EmbryoMammalian cloneSCNTBlastocystEmbryonic stemBeingsDollyOrganismsGenetically identicalTissueDefinesDeveloping human embryosGenomesProhibitBiotechnologyEthicalStem Cell TechnologyScientistsAsexuallyTherapeuticImplantationTadpolesDerivesEthicallyTreatmentsSpeciesMorally acceptableOrganismLegislationDevelopmentsPatentabilityPatentsConcernProcessCreationDiseasesAdvancesScientificBillsSubject of humanResearchDisordersMeansCreateContraryMaterialGenesConfronted the issueOrderNucleusIdenticalTermBoundariesEggsArticleLifePhysiciansProduce
Embryo12
- … "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
- … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
- It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
- The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
- The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
- If biotech scientists have the ability to manipulate the genes of an embryo or gamete cell for non-therapeutic purposes, it could be argued that these genetically modified cells are in fact patentable "inventions," given that the material was not, in that particular sequence, naturally occurring. (nyu.edu)
- That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
- The National Institutes of Health defines a human embryo as "the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation. (archstl.org)
- Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
- for research purposes" and "research in which a human embryo or embryos are destroyed. (ecamrl.org)
- Here's how: Under the disingenuous title "Prohibition against Funding for Human Cloning," the legislation inaccurately defines "human cloning" as the implantation of a cloned embryo, instead of as the creation of such an embryo. (ecamrl.org)
- In this section, the term "human cloning" means the implantation of the product [the cloned embryo] of transferring the nuclear material of a human somatic cell into an egg cell from which the nuclear material has been removed or rendered inert [SCNT] into a uterus or the functional equivalent of a uterus. (ecamrl.org)
Mammalian clone2
- Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
- is a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. (mathisfunforum.com)
SCNT3
- Indeed, if passed, Hatch/Feinstein/Kerry would explicitly legalize doing in humans the very cloning procedure -- somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -- that was used to make Dolly the sheep . (lifeissues.net)
- Comment: Indeed, if passed, "total cloning bans" H.R. 534, H.R. 234, H.R. 916, and S. 245 would not ban anything either - not even the SCNT cloning technique that was used to make Dolly the sheep. (lifeissues.net)
- 체세포 핵 치환 (Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)은 난자 의 핵 을 제거한 후에, 체세포 의 핵을 이식하여 복제 를 하는 기술을 말한다. (wikipedia.org)
Blastocyst3
- A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
- Most researchers obtain embryonic stem cells from the inner mass of a blastocyst, an embryonic stage when a fertilized egg has divided into 128 cells. (jcpa.org)
- The stem cells derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst lack the ability to form a fetus when implanted into a woman, but are self-renewing and can be maintained for long periods of time in the laboratory as undifferentiated stem cells. (jcpa.org)
Embryonic stem12
- After his accident, he lobbied for spinal injury research, including human embryonic stem cell research, and for better insurance coverage for people with disabilities. (wikipedia.org)
- Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
- In 2009, in a major reversal of U.S. policy, President Obama signed an executive order pledging to "vigorously support" embryonic stem cell research. (jcpa.org)
- A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
- Embryonic stem cell technology is still at a preliminary research stage and announcements about its potential may be premature. (edu.au)
- Experts from around the world are assessing the difficult issue of the extent to which embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to proceed, and to date there is little international consensus on this matter. (edu.au)
- How, then, should embryonic stem cell research be regulated in Australia? (edu.au)
- In this article we examine embryonic stem cell research and explore the current regulatory framework associated with this research in Australia, with particular reference to the Andrews Report . (edu.au)
- Stem cell technologies have been dogged by controversy because of objections over the morality of sacrificing human embryos to produce the first human embryonic stem cell lines. (schlich.co.uk)
- The greater legal certainty provided by recent court cases means that patent rights, and the investment they attract, can be secured for human embryonic stem-cell based technologies. (schlich.co.uk)
- Embryonic stem cell research ( ESCR ) is highly controversial, primarily because extraction of such cells results in the destruction of days-old human embryos. (ecamrl.org)
- One was from a court standing behind its decision two weeks earlier that sent the pro-life community cheering by halting taxpayer dollars to unethical embryonic stem cell research. (ecamrl.org)
Beings6
- Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
- Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
- human beings have developed innovative technologies to treat and cure disease, to enhance human living conditions, and to protect or improve the environment. (jcpa.org)
- The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)
- ESCR also has been plagued by tumors in lab animals, thereby making its safety for use in human beings highly questionable. (ecamrl.org)
- Meanwhile, human trials with adult stem cells not only are safe for the donor and recipient but have produced treatments for more than 70 ailments in human beings. (ecamrl.org)
Dolly2
- Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
- It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
Organisms5
- The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
- In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
- Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
- Recognizing this trend, Congress passed section 33 of the America Invents Act ("AIA") [8] in 2011, resulting in, among other things, a prohibition on patents for inventions "directed to or encompassing a human organisms. (nyu.edu)
- Sir John Bertrand Gurdon further developed nuclear transplantation, the technique used to clone organisms and to create stem cells, while working in Britain in the second half of the twentieth century. (asu.edu)
Genetically identical4
- Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
- Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)
- As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)
- Reproductive Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create a new human genetically identical to the donor. (schlich.co.uk)
Tissue4
- XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
- If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
- and from mature adult tissue cells reprogrammed to behave like stem cells. (cmq.org.uk)
- These three sources of stem cells do not create the same serious ethical concerns as those derived from embryonic and foetal tissue. (cmq.org.uk)
Defines1
- [9] Unfortunately, the AIA never expressly defines any of the terms in this provision, so it is not entirely clear what specific subject matter would fall under the prohibition. (nyu.edu)
Developing human embryos1
- Stem cells may be derived from adult tissues but the most potent are extracted from developing human embryos. (edu.au)
Genomes2
- In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)
- Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
Prohibit2
- It's given name is the "Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2003," the stated purpose of which, supposedly, is to "prohibit human cloning and to protect important areas of medical research, including stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
- Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
Biotechnology1
Ethical3
- The ethical and legal controversies that were aroused in the ART debates during the 1980s have been re-ignited with the development of stem cell technology. (edu.au)
- This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
- The now uncertain future course on stem cell research helps to make a clear case for taking a sensible step: prioritizing funding for research that is ethical and has demonstrated success. (ecamrl.org)
Stem Cell Technology3
- Stem cell technology is the latest development in this controversial branch of science. (edu.au)
- Stem cell technology in humans derives from earlier and complementary work in animal studies. (edu.au)
- Furthermore, the first source of stem cell technology is controversial. (schlich.co.uk)
Scientists3
- Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
- This policy is similar to that of other countries, including Israel, where scientists are funded by Government to study embryonic stem cells despite the aforementioned bioethical issue. (jcpa.org)
- Gurdon's research built on the work of Thomas King and Robert Briggs in the United States, who in 1952 published findings that indicated that scientists could take a nucleus from an early embryonic cell and successfully transfer it into an unfertilized and enucleated egg cell. (asu.edu)
Asexually1
- Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
Therapeutic2
- Therapeutic Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create pluripotent stem cells suitable for growing tissues for implantation into the donor or other patient. (schlich.co.uk)
- The Donaldson committee 1 examined the issue of research into 'therapeutic' cloning and reported in June 2000. (cmq.org.uk)
Implantation1
- Thus, if the bills become law, only the implantation of cloned embryos would be barred from being federally funded, rather than actual cloning. (ecamrl.org)
Tadpoles2
- In 1962 researcher John Bertrand Gurdon at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England, conducted a series of experiments on the developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. (asu.edu)
- In the experiments, Gurdon conducted nuclear transplantation, or cloning, of differentiated cells, or cells that have already specialized to become one cell type or another, in tadpoles. (asu.edu)
Derives1
- However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Ethically1
- The scientific community should be concentrating its efforts in working on ethically non-controversial stem cells. (cmq.org.uk)
Treatments3
- Stem cells offer the prospect of treatments for diseases and injuries that are currently beyond medical science. (schlich.co.uk)
- Yet the congressional tug-of-war on a preferred route to finding treatments to diseases and other ailments using stem cells helps to make the case for another bill, one that has lingered in Congress since its introduction. (ecamrl.org)
- Research using human embryos (whether created by in vitro fertilisation or by cell nuclear replacement) to increase understanding about human disease and disorders and their cell based treatments should be permitted, subject to the controls in Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. (cmq.org.uk)
Species1
- Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
Morally acceptable2
- The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
- if you have a choice of starting material and are forced to use embryonic stem cells to carry out the invention, ensure you describe the use of embryonic stem cells from morally acceptable sources in your patent application. (schlich.co.uk)
Organism1
- Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
Legislation2
- In response, a group of lawmakers introduced legislation that would authorize federal funding for human cloning. (ecamrl.org)
- This document has been produced for the benefit of Members of Parliament and others involved in the proposed legislation to permit cloning research on human embryos. (cmq.org.uk)
Developments1
- g) Encourages its member churches and other groups to keep themselves informed on how new developments in reproductive technology affect families, and especially women, and develop a pastoral ministry to counsel people facing these issues, including those who choose, or are pressurized into, utilizing such reproductive techniques. (wcc2013.info)
Patentability1
- [10] While one can consequently interpret Myriad in a way that limits the scope of the Act, it leaves open the question of the patentability of modified human gametes and embryos and the altered or synthetic gene sequencing which could potentially be encompassed within those gametes and embryos. (nyu.edu)
Patents1
- We now see a patent landscape where stem cell technologies and related therapies can, with very few exceptions, be protected via patents, provided the appropriate form of claim wording is used. (schlich.co.uk)
Concern1
- While I have to agree with the author's concerns (we'll call him Kettle) about the use of waffling and fake science in the supposed cloning "bans" proposed by the Pots, if truth be told, there's enough concern to go around for both the Pots and the Kettles. (lifeissues.net)
Process1
- The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
Creation1
- Critical theological questions concerning the nature of human life, and the meaning of the "integrity of creation" need concentrated exploration. (wcc2013.info)
Diseases4
- While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
- Father Tad Pacholczyk is convinced that embryonic stem cells will someday cure diseases. (archstl.org)
- Stem cell technologies promise to be the next transformative medical technology offering therapies for conditions and diseases that are currently beyond medical science by creating replacement or supplementary tissues for a patient. (schlich.co.uk)
- Stem cells may underpin the next generation of pharmaceuticals, with even greater promise for successful treatment of diseases that are intractable or scarcely treatable now. (schlich.co.uk)
Advances1
- She is a member of the advisory board for CIHR's Institute for Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction (IMNA) and serves on international editorial boards in the field of law, ethics and neuroscience, including Neuroethics, the Springer Book Series Advances in Neuroethics, and the Palgrave-MacMillan Book Series Law, Neuroscience and Human Behavior. (frogheart.ca)
Scientific2
- Still, I want to see those references - every single one of them - from published peer-reviewed scientific textbooks in human embryology, and in accord with the international nomenclature. (lifeissues.net)
- The Helsinki declaration states: - 'Biomedical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles and should be based on adequately performed laboratory and animal experimentation and on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature. (cmq.org.uk)
Bills1
- Most Bills also have an "exception" or "prohibition" section that says that those activities not specifically addressed in the Bills are not covered by the Bills. (lifeissues.net)
Subject of human1
- The subject of human cloning has been around for much of the 20th century and beyond. (archstl.org)
Research10
- In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
- The Church also supports research and therapies using adult stem cells, which are cells that come from any person who has been born - including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, skin and other organs. (archstl.org)
- While Rep. DeGette's Stem Cell Research Advancement Act (H.R. 4808) would authorize taxpayer dollars for research involving the killing of human embryos, it goes much further. (ecamrl.org)
- The Patients First Act (H.R. 877) would do exactly as its title suggests: put patients ahead of politics, making the treatment of patients-not the pursuit of what's been dead-end, unethical research. (ecamrl.org)
- This goes against the principle of the World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki, which deals with the research on human subjects. (cmq.org.uk)
- And the term 'human subjects' 'includes research on identifiable human material. (cmq.org.uk)
- And the 2000 version states 'In medical research on human subjects, considerations related to the well_being of the human subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society. (cmq.org.uk)
- Recommendation 2: In licensing any research using embryos created by cell nuclear replacement, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority should satisfy itself that there are no other means of meeting the objectives of the research. (cmq.org.uk)
- However, the types of research proposed in the Donaldson report have yet to be done in animals, and so the use of human embryos for the proposed research cannot, even by secular reasoning, be justified. (cmq.org.uk)
- In 1966, his final year at Nottingham, he received a scholarship to conduct research for a summer under English biologist Ernest John Christopher Polge in the Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry, then a division of the Agricultural Research Council at the University of Cambridge. (mathisfunforum.com)
Disorders1
- In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. (wikiquote.org)
Means1
- Comment: If by "waffling" Kettle means that one knowingly supports a fake ban on human cloning (see conclusion of article), then there is a whole lot of waffling going on - on both sides of the aisles. (lifeissues.net)
Create1
Contrary2
- Considered contrary to the moral law, since (it is in) opposition to the dignity both of human procreation and of the conjugal union. (wikiquote.org)
- Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)
Material1
Genes1
Confronted the issue2
- General Assembly the following year,3 and the World Medical Association's Resolution on Cloning, endorsed in 1997, have confronted the issue but lack binding legal force. (who.int)
- Every gene in the human body is encoded as deoxyribonucleic acid ("DNA"), and Myriad Genetics confronted the issue of whether a naturally occurring segment of DNA was eligible for patent. (nyu.edu)
Order2
- He wrote in 1998 that his father's "love for his children always seemed tied to performance" and he put pressure on himself to act older than he actually was in order to gain his father's approval. (wikipedia.org)
- The Court settled the question left open from the case of Commonwealth v. Bangs that it must be proved a woman was 'quick with child' in order for abortion prohibitions to have any effect in Massachusetts. (asu.edu)
Nucleus1
- The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
Identical1
- The term "clone", from the Greek word for twig, denotes a group of identical entities. (who.int)
Term2
- It is noted that the Donaldson report consistently uses the term 'cell nuclear replacement' rather than the word which everybody knows - cloning. (cmq.org.uk)
- The only reason to avoid using the word cloning is that use of this term might be thought to be less provocative. (cmq.org.uk)
Boundaries1
- Patent law around the world has now developed to define the boundaries between stem cell technologies that can be patented and those that cannot. (schlich.co.uk)
Eggs1
- Even if you don't have a religious view of the sanctity of life, you have to ask is there going to be a massive trade in human eggs from poor women to rich countries. (wikiquote.org)
Article3
- article: Now, he's done it again by signing up as a co-sponsor (along with Senators Orin Hatch and Dianne Feinstein) of what could be called the Human Cloning Legalization and Legitimization Act of 2003 (S. 303) . (lifeissues.net)
- The cloning "bans" being supported in his article could likewise be called "the Human Cloning Legalization and Legitimazation Acts of 2003" (e.g. (lifeissues.net)
- article: But, S. 303 does not outlaw the act of human cloning at all . (lifeissues.net)
Life1
- Father Pacholczyk, who is teaching a course on bioethics and life issues at Kenrick-Glennon Seminary this semester, said it is very easy to depersonalize humans when they are in the earliest stages of life. (archstl.org)
Physicians1
- The Woman's Right to Know Act, or the Act, imposes informed consent requirements that physicians must fulfill before performing an abortion as well as a twenty-four hour waiting period between counseling and the procedure for people seeking abortion, with exceptions for cases of medical emergency. (asu.edu)
Produce2
- More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. (wikiquote.org)
- More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)