AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cell CycleCyclin D1Cyclin ACyclin EDisease ProgressionCyclin BCell Cycle ProteinsCyclin B1Cyclin D3Cyclin D2Cyclin A1Cyclin DCyclinsCyclin A2G1 PhaseS PhaseCell Cycle CheckpointsCyclin GCyclin G1MitosisCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Cell DivisionCyclin-Dependent KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4CDC2 Protein KinaseCyclin CRetinoblastoma ProteinCDC2-CDC28 KinasesCell ProliferationG2 PhaseCyclin B2Cell Line, TumorCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21ApoptosisProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesPhosphorylationCyclin G2Cyclin TCyclin HSignal TransductionTumor Suppressor Protein p53G0 PhaseMolecular Sequence DataCell LineTumor Suppressor ProteinsRNA, MessengerMenstrual CycleDNA-Binding ProteinsTime FactorsTumor Cells, CulturedGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticNuclear ProteinsMutationG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsTranscription FactorsDNA ReplicationFlow CytometryCell NucleusCells, CulturedE2F Transcription Factorscdc25 PhosphatasesBlotting, WesternG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsCyclin-Dependent Kinase 6Gene Expression RegulationHeLa CellsDNA DamageInterphaseImmunohistochemistryDown-RegulationModels, BiologicalGenes, cdcTranscription, GeneticBase SequenceOncogene ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceProto-Oncogene ProteinsTransfectionE2F1 Transcription FactorProtein BindingCell DifferentiationProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenPromoter Regions, GeneticMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsRNA, Small InterferingReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionAntineoplastic AgentsProtein KinasesCell Transformation, NeoplasticCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16DNAFibroblastsCyclin ICell SurvivalBreast NeoplasmsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeGene ExpressionBromodeoxyuridineTranscription Factor DP1
KinasesProliferationRegulateCDKsProteinsProtein kinaseKinase inhibitorInhibitorsCdc25AGenes includSignaling pathwayRegulatoryArrestTranscriptionPhosphorylationMitoticCdk2AccumulationCDK4RegulatesCheckpointCancer progressionRetinoblastomaBeta-cateninInhibitionCytoplasmRegulationCheckpointsMitogenic signalsMechanismsAntibodyVertebrate cellsDifferentiationResponse to DNA damageTarget genesOncogenesPromotesActivationTP53Endocrine therapyMoleculesMutationGermMitosisCaspaseVitroEmbryonicPhases of the cell cycleRegulatorsMammalian cellsSignalsNuclearSurvivalInterphaseNeuronalComplexesEmbryosApoptosis of cells containCellularCancersInteraction
Kinases16
Proliferation24
  • A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
  • At a fundamental level, cancer is caused by an accumulation of genetic changes that result in unregulated cell growth and proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that normally provide negative control of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • PTEN encodes a protein kinase of the same name and functions as a tumor suppressor through regulation of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • Our simulations show that, if HMGB1 is overexpressed, then the oncoproteins CyclinD/E, which regulate cell proliferation, are overexpressed, while tumor suppressor proteins that regulate cell apoptosis (programmed cell death), such as p53, are repressed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, a number of extracellular proteins can bind to their receptors and activate signaling pathways that promote the proliferation of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HMGB1 signal transduction can influence the cell's fate by two important processes - apoptosis and cell proliferation - which are regulated respectively by the proteins p53 and CyclinE, acting in two different signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CyclinE is a cell cycle regulatory protein which regulates the G1-S phase transition during cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 are downstream of signaling pathways which lead to cellular proliferation. (shu.edu)
  • In vitro, palbociclib reduced cellular proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cell lines by blocking progression of the cell from G1 into S phase of the cell cycle. (shu.edu)
  • Thus, unlike other tumor suppressors, RPL5/RPL11 play an essential role in normal cell proliferation, a function cells have evolved to rely on in lieu of a cell cycle checkpoint. (nih.gov)
  • To investigate in vivo molecular mechanisms of silibinin efficacy, tumors and uninvolved skin from tumor-bearing mice were examined immunohistochemically for proliferation, p53, apoptosis, and activated caspase-3. (nih.gov)
  • Together, these results show a strong preventive efficacy of silibinin against photocarcinogenesis, which involves the inhibition of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and cell cycle progression and an induction of apoptosis. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, AKT/mTOR signaling and MAPK signaling were inhibited by JIB extract to suppress melanoma cell growth and proliferation. (medsci.org)
  • The results demonstrated that JIB extract combined with cisplatin enhanced the inhibition of cell growth, proliferation, and survival through the obstruction of cell cycle progression and AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling as well as the induction of cell apoptosis. (medsci.org)
  • Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
  • Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 muM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • Embryogenesis involves orchestrated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. (biologists.com)
  • Embryogenesis depends on the timely proliferation of progenitor cells and their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types. (biologists.com)
  • In many organs, cell proliferation and differentiation are antagonistically regulated by multiple basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) activator and repressor genes. (biologists.com)
  • In this primer, we describe the key features of Hes factors and detail their roles in some representative processes of embryogenesis: namely, in the development of the nervous and digestive systems, two well-characterized processes, where Hes1 (and Hes3 and Hes5 in the nervous system) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and in the process of somite segmentation, where Hes7 functions as a biological clock. (biologists.com)
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
  • Nutrients and bioenergetics are prerequisites for proliferation and survival of mammalian cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • GSK-3β helps maintain malignant cell survival and proliferation, particularly in terms of mediating resistance to standard anti-cancer therapies, through the NF-κB pathway. (outcomes4me.com)
Regulate7
  • CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
  • Cyclins (regulatory subunits) bind to cdks (catalytic subunits) to form complexes that regulate the progression of the cell cycle. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The results of our studies revealed that Cdc25A protein half-life in non-stressed interphase cells is regulated, in part, by Cdk2 kinase activity, and that Cdk2 does not regulate Cdc25A turnover by affecting several known signal transduction pathways that control Cdc25A protein stability. (pitt.edu)
  • Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. (lsbio.com)
  • CDK4 and CDK6 partner with D-type cyclins to regulate the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. (umbc.edu)
  • Dazl can regulate the expression, transport and localization of target mRNAs of proteins which control the differentiation, growth and maturation of germ cells. (ijbs.com)
  • S phase cyclins regulate progression through the cell cycle during DNA replication. (wisdomanswer.com)
CDKs4
  • Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. (kegg.jp)
  • The main cyclin-cdks complexes formed in vertebrate cells are cyclin D-cdk4 (G0/G1), cyclin E-cdk2 (G1/S), cyclin A-cdk2 (S) and cyclin B1-cdk1 (G2/M). These complexes are regulated by activating and inhibitory phosphorylation events, as well as by interactions with small regulatory proteins including p21 and p27Kip1. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. (umbc.edu)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
Proteins18
  • These four proteins act to inhibit self-renewal (the cell cycle) and promote differentiation (especially Prospero), which is why GMCs divide into their differentiated progeny instead of more GMCs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our scientists have developed a wide array of stem cell-focused reagents and resources for many applications including flow cytometry , western blotting , ELISAs , and recombinant proteins for cell differentiation. (biolegend.com)
  • The cell cycle is strictly regulated and controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways [ 1 ], comprised of hundreds of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If some important proteins are mutated or there are defects in the signaling mechanisms, normal cell growth regulation will break down, possibly leading to the occurrence of cancer in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor proteins: its activation can lead to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this paper, we ask the following questions: How do these proteins and their mutations change the cell's fate - apoptosis or survival - when HMGB1 signal transduction is activated? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Humans have evolved elaborate mechanisms to activate p53 in response to insults that lead to cancer, including the binding and inhibition of Hdm2 by the 60S ribosomal proteins (RPs) RPL5 and RPL11. (nih.gov)
  • While initial reports of the interactions between Cdc25A and Cdk2 focused on an auto-amplification feedback loop that results in increased catalytic activity of both proteins, it now appears that Cdk2 also regulates Cdc25A stability and plays an important role in regulating Cdc25A protein levels during interphase progression. (pitt.edu)
  • The role of cell cycle checkpoint proteins is to integrate internal and external factors to determine whether the cell is prepared for progression of the cell cycle. (ptgcn.com)
  • The passage of a cell through the cell cycle is controlled by proteins in the cytoplasm. (ptgcn.com)
  • The key role of checkpoint proteins is to detect DNA damage and send a signal to delay cell cycle advance until the damaged chromosomes are repaired (Figure 1). (ptgcn.com)
  • Anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is activated by two regulatory proteins, Cdc20 and Cdh1. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Targeted therapy drugs are used to target specific genes and proteins of cancer cells to precisely identify and attack specific types of cancer cells. (medsci.org)
  • DAZ family proteins are found almost exclusively in germ cells in distant animal species. (ijbs.com)
  • DAZ family proteins are located in the nucleus and/or in the cytoplasm of male and female germ cells at different developmental stages throughout the gametogenesis. (ijbs.com)
  • Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • During G 2, the cell synthesizes a variety of proteins. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • Of particular significance to the cell cycle, most microtubules - proteins that are required during mitosis - are produced during G 2. (wisdomanswer.com)
Protein kinase3
  • Among them, the sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, p53, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathways are most widely studied. (frontiersin.org)
  • We present evidence that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 Kip1 , is phosphorylated at Thr 198 downstream of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome protein-AMP-activated protein kinase (LKB1-AMPK) energy-sensing pathway, thereby increasing p27 stability and directly linking sensing of nutrient concentration and bioenergetics to cell-cycle progression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • N-SLIT2 amplifies reactive oxygen species production in response to the bacteria by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that in turn phosphorylates NCF1, an essential subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex. (elifesciences.org)
Kinase inhibitor2
  • Cell cycle progression is inhibited by Prospero because it activates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). (wikipedia.org)
  • 48 h after transfection, cells were treated with treated with 1 μM staurosporine, 10 μM anisomycin or 5 μM actinomycin D in the presence of FGFR kinase inhibitor (100 nM PD173074) for 24 h. (bioz.com)
Inhibitors5
  • Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
  • They are also regulated by the INK4 family of inhibitors which associate with either the CDK alone or the CDK/cyclin complex. (umbc.edu)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • Several hallmarks of cellular senescence, such as cell cycle arrest, expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, DNA damages, and senescence-associated secretory profile were evaluated. (aging-us.com)
  • SnCs exhibit irreversible growth arrest accompanied by increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKi) such as p16 INK4a , and p21 Cip1 , accumulation of DNA damages, and secretion of diverse bioactive molecules known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (aging-us.com)
Cdc25A8
  • It further inhibited cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase by four different mechanisms: rapid downregulation of cyclin D1, induction of Chk2 with simultaneous downregulation of Cdc25A, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21 Cip/Waf and inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity resulting in reduced dCTP and dTTP levels. (nature.com)
  • Subsequently released E2F factors mediate expression of pro-proliferative genes including cyclin E and Cdc25A. (shu.edu)
  • In response to genotoxicants, Cdc25A undergoes posttranslational modifications which contribute to its proteasome-mediated degradation and consequent cell cycle checkpoint arrest. (oncotarget.com)
  • We now provide the first evidence that Cdc25A can be acetylated and that it directly interacts with the ARD1 acetyltransferase which acetylates Cdc25A both biochemically and in cultured cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Importantly, this acetylation modulates Cdc25A phosphatase activity and its function as a cell cycle regulator, and may reflect a cellular response to DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
  • Alterations to physiologic Cdc25A regulatory mechanisms could be sufficient to result in oncogenic overexpression of this cell cycle regulatory protein. (pitt.edu)
  • While Cdc25A downregulation in response to genotoxic stress occurs through defined signal transduction pathways, regulation of Cdc25A protein levels in non-stressed cells is poorly understood. (pitt.edu)
  • The purpose of this thesis was to examine the physiological regulation of Cdc25A protein levels in human tumor cells. (pitt.edu)
Genes includ1
  • It's modes of action include downregulation of NF-κB and decreasing the expression NF-κB target genes including cyclin D1, Bcl-2, anti-apoptotic protein (XIAP) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL) leading to inhibition of tumor growth in multiple solid tumor cell and lymphoma lines and patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. (outcomes4me.com)
Signaling pathway1
  • It specifically negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to induce cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
Regulatory3
  • pRB functions as a negative regulatory transcription factor during the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition. (medscape.com)
  • RUNX1 is also required for the differentiation of CD8+, Th17, and regulatory T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • B. DNA mutations eventually disrupt key regulatory systems, allowing for tumor promotion (growth) and progression (spread). (ctsqena.com)
Arrest15
  • These data show that di-GA exhibits three distinct anticancer activities: induction of apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest and disruption of cancer cell-induced lymphendothelial disintegration. (nature.com)
  • is known to exert anticancer effects, such as inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibiting metastasis, and overcoming immunotherapy resistance in breast cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
  • This study aimed to explore the potential targets and molecular mechanisms of HNK on metastatic BCSC (mBCSC)-cell cycle arrest and the impact of the TME. (hindawi.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
  • The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)
  • Treatment of breast cancer cell lines with the combination of palbociclib and antiestrogens leads to decreased retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation resulting in reduced E2F expression and signaling and increased growth arrest compared to treatment with each drug alone. (shu.edu)
  • Unexpectedly, we found that their depletion in primary human lung fibroblasts failed to induce cell cycle arrest but strongly suppressed cell cycle progression. (nih.gov)
  • induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. (lsbio.com)
  • However, similarly to yeast and Drosophila, loss of Cdh1 induced unscheduled accumulation of mitotic cyclins in G 1 , resulting in abrogation of G 1 , arrest caused by treatment with rapamycin, an inducer of p27 Kipl . (elsevierpure.com)
  • Furthermore, we found that Cdh1 -1- cells fail to maintain DNA damage-induced G 2 arrest and that Cdh1-APC is activated by X-irradiation-induced DNA damage. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, similarly to yeast and Drosophila, loss of Cdh1 induced unscheduled accumulation of mitotic cyclins in G1, resulting in abrogation of G1, arrest caused by treatment with rapamycin, an inducer of p27Kipl. (elsevierpure.com)
  • JIB extract induced cell cycle arrest at the G 0 /G 1 phase and decreased cyclin and cdk protein expressions. (medsci.org)
  • Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
  • The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
  • Structure-guided point mutations in either CAPN7 MIT domain disrupted IST1 binding in vitro and in cells, and depletion/rescue experiments showed that the CAPN7-IST1 interaction is required for: 1) CAPN7 recruitment to midbodies, 2) efficient abscission, and 3) NoCut checkpoint arrest. (elifesciences.org)
Transcription11
  • p53 is a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage and blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)
  • Transcription factors have an important role in the ability of a cell to self-renew and also differentiate into most cell types, also known as pluripotency 1 . (biolegend.com)
  • RUNX1 regulates CD4 gene transcription during multiple stages of T cell development and represses the CD4 gene in CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Myb-Related Protein B (MYBL2), a member of the MYB family of transcription factor genes, is a nuclear protein involved in cell cycle progression. (avivasysbio.com)
  • Rb blocks cell cycle progression in G1 by binding E2F transcription factors. (shu.edu)
  • In colon cancer, DDX5 and its paralog, DDX17, bind to beta-catenin to activate the transcription of various potent oncogenes, such as c-Myc and cyclin D1. (bellbrooklabs.com)
  • Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. (umbc.edu)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • Zhao J, Kennedy BK, Lawrence BD, Barbie DA, Matera AG, Fletcher JA, Harlow E. NPAT links cyclin E-Cdk2 to the regulation of replication-dependent histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
Phosphorylation9
  • Virtually all mitogenic signals to the cell are processed through CDK4/6 - it is truly the central molecule that governs pRb phosphorylation status up through the R-point transition. (shu.edu)
  • During early G1 phase, mitogenic signals trigger activation of the CDK4/6-cyclin D complex, which partially deactivates Rb by phosphorylation. (shu.edu)
  • PLA2 activity may be directly influenced by mechanical distortion of the cell membrane [4] but ERK phosphorylation is increased by many different stretch-related stimuli [16 17 It is not clear whether PLA2 activity and ERK 1/2 represent separate mechanotransduction GW 9662 cascades or links within a single chain. (academicediting.org)
  • controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
  • regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • NPM1 phosphorylation by cyclin E/CDK2 promotes its dissociates from unduplicated centrosomes, thus initiating centrosome duplication. (proteopedia.org)
  • USP37 is activated by phosphorylation and thus triggers G1-S transition. (proteopedia.org)
  • Cdk phosphorylation triggers sequential intramolecular interactions that progressively block Rb functions as cells move through G1. (proteopedia.org)
  • Thus LKB1-AMPK pathway-dependent phosphorylation of p27 at Thr 198 stabilizes p27 and permits cells to survive growth factor withdrawal and metabolic stress through autophagy. (elsevierpure.com)
Mitotic4
Cdk24
  • Cyclin A is involved in both S-phase and G2/M transitions of the cell cycle through its association with cdk2 and cdk1, respectively. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In order to enter S phase, cells must sequentially activate CDK4/6 and CDK2. (shu.edu)
  • Activation of the CDK2-cyclin E complex results in hyperphosphorylation of Rb and fully releases E2F. (shu.edu)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2 prevents oxidative stress-mediated Ras-induced senescence by phosphorylating MYC. (proteopedia.org)
Accumulation3
  • We show that the effects on cell cycle progression stemmed from reduced ribosome content and translational capacity, which suppressed the accumulation of cyclins at the translational level. (nih.gov)
  • 2. High accumulation of Cyclin B1 in the nuclei can be used as a marker for studying the G2/M phase (Figure 3). (ptgcn.com)
  • Inflammatory infiltrates in areas positive for VSBV-1 RNA and antigen consisted of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with perivascular B-cell accumulation. (cdc.gov)
CDK45
  • In a Phase 3 Paloma-III study of Pfizer's CDK4/6 inhibitor ( Ibrance - palbociclib) and an estrogen receptor antagonist ( Faslodex - fulvestrant), patients receiving the combination had significantly prolonged progression-free survival than women with breast cancer who received Faslodex, alone. (shu.edu)
  • For example, the cvclinD/CDK4 complex phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein, which promotes progression through the G^S checkpoint. (ctsqena.com)
  • 2. E2F is released when RB is phosphorylated by the cyclinD/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) complex, 3. (ctsqena.com)
  • CDK4 and CDK6 are both expressed ubiquitously, associate with all three D cyclins (D1, D2 and D3), and phosphorylate the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein. (umbc.edu)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
Regulates3
  • After division svp accumulates in both daughter cells and down-regulates Hb. (wikipedia.org)
  • K, p53 regulates progression of the cell cycle from Gt to S phase, 1. (ctsqena.com)
  • Germline mutation results in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (2nd hit is somatic), characterized by the propensity to develop multiple types of carcinomas and sarcomas, C, Rb also regulates progression from G, to S phase. (ctsqena.com)
Checkpoint12
  • In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. (kegg.jp)
  • As loss of RPL5/RPL11 abrogates ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis to the same extent as loss of other essential 60S RPs, we reasoned the loss of RPL5 and RPL11 would induce a p53-independent cell cycle checkpoint. (nih.gov)
  • Also, the expression of Cyclin D should be decreased at the G2/M checkpoint (Figure 4). (ptgcn.com)
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
  • Before the cell commits to the S phase it goes through the G1/S checkpoint, also called Enter S, where the nutritional status of the cell and the DNA integrity are checked. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)
  • The G 1 checkpoint determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed. (openstax.org)
  • The G 1 checkpoint, also called the restriction point (in yeast), is a point at which the cell irreversibly commits to the cell division process. (openstax.org)
  • External influences, such as growth factors, play a large role in carrying the cell past the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
  • In addition to adequate reserves and cell size, there is a check for genomic DNA damage at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
  • As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)
  • If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
Cancer progression2
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes BCSC survival and cancer progression, and targeting the TME can aid in successful immunotherapy. (hindawi.com)
  • It has also been found to interact with micro RNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lcnRNAs) to potentiate their activities and drive cancer progression. (bellbrooklabs.com)
Retinoblastoma2
Beta-catenin1
  • GSK-3β is particularly important in tumor progression and modulation of oncogenes (including beta-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-Myc), cell cycle regulators (e.g. p27Kip1) and mediators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (e.g. zinc finger protein SNAI1, Snail). (outcomes4me.com)
Inhibition2
  • Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) inhibition transforms human mammary gland epithelial cells. (lsbio.com)
  • Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
Cytoplasm7
  • While DDX5 is predominantly a nuclear protein, it can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, depending upon cell cycle status, cell type, and given post-translational modification. (bellbrooklabs.com)
  • Long chain fatty acids (oleic acid) are taken up by the cell and converted to LC-CoA, which is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria by CPT-1. (bioz.com)
  • If cytoplasm is taken from mature eggs and injected into interphase cells in embryos they immediately go into mitosis. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • The results of fusing a G1 cell with a cell in the S or M phase of the cell cycle suggest that molecules present in the cytoplasm during the S or M phase control the progression to those phases. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • Fusing G2 cells with S phase cells, however, yielded a quite different result: The G2 nucleus was unable to initiate DNA synthesis even in the presence of an S phase cytoplasm. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • This suggests that the cytoplasm of the S phase cell contains an activator or regulator of DNA replication. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • Interphase is the phase in which the cell grows till it can divide it's genetic material and the cytoplasm into two halves i.e. capable of producing two daughter cells. (androbose.in)
Regulation5
Checkpoints6
Mitogenic signals1
  • They are the first kinase activated by mitogenic signals to release cells from the G0 arrested state. (umbc.edu)
Mechanisms6
  • However, the molecular mechanisms of action of HNK in BCSCs, as well as its effects on the cell cycle, remain unclear. (hindawi.com)
  • The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • Which signaling pathways are fundamental for describing HMGB1 signal transduction, and what mechanisms are responsible to explain recent results linking overexpression of HMGB1 with decrease of apoptosis (and increased cancer cell survival)? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of wild-type RET is important in several cancers where it contributes to tumor progression through various mechanisms. (morulaivf.com)
  • Aberrant overexpression of GSK-3β has been shown to promote tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance in various solid tumors including colon, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers and glioblastoma through differential effects on the pro-survival nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Myc pathways as well on tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and p53-mediated apoptotic mechanisms. (outcomes4me.com)
  • The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
Antibody4
  • ATCC CCL-243) were probed with the mouse anti-human cyclin A antibody at concentration of 2.0 µg/mL (lane 1), 1.0 µg/mL (lane 2), and 0.5 µg/mL (lane 3). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The cells were fixed, permeabilized, blocked and then stained with primary antibody, and Alexa Fluor® 594 conjugated secondary IgG (Cat. (biolegend.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue slide using 55004-1-AP (Cyclin B1 Antibody) at a dilution of 1:200 (under 10x lens). (ptgcn.com)
  • Western blot of Knockout validated Cyclin D1 antibody in HepG2, SW 1990, and NIH/3T3 cell lines with 60186-1-Ig at a dilution of 1:10000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. (ptgcn.com)
Vertebrate cells1
  • To investigate the function of Cdh1 in vertebrate cells, we generated clones of chicken DT40 cells disrupted in their Cdh1 loci. (elsevierpure.com)
Differentiation4
  • These findings revealed that RUNX1 acts as a tumor suppressor for myeloid leukemia and is crucial for the development and terminal differentiation of several blood cell lineages 2,3 . (biolegend.com)
  • CDK6 plays an important role in cell differentiation. (umbc.edu)
  • For example, in the developing nervous system of mouse embryos,progenitor cells proliferate and sequentially give rise to different types of cells by changing their differentiation competency. (biologists.com)
  • Within the B-cell and T-cell categories, two subdivisions are recognized: precursor neoplasms, which correspond to the earliest stages of differentiation, and more mature differentiated neoplasms. (medscape.com)
Response to DNA damage2
Target genes1
Oncogenes1
  • B. Categories of oncogenes include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, nuclear regulators, and cell cycle regulators (Table 3.3). (ctsqena.com)
Promotes1
  • NF-κB is constitutively active in cancer cells and promotes anti-apoptotic molecule expression. (outcomes4me.com)
Activation2
  • Protein activation and expression were analysed by western blotting, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels by HPLC, ribonucleotide reductase activity by 14 C-cytidine incorporation into nascent DNA and cell-cycle distribution by FACS. (nature.com)
  • NF-κB activation is particularly important in cancer cells that have become chemo- and/or radio-resistant. (outcomes4me.com)
TP531
Endocrine therapy1
  • Ibrance has now shown activity in combination with anti-estrogen therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer both in the front-line and after progression following endocrine therapy. (shu.edu)
Molecules1
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Mutation2
  • Rb mutation results in const it utively free E2F, allowing progression through the cell cycle and uncontrolled growth of cells. (ctsqena.com)
  • In addition, it has been shown that activating mutation as well as RET rearrangement that leads constitutively active protein plays a significant role in various cancer types. (morulaivf.com)
Germ2
Mitosis3
Caspase3
  • In HL-60 leukaemia cells, di-GA activated caspase 3 and dose-dependently induced apoptosis. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, JIB extract induced B16/F10 cell apoptosis via the caspase cascade. (medsci.org)
  • Immunopathologic examination during infection showed cleavage of caspase 3 in brain cells adjacent to CD8+ cells and widespread p53 expression, hallmarks of apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
Vitro1
  • In vitro treatment of ER-positive breast cancer cell lines with the combination of palbociclib and antiestrogens leads to increased cell senescence, which was sustained for up to 6 days following drug removal. (shu.edu)
Embryonic3
  • Rb homeostasis is also essential for self-renewal and survival of human embryonic stem cells 10 . (biolegend.com)
  • Hek293 Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cell Line, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. (bioz.com)
  • In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)
Phases of the cell cycle1
  • Interphase nuclei during the phases of the cell cycle can be fused by various combinations: When the S phase cell is fused with a cell in G1, it reveals that both nuclei in the heterokaryon replicate DNA. (wisdomanswer.com)
Regulators1
Mammalian cells1
  • When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. (openstax.org)
Signals6
  • In turn, the plant produces GA, which seems to combat the improper growth signals and re-establishes cell-cycle control. (nature.com)
  • Estrogen is a mitogenic growth factor - disrupting the production or effective signaling of estrogen deprives cells of signals to divide. (shu.edu)
  • Activated ras sends growth signals to the nucleus. (ctsqena.com)
  • This prolongs the activated state of ras, resulting in increased growth signals. (ctsqena.com)
  • Signaling through ERK1/2 is also important to hypertrophic signaling [13 14 and ERK2 is rapidly GW 9662 phosphorylated and activated by mechanical signals [15-17]. (academicediting.org)
  • The cell can halt the cycle and attempt to remedy the problematic condition, or the cell can advance into G 0 and await further signals when conditions improve. (openstax.org)
Nuclear2
  • Apoptosis was measured by Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide double staining of nuclear chromatin and the formation of gaps into the lymphendothelial barrier in a three-dimensional co-culture model consisting of MCF-7 tumour cell spheroids and human lymphendothelial monolayers. (nature.com)
  • The interphase is a preparatory phase, wherein the cells prepare themselves for the upcoming nuclear and cytoplasmic division. (androbose.in)
Survival2
  • The intersection between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the HNK-targets was determined using a Venn diagram, and the results were analyzed using a protein-protein interaction network, hub gene selection, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses, genetic alteration analysis, survival rate, and immune cell infiltration levels. (hindawi.com)
  • This may contribute to tumour-cell survival under conditions of growth factor deprivation, disrupted nutrient and energy metabolism, or during stress of chemotherapy. (elsevierpure.com)
Interphase4
Neuronal1
  • Without Hes genes such as Hes1 , however, progenitor cells prematurely differentiate into certain types of neurons only, and are depleted before they have proliferated sufficiently and generated all neuronal and glial cell types. (biologists.com)
Complexes1
  • The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery mediates the membrane fission step that completes cytokinetic abscission and separates dividing cells. (elifesciences.org)
Embryos2
  • Spare embryos can be vitrified and stored in liquid nitrogen to be transferred in a subsequent cycle. (morulaivf.com)
  • In early embryos of fruit flies, the cell cycle is completed in about eight minutes. (openstax.org)
Apoptosis of cells contain1
Cellular1
  • In these processes, Hes genes function as effectors of Notch signaling, which coordinates cellular events via cell-cell interactions. (biologists.com)
Cancers1
  • that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)
Interaction2
  • Finally, the interaction between HNK and two HNK-targets regulating the cell cycle was analyzed using molecular docking analysis. (hindawi.com)
  • Faha B, Ewen ME, Tsai LH, Livingston DM, Harlow E. Interaction between human cyclin A and adenovirus E1A-associated p107 protein. (bdbiosciences.com)