus solitarius) and (2) axons of parasympathetic neurons from the superior salivatory (lacrimal) nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • 1976) and Gould and Graybiel (1976) in felines [1 2 Quickly afterward an identical indie observation of retrogradely tagged neurons in the cerebellar nuclei pursuing HRP shots in to the cerebellar cortex was manufactured in pigeons [3]. (bio-biz-navi.com)
  • However, it remains unclear whether this function is relevant for postmitotic neurons and underlies the cerebellar atrophy, since ATM is cytoplasmic in postmitotic neurons. (preprints.org)
  • To achieve this information routing, the neurons that are stimulated form feed-forward projections into the unstimulated parts of the same layer and get more neurons to represent the stimulus. (preprints.org)
  • Susceptible neuronal populations also include inhibitory neurons in the thalamic Reticular Nucleus. (cdc.gov)
  • The cerebellar B module of which Deiters' nucleus is the target nucleus was used in many innovative studies of the cerebellum on the zonal organization of the olivocerebellar projection, its somatotopical organization, its microzones, and its role in posture and movement that are the subject of this review. (eur.nl)
  • GAD65 is involved in the synthesis, packaging, and release of GABA, whereas the other three play important roles in the induction of long-term depression (LTD). Thus, the auto-antibodies toward these synaptic molecules likely impair fundamental synaptic machineries involved in unique functions of the cerebellum, potentially leading to the development of cerebellar ataxias (CAs). (springer.com)
  • Autoimmunity affects the cerebellum, leading to the manifestations of the cerebellar ataxias (CAs), termed immune-mediated cerebellar ataxia (IMCAs). (springer.com)
  • Moreover, the cerebellum is widely connected with multiple cognitive regions of the neocortex (eg, Strick et al (2009) ), with lateral cerebellar regions preferentially connected to frontal neocortical areas, both of which are expanded in the primate lineage. (nature.com)
  • Cerebellar granule cells receive only a few inputs that can arise from a multitude of places throughout the brain and sensory periphery, indicating they may be well positioned to receive and transmit an array of non-sensorimotor signals to the cerebellum. (nature.com)
  • On the other hand, the cerebellar regions we studied received robust input from the pontine nuclei, which relay projections to cerebellum from many regions of the neocortex ( Strick et al, 2009 ), which is a prime candidate for further study. (nature.com)
  • As important for future work will be determining how the cerebellum uses cognitive signals in its own computations, and what role any cerebellar cognitive output has in downstream circuits like those of the cortex. (nature.com)
  • If the cerebellum is involved in conditioning it is likely that an auditory CS would be relayed to the cerebellum from the basilar pontine nuclei (PN). (bl.uk)
  • WGA-HRP injections into the inferior colliculus revealed a projection to caudal regions of PN, thus demonstrating a pathway whereby a tone CS can be transmitted to the cerebellum. (bl.uk)
  • Recent experimental studies highlight that the cerebellum, especially the interpositus nucleus, plays a key role in the adaptation of the motor cortex to repeated trains of stimulation. (springer.com)
  • Here we investigate brain region evolution at cell-type resolution in the cerebellar nuclei, the output structures of the cerebellum. (oist.jp)
  • Ten transverse fibre bundles connecting the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum are also identified. (edu.au)
  • The target sites included cerebellar roof nuclei in the Purkinje molecular layer of the cerebellum, caudal brainstem nuclei (red nuclei and vestibular complex), and all levels of spinal cord examined (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments) located mainly in the ventral horns and dorsal root ganglia ( Figure 1 , panels A, B). Severe lesions were found consistently in the spinal cord. (cdc.gov)
  • This nucleus, however, should be considered as a cerebellar nucleus because it receives Purkinje cell axons from the vermal B zone in its dorsal portion. (eur.nl)
  • Electroporation of an MCT8-RNAi vector into the cerebellar anlage of a 3-day-old embryo allowed knockdown of MCT8 in Purkinje cell precursors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Multiple purkinje cell recordings in rodent cerebellar cortex. (ucm.es)
  • MicrocircuitDB: Inverse stochastic resonance of cerebellar Purkinje cell (Buchin et al. (yale.edu)
  • Inverse stochastic resonance of cerebellar Purkinje cell (Buchin et al. (yale.edu)
  • 1 . Buchin A, Rieubland S, Häusser M, Gutkin BS, Roth A (2016) Inverse Stochastic Resonance in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. (yale.edu)
  • Keywords: Purkinje cerebellar nuclei interpositus nucleocortical feedback topography cerebellar anatomy reciprocal Initial breakthrough and observations The nucleocortical pathway was initially definitively determined in 1976 in two AZD5438 indie studies released within per month of each various other. (bio-biz-navi.com)
  • This study investigates the cerebrocerebellar coordination through pontine nuclei using bidirectional neuronal tracing in mice. (superlab.ca)
  • Results reveal a new pontine nuclei-centric view of the corticopontocerebellar projection, demonstrating that parallel corticopontine projections to pontine nuclei subareas are relayed to highly divergent pontocerebellar projections in overlapping specific cerebellar lobules, ultimately shaping cerebellar functional organization. (superlab.ca)
  • Cerebral cortex Projections to the zona incerta arise across the cortical mantel from the frontal to the occipital lobes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The heaviest projections are from cingulate cortex, frontal and parietal areas, but also projections from the medial prefrontal cortex have been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are projections from the zona incerta back to the cerebral cortex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blue is used to signify the dual loop of cerebellar interaction, one loop though cerebellar nucleus and another through cerebellar cortex. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Anatomical tracing did not reveal direct input to the cerebellar cortex from midbrain dopamine cells like those of the ventral tegmental area that are known to convey reward signals ( Cohen et al, 2012 ). (nature.com)
  • Lesions of lobule HVI of the cerebellar cortex or of its target in the anterior cerebellar nuclei disrupt the acquisition and retention of conditioned nictitating membrane responses (CRs). (bl.uk)
  • Aspiration lesions of the cerebellar cortex cause retrograde degeneration of precerebellar nuclei. (bl.uk)
  • Since the loss of CRs from lesions of the cerebellar cortex might be due to the loss of collateral inputs to the cerebellar nuclei from the precerebellar nuclei, fibre sparing lesions were made which destroyed only cells in the cerebellar cortex. (bl.uk)
  • CRs were lost, demonstrating that the cerebellar cortex is required for retention of CRs and that the cerebellar nuclei on their own cannot maintain CRs. (bl.uk)
  • It appears that the interpositus nucleus is a main subcortical modulator of the excitability changes occurring in the motor cortex, which may be a substrate of early plasticity effective in motor learning and recovery from lesion. (springer.com)
  • Terminal distribution of the corticospinal projection from the hand/arm region of the primary motor cortex to the cervical enlargement in rhesus monkey. (mbfbioscience.com)
  • Cajal's microscopy studies led him to believe that the lateral leminiscus (A) received input from the cochlear and superior olivary nuclei, and carried some of it to the inferior colliculus (B), which integrated the signals necessary for auditory reflexes, while the bulk of the information was sent directly to the medial geniculate body (C), which then relayed the information on to the auditory cortex via the thalamo-cortical path (e). (nih.gov)
  • Avendaño C, Rausell E, Reinoso-Suarez F (1985) Thalamic projections to areas 5a and 5b of the parietal cortex in the cat: a retrograde horseradish peroxidase study. (yale.edu)
  • Bourassa J, Deschênes M (1995) Corticothalamic projections from the primary visual cortex in rats: a single fiber study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer. (yale.edu)
  • and electrophysiological recordings coupled with stimulation of the cerebellar cortex to elicit antidromic spikes all in cats. (bio-biz-navi.com)
  • Indeed the observation of antidromic spikes following cerebellar cortex stimulation was first made by Ito and colleagues who later interpreted the findings as resulting from current spread to the nuclei from the stimulation site [15]. (bio-biz-navi.com)
  • Coupled with the anatomical data however activation of nucleocortical cells by cerebellar cortex stimulation could be confidently interpreted as representing antidromic propagation. (bio-biz-navi.com)
  • In this study, we have analyzed in control subjects and in sporadic AD patients the pattern of expression of tau mRNA and tau proteins in areas unaffected (cerebellar cortex, white matter), moderately affected (occipital striate cortex, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and putamen) or strongly affected by neurofibrillary tangles (temporal and frontal associative cortex). (ac.be)
  • The relative expression of 0N3R isoforms was higher in the temporal cortex than in the cerebellar cortex, both in control and AD subjects. (ac.be)
  • This part of the nucleus receives its cerebellar cortical projection from the forelimb areas of these three sagittal zones. (lu.se)
  • Interposed nucleus shots likewise tagged fibres terminating in intermediate areas [1 2 Likewise Gould and Graybiel discovered an orderly agreement of retrogradely tagged nuclei pursuing cortical HRP shots corresponding to shot site. (bio-biz-navi.com)
  • Neurodegeneration of the cerebellar dentate nucleus, abnormal electrical rhythmicity and reduced function of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA are possible mechanistic explanations for essential tremor. (biorxiv.org)
  • To explore the pathogenesis of migraine chronification, we measured gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate/glutamine (Glx) levels in the dentate nucleus (DN) and PAG of patients with episodic and chronic migraine and healthy subjects. (researchsquare.com)
  • The functional relation between receptive fields of climbing fibres projecting to the C1, C3 and Y zones and forelimb movements controlled by nucleus interpositus anterior via the rubrospinal tract were studied in cats decerebrated at the pre-collicular level. (lu.se)
  • Microelectrode tracks were made through the caudal half of nucleus interpositus anterior. (lu.se)
  • Each module would consist of a cell group in the nucleus interpositus anterior and its afferent microzones in the C1, C3 and Y zones, characterised by a homogenous set of climbing fibre receptive fields. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, climbing fibers originating in the inferior olivary complex and innervating the nucleus interpositus mediate highly integrated sensorimotor information derived from spinal modules. (springer.com)
  • The mapping identifies the superior cerebellar peduncle, the patterning of the fibres within the superior cerebellar decussation, the patterning of the fibres within the red nucleus and finally the projection of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract from the red nucleus to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus. (edu.au)
  • It extends between rostral pole of the thalamus rostrally, and the rostral pole of the medial geniculate nucleus caudally. (wikipedia.org)
  • This nucleus is located medially to the internal capsule, ventral to the thalamus, and is contiguous with the thalamic reticular nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diencephalon Projections with the diencephalon are reciprocal and mainly to the thalamus such as the intralaminar nucleus (parafascicular nucleus and central lateral nucleus) and higher-order nuclei such as the lateral posterior nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zona incerta avoids the thalamus nuclei of the primary sensory areas such as the ventral posterior nucleus of the somatosensory system and the lateral geniculate of the visual system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rostral zona incerta also sends inhibitory projections to paraventricular thalamus with GABAergic neurotransmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • Background Magnetic-resonance-guided focused ultrasound ablation of ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus is a new treatment for tremor disorders. (biorxiv.org)
  • Long term damage was found in the ablated core and in the tract connecting the thalamus and red-nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
  • Both teams aimed at the same target, the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus (VIM), but team A found a clear improvement of choreic peak dose dyskinesias, whereas team B did not consistently. (bmj.com)
  • Destexhe A, Contreras D, Sejnowski TJ, Steriade M (1994) A model of spindle rhythmicity in the isolated thalamic reticular nucleus. (yale.edu)
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a widely accepted method for the treatment of Parkinson's disease symptoms and concerns three major targets-namely, the nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM), the internal part of the globus pallidus (GPi), and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (bmj.com)
  • Nucleus solitarius divides into two parts: rostral and caudal. (statpearls.com)
  • The caudal nucleus plays a role in cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal system control through cranial nerves IX that conveys information from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the carotid body and cranial nerve X transmitting inputs from the aortic arch. (statpearls.com)
  • The motor nucleus of the facial nerve is located in the reticular formation of the caudal pons. (medscape.com)
  • Cerebellar nuclei: the olivary connection. (ucm.es)
  • Structural study of inferior olivary nucleus of the cat: morphological correlates of electrotonic coupling. (ucm.es)
  • Contrary to expectations, associative learning is unaffected by unilateral Sox14+ neuron elimination in the interposed and lateral nuclei.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cerebellar nuclei are central to cerebellar function, yet how they modulate and process cerebellar inputs and outputs is still primarily unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rostral nucleus solitarius or the gustatory nucleus form the recipient of taste inputs from cranial nerve VII transmitting taste inputs from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, cranial nerve IX transmitting taste signals from the posterior third of the tongue as well as cranial nerve X that tastes the epiglottis. (statpearls.com)
  • it receives inputs pertaining to blood pH, blood oxygen levels, and stretch receptors that are present in the lungs, then it regulates respiratory circuits through its projections. (statpearls.com)
  • Signals will transmit from the nucleus solitarius to several other regions of the brain, including several brainstem nuclei, such as the parabrachial nucleus of the rostral pons, which will send cardiorespiratory inputs to the forebrain and the limbic system, of which many travels in the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. (statpearls.com)
  • The ICC receives afferent inputs that include monaural and binaural projections from a number of nuclei in the lower auditory brainstem. (jneurosci.org)
  • Deiters also made beautiful drawings of microscopical sections through the spinal cord and the brain stem, the latter showing the lateral vestibular nucleus which received his name. (eur.nl)
  • A small Sox14+ population in the adjacent vestibular nucleus "Y" sends an ipsilateral projection to the oculomotor nucleus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nine min of asphyxial cardiac arrest was associated with extensive degeneration of neurites in the somatosensory nucleus as well as activation of microglia in the Reticular Nucleus. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, the cerebellar input layer that receives external information consists of granule cells. (nature.com)
  • The medulla receives blood supply from two main arteries: the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is a branch of the vertebral artery supplying the lateral parts of the medulla, and the anterior spinal artery supplying the medial components. (statpearls.com)
  • As the nucleus solitarius is in the lateral portion, it receives its blood supply through the inferior cerebellar artery. (statpearls.com)
  • Here we report alterations in motor behaviour and cerebellar synaptic plasticity in a mouse model (patDp/+) for the human 15q11-13 duplication, one of the most frequently observed genetic aberrations in autism. (nature.com)
  • However, some studies have suggested that RA may have nongenomic effects outside of the nucleus, particularly with regard to synaptic plasticity (Aoto et al. (preprints.org)
  • Hypothalamus Projections to the hypothalamus through incertohypothalamic pathway go mainly to the paraventricular nucleus areas in the anterior hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus, lateral preoptic area, horizontal diagonal band of Broca, and the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fibre sparing lesions of the anterior cerebellar nuclei prevented the acquisition and abolished retention of CRs. (bl.uk)
  • After these preliminary observations this issue of topographical firm from the nucleocortical pathway was looked into in a number of types and with raising refinement with both sagittal and rostrocaudal topography noticed [17 7 In some studies in felines Dietrichs and co-workers injected HRP into many cerebellar lobules like the paramedian Basic Crus I and II anterior. (bio-biz-navi.com)
  • This habit in this young population is labyrinth is irrigated by internal labyrinthine artery, increasing the risk for the acquisition of music- in most cases branch of the anterior inferior induced hearing loss, the author of this study noted cerebellar artery and in some cases branch of basilar that 14% of youth surveyed reported risk behavior artery. (bvsalud.org)
  • Upon leaving the motor nucleus, axons extend dorsally and medially, cranially and superficially, to bend around the abducens (sixth cranial nerve) nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • This is sometimes called the motor part of the zona incerta nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Basal ganglia Zona incerta is connected in the basal ganglia to the substantia nigra (both pars compacta and pars reticulata) and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (but only its pars dissipata area). (wikipedia.org)
  • The visceral sensory part of the brainstem has a single nucleus found in the medulla oblongata, the nucleus solitarius, which is located lateral to the motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. (statpearls.com)
  • Using axonal degeneration following axotomy Hámori and Takács estimated that this nucleocortical pathway comprises approximately 5% of the cerebellar mossy fiber populace since extracerebellar mossy fibers degenerated after BC transection [16]. (bio-biz-navi.com)
  • We recently performed two-photon calcium imaging in ensembles of individual cerebellar granule cells during conditioning tasks where mice learned to expect upcoming rewards ( Wagner et al, 2017 ). (nature.com)
  • At the center of the nucleus, a bundle of nerve fibers runs through it to innervate the nucleus, which is the tractus solitarius. (statpearls.com)
  • Nucleus solitarius is the recipient of all visceral afferents, and an essential part of the regulatory centers of the internal homeostasis, through its multiple projections with cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal regulatory centers. (statpearls.com)
  • [2] Interestingly, nucleus solitarius send projections to the limbic system that mediates the emotional response to altered cardiorespiratory values, and it plays a role in panic disorder. (statpearls.com)
  • Nucleus solitarius participates in the reflexes of the nerves innervating the nucleus, so it mediates cough reflex, carotid sinus reflex, gag reflex, and vomiting reflex. (statpearls.com)
  • particularly, the respiratory centers have involvement in addressing motor patterns of the cough reflex, within the nucleus solitarius cough receptors are found, that affect the cough reflex through mechanisms that are still under investigations. (statpearls.com)
  • the nucleus solitarius as a central chemoreceptor forms one of the sites involved in this syndrome due to central hypercapnic hypoventilation. (statpearls.com)
  • The nucleus solitarius is in the medulla oblongata, which derives from the rhombencephalon. (statpearls.com)
  • In recent work, we applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing in chickens, mice, and humans, STARmap spatial transcriptomic analysis in chicken and mice, and whole-CNS projection mapping in mice. (oist.jp)
  • Natural stimulation of the forelimb skin evoked positive field potentials in the nucleus. (lu.se)
  • BREMER F (1958) Cerebral and cerebellar potentials. (yale.edu)
  • Corticocortical projections to representations of the teeth, tongue, and face in somatosensory area 3b of macaque monkeys. (mbfbioscience.com)
  • Yet in humans, cerebellar circuits activate during and are required for verbal and spatial processing tasks (eg, Stoodley et al (2012) ), and multiple lines of evidence point to cerebellar links to psychoses such as schizophrenia as well as to autism (reviewed in Sokolov et al (2017) ). (nature.com)
  • Integrating cerebellar circuits into the brain's broader reward-related computations may help to shed light on the mechanisms of cerebellar involvement in cognitive processes. (nature.com)
  • In agreement with these morphological abnormalities, differences in functional connectivity and activation of cerebellar circuits have been observed using functional magnetic resonance imaging 17 . (nature.com)
  • This mini-review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms and aims to establish the basis of "auto-antibody-induced cerebellar synaptopathies. (springer.com)
  • The underlying mechanisms of the associated cerebellar maldevelopment were studied using the chicken as a model. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bal T, von Krosigk M, McCormick DA (1995) Synaptic and membrane mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro. (yale.edu)
  • Burke W, Jervie Sefton A (1966) Inhibitory mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat. (yale.edu)
  • In fact, changes in cerebellar anatomy are among the most reliable observations in brains from autistic individuals 16 . (nature.com)