Programmed cell death. Medical search. Frequent questions

sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. (wikipedia.org)
Apoptosis and autophagy are both forms of programmed cell death. (wikipedia.org)
It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations. (wikipedia.org)
The concept of "programmed cell-death" was used by Lockshin & Williams in 1964 in relation to insect tissue development, around eight years before "apoptosis" was coined. (wikipedia.org)
Apoptosis or Type I cell-death. (wikipedia.org)
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
There is some evidence that certain symptoms of "apoptosis" such as endonuclease activation can be spuriously induced without engaging a genetic cascade, however, presumably true apoptosis and programmed cell death must be genetically mediated. (wikipedia.org)
Cells use a variety of programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. (the-scientist.com)
Apoptosis and other types of programmed cell death appear to be reversible. (the-scientist.com)
Molecular programs can rescue cells already engaged in the process of apoptosis or other forms of programmed cell death. (the-scientist.com)
Our lab focuses on exploiting programmed cell death pathways, such as apoptosis and ferroptosis, to develop novel and improved therapies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and other cancers. (edu.au)
The tumour suppressor p53 inhibits cell growth through activation of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, and most cancers have either mutation within the p53 gene or defects in the ability to induce p53. (nih.gov)
Activation or re-introduction of p53 induces apoptosis in many tumour cells and may provide effective cancer therapy. (nih.gov)
Inhibition or loss of NF-kappaB activity abrogated p53-induced apoptosis, indicating that NF-kappaB is essential in p53-mediated cell death. (nih.gov)
Therefore, in this review, we avoid a lengthy repetition of the description of autophagy and cell death processes and focus on the death-promoting roles of autophagy and the intertwined connection between autophagy and apoptosis. (nature.com)
Apoptosis is the most common form of cell death and is referred to as programmed cell suicide. (medicalnewstoday.com)
During apoptosis, a cell is broken up and packaged into small, self-contained pieces, which are easily recycled by phagocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There is some evidence that necroptosis may be a backup system that kicks in when certain pathogens, which can inhibit apoptosis, infect a cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This is specific to necroptosis and pyroptosis and does not usually occur during apoptosis, in which cell components are neatly packaged. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Inactivation of the Bcl2-like ( Bcl2l ) gene led to an overall increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis but did not cause any major morphogenetic defects. (biologists.com)
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class II antigen-mediated apoptosis has been documented in antigen-presenting cells and B lymphoproliferations. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Characteristics of the apoptosis include rapidity and selectivity for mature cells. (birmingham.ac.uk)
The B-cell lymphoma Ramos shares characteristics of this subgroup and is insensitive to apoptosis via simple HLA-DR engagement. (birmingham.ac.uk)
We have proposed that inappropriate induction of programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis, a physiological cell-suicide process, may play a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. (pasteur.fr)
Apoptosis was seen most extensively in the vestibular ganglion cells at the 13.5th GD, while in the spiral ganglion cells apoptosis was maximal between the 15.5th and 16.5th GD. (elsevierpure.com)
While slowly unravelling the complexities of apoptosis in chapter one, the next three chapters individually elaborate on different classes of proteases that play key roles in the initiation, progression and execution of programmed cell death. (springer.com)
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a hot topic. (the-scientist.com)
Programmed cell death (PCD), sometimes termed apoptosis refers to any form of cell death mediated by an intracellular death program. (thephage.xyz)
Apoptosis is more precisely defined as a pathway that allows animals to efficiently eliminate damaged or excess cells while preserving metabolic resources and avoiding an immune response. (thephage.xyz)
However, apoptosis is not the only type of cell death. (thephage.xyz)
The consequences of these types of cell death are markedly different from those of apoptosis. (thephage.xyz)
The programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) protein is induced in animals during apoptosis and functions to inhibit translation and tumor promoter-induced neoplastic transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
Apoptosis is an active mechanism of cell death required for normal tissue homeostasis. (brighton.ac.uk)
Cells require survival signals to avoid the engagement of apoptosis. (brighton.ac.uk)
In the mammary gland, secretory epithelial cells are removed by apoptosis during involution. (brighton.ac.uk)
We demonstrate that first passage epithelial cells isolated from pregnant mouse mammary gland die by apoptosis in culture, but that cell death is suppressed by basement membrane. (brighton.ac.uk)
A function-blocking anti-b1 integrin antibody doubled the rate of apoptosis in single cells cultured with basement membrane, indicating that integrin-mediated signals contributed to survival. (brighton.ac.uk)
We examined the cell death-associated genes mammary epithelia, and found that although the expression of Bcl-2 did not correlate with cell survival, increased levels of Bax were associated with apoptosis. (brighton.ac.uk)
Extensive lymphocyte severe infections is a massive loss of lymphocytes, den- apoptosis has also occurred in humans and animals infect- dritic cells, gastrointestial epithelial cells, and other cell ed with several exotic agents, including Bacillus anthracis , types through apoptosis, or programmed cell death. (cdc.gov)
Prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis, same process by which these cell populations are regulat- through either genetic modification of the host or treatment ed during normal health ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
acquired defects in the control of apoptosis may lead to a Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is the method variety of disease states. (cdc.gov)
For example, excessive inhibition by which tissue remodeling takes place during normal of apoptosis is an underlying mechanism of cancer, while growth and development and the physiologic mechanism an inappropriate increase is seen in some neurodegenera- by which labile cell populations such as gastrointestinal tive diseases and other conditions. (cdc.gov)
CoCl2 increased expression of superoxide radical in hair cells and SGNs and SGN loss was characterized by nuclear condensation and fragmentation, morphological features of apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
This programmed death, called apoptosis, is a kind of cell suicide. (msdmanuals.com)
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) of activated lymphocytes is critical to immune homeostasis. (medscape.com)
The cell surface protein Fas (CD95) and its ligand play a pivotal role in regulating lymphocyte apoptosis, and defective expression of either Fas or Fas ligand results in marked overaccumulation of mature lymphocytes and autoimmune disease in mice. (medscape.com)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including antibodies against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1), induce their anti-tumor effects by improving the function of immune cells 11 . (nature.com)
Suppresses T-cell activation through the recruitment of PTPN11/SHP-2: following ligand-binding, PDCD1 is phosphorylated within the ITSM motif, leading to the recruitment of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN11/SHP-2 that mediates dephosphorylation of key TCR proximal signaling molecules, such as ZAP70, PRKCQ/PKCtheta and CD247/CD3zeta (By similarity). (neobiotechnologies.com)
2 Thus, we explored the prognostic significance of another known ligand of PD1, 3 programmed cell death ligand 2 (PDL2), in TILs of TNBC patients. (bmj.com)
Recently, a novel class of small molecules was developed to inhibit the association of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) with its receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). (biomedcentral.com)
Immune checkpoint blockade against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 often induces durable tumor responses in various cancers, including nonCsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (thetechnoant.info)
Graphical Abstract Open in a separate window Introduction Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a member of the B7 family, is a putative type I transmembrane protein of 290 amino acids consisting of an IgV-like domain, an IgC-like domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail of 30 amino acids (Shi et al. (thetechnoant.info)
Recent clinical trial results have suggested that programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression measured by immunohistochemistry may predict response to anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) therapy. (cancerrealitycheck.com)

When hair follicle stem cells lose their protein-based death cue, they take on a new role helping to repair wounds in skin. (the-scientist.com)
mRNA expression levels of CXCL9, a chemokine recruiting CD8 + T cells, were lower in dLNs of STZ-mice than in normoglycemic mice after PD-1-Ab treatment, and its protein was expressed in DCs. (nature.com)
PDCD-1 (programmed cell death-1 protein), also designated CD279, is a type I transmembrane receptor and a member of the immunoglobin gene superfamily. (neobiotechnologies.com)
Some of the new approaches depend on tumor biology and aim specifically to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature (leaving normal cells unaffected) or focusing on specific protein or signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
While protein synthesis fell precipitously on day 0, total adenosine triphosphate and mitochondrial respiration were unchanged until the cells underwent massive collapse on day 3. (montclair.edu)
The appearance of a unique form of PDCD4 in plants correlates with the appearance of components of the ethylene signaling pathway, suggesting that it may represent the adaptation of an existing protein involved in programmed cell death to one that functions in abiotic stress responses through hormone signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
This is a mathematical mechanistic immunobiochemical model that incorporates T cell pathways that control programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression. (ebi.ac.uk)
Anti-programmed Cell Death Protein-1 Therapy in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Induced Type 1 Diabetes: A Case Report and Literature Review. (bvsalud.org)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors , widely used in the treatment of malignancies , can improve the prognosis of patients , while it also can induce various immune-related adverse events, and type 1 diabetes induced by anti- programmed cell death protein -1 is a rare but severe complication. (bvsalud.org)
These include members of the Bcl-2 protein family, course, and extent of programmed cell death will aid man- which have both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic activity agement of patients with severe infections. (cdc.gov)
protein patterns of subjects with leish- Cell culture maniasis [17]. (who.int)
Alzheimer Disease Alzheimer disease is a progressive loss of mental function, characterized by degeneration of brain tissue, including loss of nerve cells, the accumulation of an abnormal protein called beta-amyloid. (msdmanuals.com)

However, there are two forms of necrosis - necroptosis and pyroptosis - which are actively regulated by the cell and are now recognized as specialized forms of programmed cell death. (medicalnewstoday.com)

PD-L1 is expressed on tumor cells and interacts with PD-1 on cytotoxic T-cells, leading to reduced T-cell function and thereby lower anti-tumor activity of the host's immune system [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
2013). When PD-L1 interacts with its receptor on activated cytotoxic T cells, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), via the IgV domain, PD-1 transiently forms negative costimulatory microclusters with TCRs and costimulatory receptor CD28 by recruiting phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), leading to its dephosphorylation (Yokosuka et al. (thetechnoant.info)

The mechanisms underlying GBM tumour formation are complex, however, evasion of programmed cell death (PCD) is a common feature of this malignancy, contributing to tumour formation. (edu.au)
Thus, diverse biotrophic pathogens have evolved many mechanisms to suppress programmed cell death, and mutualistic and commensal microbes may employ similar mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)
A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
The labial gland of Manduca sexta is a valuable system to study the mechanisms of programmed cell death since the death of the gland is nearly synchronous and, except for the anterior duct, involves all of the tissue. (montclair.edu)
1) Inactivation of labile antitoxin (A). (2) Upon virus infection, the toxin (T) is activated and induces cell dormancy or death by different mechanisms, for example, degradation of host mRNAs depicted in the figure. (thephage.xyz)
Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, unanswered questions relating to vitamin D mechanisms in CD4 + T cells are highlighted to promote further research that may lead to a deeper understanding of autoimmune disease molecular etiology. (frontiersin.org)

Cancer-secreted AGR2 induces programmed cell death in normal cells. (nih.gov)

PCD has fundamental functions in tissue development and homeostasis, as PCD is activated to sculpt or remove structures, regulate cell numbers, and eliminate unnecessary or dysfunctional cells. (nature.com)
Plants, for example, maintain cell number homeostasis and initiate cell death as part of a wound response while containing no members of the metazoan apoptotic program. (thephage.xyz)

Both plant and animal cells use PCD as a powerful weapon against biotrophic pathogens, including viruses, which draw their nutrition from living tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
Necrotrophic pathogens derive their nutrition from dead tissue, and many produce toxins specifically to trigger programmed cell death in their hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
It is also a crucial mechanism of defense against pathogens, as cells that are infected with bacteria or viruses are removed this way. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)
Fortunately, because programmed cell death is pathogens and bioterrorism agents. (cdc.gov)

Necrosis is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. (wikipedia.org)
Necrosis was long seen as a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury, but in the 2000s, a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, was recognized as an alternative form of programmed cell death. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists call this the passive form of necrosis, as it does not require any specific activity by the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
As with passive necrosis, swelling causes the cell to burst. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Furthermore, metazoans eliminate damaged or excess cells through necrosis and autophagy, both of which are genetically programmed. (thephage.xyz)

However, emerging evidence suggests that autophagy is a primary mechanism of cell death (autophagic cell death, ACD) and implicates ACD in several aspects of mammalian physiology, including tumor suppression and psychological disorders. (nature.com)
Autophagy is generally considered as a cell survival/protection mechanism because it removes toxic or obsolete proteins and organelles and recycles the degradation products for use as sources for energy and metabolites in anabolic pathways 3 . (nature.com)
Therefore, the relationship between autophagy and cell death remains unclear and warrants further study to harness autophagy for the treatment of various human diseases. (nature.com)
PDCD4 inhibited autophagy in endometrial cells by an autophagy-related marker, LC3B-II. (endonews.com)
In the previous study, the author found that PDCD4 inhibited autophagy in multiple cancer cells or murine xenograft model, and PDCD4-attenuated autophagy was required for inhibition of tumor cell growth. (endonews.com)
Here, in endometrial cells, they found that autophagy-related marker, LC3B-II, was significantly decreased by PDCD4 overexpression but increased by the PDCD4 knockdown. (endonews.com)

Here, we investigated the role of the co-inhibitory receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) in T cell activation and CD4(+) T cell polarization towards pro-atherogenic or atheroprotective responses in mice. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Unlike other cancer genes, which promote cancer by stimulating cell proliferation, BCL2 promoted cancer by stopping lymphoma cells from being able to kill themselves. (wikipedia.org)
Programmed cell death (PCD) is as essential to development as is cell proliferation. (elsevierpure.com)
PDCD4 suppressed the proliferation and colony-forming ability of endometrial cells. (endonews.com)
Also, PDCD4 re-expression suppressed the proliferation and colony-forming ability in PDCD4-low cells, but PDCD4 knockdown effectively decreased the expression of PDCD4 in PDCD4-high cell lines. (endonews.com)
ABSTRACT This study examined haematopoietic stem cells of 19 high-risk cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) for apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals and cellular proliferation and correlated these with clinical and cytogenetic subtypes, particularly trisomy 8. (who.int)

However, inhibition of caspase activation simply delayed the apoptotic phenotype but neither protected against cell death nor prevented mitochondrial injury. (birmingham.ac.uk)
The data in this report demonstrate that the requirements for the initiating signal (oligomerization versus engagement) as well as the molecular pathways varies between different B lymphoproliferations despite their common expression of HLA-DR. Finally, blockade of caspase activation in parallel with HLA-DR mAb stimulation could provide a potent autovaccination stimulus by leading to necrotic death of B-cell lymphomas. (birmingham.ac.uk)
This is a monograph on proteolysis via programmed cell death via caspase and granzyme mediated destruction in neurodegeneration. (springer.com)
based Promega Corp. 's latest offering in this field is the Apo-ONE™ Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Assay, a kit that, as its name suggests, detects caspase-3 and -7 activity in cell culture. (the-scientist.com)
The dying cells release in a caspase-dependent manner a variety of signaling molecules, cytokines, growth factors, but also prostaglandins or ATP as recorded in Drosophila, Hydra, mice, and zebrafish, respectively. (unige.ch)
Interestingly, the ROS-producing cells often resist to cell death, implying a complex paracrine mode of signaling to launch regeneration, involving ROS-producing cells, ROS-sensing cells that release signaling molecules upon caspase activation, and effector cells that respond to these signals by proliferating, migrating, and/or differentiating. (unige.ch)
CoCl2 treatment increased the expression of caspase-3 indicative of caspase-mediated programmed cell death. (cdc.gov)
These results identify hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons as the main targets of Co ototoxicity in vitro and implicate the superoxide radical as a trigger of caspase-mediated ototoxicity. (cdc.gov)

This task can be accomplished by replacing tumor suppressor genes that have been lost or mutated, selectively inserting genes that produce cytotoxic substances, or modifying the immune system to destroy the tumor cells. (medscape.com)
Mr. Charp skips to "Recent research has demonstrated that a low dose of ionizing radiation under 0.1 Gray (which is 10 rads) activates a unique set of genes in a cell. (cdc.gov)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
The genes of cells program a process that, when triggered, results in death of the cell. (msdmanuals.com)
This limit is programmed by genes. (msdmanuals.com)

The disease manifests more frequently in active individuals, when mechanical sheer stress can cause cell membrane damage, inflammation, and fibrosis in genetically predisposed RV. (medscape.com)

The blockage of the PDCD1-mediated pathway results in the reversal of the exhausted T-cell phenotype and the normalization of the anti-tumor response, providing a rationale for cancer immunotherapy (PubMed:22658127, PubMed:25034862, PubMed:25399552). (neobiotechnologies.com)

This phenomenon can be ascribed to the increase of specific endonuclease activity, causing the formation of SNA oligonucleosomal fragments that differed less than 200 bp, typical of Programmed Cell Death (PCD). (unina.it)
help fragments with the viewing graduates on the drawn download Programmed Cell Death Part of the Advanced Search agreement or on your request 000ae professor. (koukla.de)
5) Concomitantly with the programmed cell death, NUC1 fragments the nuclear DNA. (thephage.xyz)

In the presence of tumor-secreted AGR2, the stromal cells were found to undergo programmed cell death (PCD) characterized by formation of cellular blebs, cell shrinkage, and DNA fragmentation as seen when the stromal cells were UV irradiated or treated by a pro-apoptotic drug. (nih.gov)
Programmed cell death (PCD) is defined in the Gene Ontology (GO) as "GO: 0012501 cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes" [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is a cellular event leading to the ordered, autonomous suicide of a cell. (ugent.be)
For this we are using different cellular PCD model systems in Arabidopsis, including aleurone, papilla, and lateral root cap cells. (ugent.be)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
2) Activated Cas13* indiscriminately degrades viral and cellular transcripts, leading to cell growth arrest so that the virus cannot reproduce and spread in the population. (thephage.xyz)
Indeed injury can induce cell death, itself triggering regeneration following an immediate instructive mechanism, whereby the dying cells release signals that induce cellular responses over short and/or long-range distances. (unige.ch)
As key parameters, we review here the injury proapoptotic signals, the signals released by the dying cells, the cellular responses, and their respective timing. (unige.ch)
The mitochondrion seems to play an important part in the cellular decision making that leads, irreversibly, toward the execution phase in cellular death processes. (lu.se)
The cytoskeleton provides a flexible framework for the cell and is involved in mediating numerous cellular functions, from cell shape and structure to programmed cell death. (cdc.gov)

As our understanding of the molecular biology of HNSCC continues to develop, we can target the specific components of cancer cells that are not found in normal cells. (medscape.com)
Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire , 72 (11-12), 597-601. (montclair.edu)
Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)

This was accompanied by fewer tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells, and STZ-mice had fewer tumor-infiltrating CD11c + dendritic cells (DCs) than normoglycemic mice. (nature.com)
2013). PD-L1 is expressed on the surfaces CX-5461 kinase inhibitor of various cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells in the heart (Shi et al. (thetechnoant.info)

We propose that basement membrane provides a survival stimulus for epithelial cells in vivo, and that loss of interaction with this type of matrix acts as a control point for cell deletions that occur at specific times during development, such as in mammary gland involution. (brighton.ac.uk)
In this study, we aimed to assess the neoplastic-like transformation potential of two forms of CNC derived from wood (powder and gel) in human pulmonary epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) in comparison to fibrous tremolite (TF), known to induce lung cancer. (cdc.gov)

This technique is an evolutionarily invaluable contribution to innate immunity, combining the killing of pathogen-infected cells with alerting the immune system through the release of DAMPs," noted the authors of a recent review about programmed cell death. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Connections between immunity and programmed cell death photo courtesy by Koonin and Krupovic, 2019. (thephage.xyz)
C) Role of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems in programmed cell death and antiviral immunity. (thephage.xyz)
D) Cas13-mediated virus immunity and cell dormancy. (thephage.xyz)

Autophagic or Type II cell-death. (wikipedia.org)
Nevertheless, the definition of autophagic cell death (ACD) has been neither universally understood nor unanimously accepted in the field 4 . (nature.com)

In Apaf1 -/- /Bcl2l -/- double mutant embryos, no cell death could be detected in the otic epithelium,demonstrating that the cell death regulated by the anti-apoptotic Bcl2l isoform, Bcl-X L in the otic epithelium is Apaf1-dependent. (biologists.com)
High-risk MDS cases had a significantly higher percentage of apoptotic CD34+ cells and anti-apoptotic survivin+ cells than controls, particularly for trisomy 8 cases. (who.int)
Our results suggest that although trisomy 8 cells are in a pro-apoptotic state, they are checked by the enhanced expression of anti-apoptotic signals which provide them with their proliferative advantage. (who.int)

In this paper we describe studies that confer a new role for basement membrane in the regulation of cell phenotype. (brighton.ac.uk)
In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)

Targeted molecular therapy, like therapy with monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, and other therapies, has limited or nonexistent side effects on normal cells of the body, unlike present modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. (medscape.com)
Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)

Accordingly, we treated postnatal day 3 rat cochlear organotypic cultures with various doses and durations of CoCl2 and quantified the damage to the hair cells, peripheral auditory nerve fibers, and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN). (cdc.gov)

The aging of a cell is one trigger. (msdmanuals.com)
METHOD: Both genetic and functional alterations in mitochondria can lead to errors that trigger programmed cell death, which in turn give rise to a number of diseases that affect the nervous system. (lu.se)

Cell death can also provoke a sustained derepressing response through the elimination of cells that suppress regeneration in homeostatic conditions. (unige.ch)

Anti-PDCD-1 is a marker of angioimmunoblastic lymphoma and suggests a unique cell of origin for this neoplasm. (neobiotechnologies.com)
Unlike CD10 and BCL6, PDCD-1 is expressed by few B-cells, so anti-PDCD-1 may be a more specific and useful diagnostic marker in angioimmunoblastic lymphoma. (neobiotechnologies.com)
In addition, PDCD-1 expression provides evidence that angioimmunoblastic lymphoma is a neoplasm derived from germinal center-associated T-cells. (neobiotechnologies.com)
Expression of two markers of germinal center T cells (SAP and PD-1) in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. (neobiotechnologies.com)
2017). Furthermore, the structure alteration of the PD-L1 3-untranslated region resulting in aberrant expression of PD-L1 in various cancers, including adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and stomach adenocarcinoma, may also allow cancer cells to escape the immune response. (thetechnoant.info)

[ 1 ] Early stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is treated relatively well with single-modality therapy (either surgery or radiation alone). (medscape.com)
Go to Imaging of Nasopharyngeal and Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)

Recently, two independent models, one from rodents and the other from insects, have demonstrated that nuclei are not lost from skeletal muscle fibers when they undergo either atrophy or programmed cell death. (frontiersin.org)

We have previously shown that the combination of BH3-mimetic drugs with current standard of care chemotherapy and small molecule inducers of the ferroptosis PCD pathway can potently kill GBM cells (Moujalled Cell Death Differ 2022, doi:10.1038/s41418-022-00977-2). (edu.au)
PDCD4 inhibited the migration and invasion of endometrial cells by NF-κB/MMP2/MMP9 signal pathway. (endonews.com)
The results from transwell migration and invasion assay showed that PDCD4 could repress migration and invasion of endometrial cells and imply that the inhibitory effect of PDCD4 on the migration and invasion may be mediated by NF-κB/MMP2/MMP9 signaling pathway in endometrial cells. (endonews.com)
In order to elucidate the mechanism by which PDCD4 inhibited the migration and invasion of endometrial cells, NF-κB/MMP2/MMP9 signal pathway which plays important roles in cell migration and invasion was analyzed. (endonews.com)
The level of P65, p-P65, MMP2, and MMP9 significantly regulated by PDCD4 and this implies that the inhibitory effect of PDCD4 on the migration and invasion may be mediated by NF-κB/MMP2/MMP9 signaling pathway in endometrial cells. (endonews.com)
ROS appears as a common signal triggering cell death through MAPK and/or JNK pathway activation. (unige.ch)

however, it remains unknown whether the anti-tumor effects of anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody (PD-1-Ab) treatment are changed in hyperglycemic conditions. (nature.com)
To investigate the effect of hyperglycemia on anti-tumor function induced by anti-PD-1 antibody treatment, we treated STZ-induced diabetic mice with subcutaneous MC38 colon carcinoma tumors with anti-PD-1 antibody, and examined changes in tumor growth, the number of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors. (nature.com)
Mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ or sodium citrate buffer (CB) 7 days before subcutaneous inoculation with MC38 cells in the right flank on day 0 (Fig. 1 A). Then, the mice were treated with anti-PD-1 antibody or normal rat IgG on days 5, 8, and 11. (nature.com)
For PD-L1 antibody clone SP263, 5% of iCCAs, 4% of pCCAs and 3% of dCCAs exhibited PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, thereby showing the highest frequencies of PD-L1 positivity. (biomedcentral.com)

The HER (erbB) family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases is one of the cytostatic targets in tumor cell growth and survival. (medscape.com)

2017). It was also suggested that expressing other inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, such as T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) on tumor-infiltrated Rabbit polyclonal to DDX3X cytotoxic lymphocytes, or recruiting immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells promoted PD-1 blockade resistance (Koyama et al. (thetechnoant.info)
Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
These findings suggest that inter- the apoptotic destruction of lymphocytes and dendritic ventions aimed at reducing the extent of immune cell apop- tosis could improve outcomes for a variety of severe cells could have a particularly adverse effect on disease human infections, including those caused by emerging outcome. (cdc.gov)

Introducing either necroptotic cells or an enzyme that triggers necroptosis can wipe out cancer. (the-scientist.com)

2017). Recent studies have suggested that the high tumor mutation burden and CD28 expression in exhausted CD8 T cells predict the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (Hui et al. (thetechnoant.info)

The goal of specific molecular targets in cancer therapy is to create a "magic bullet" that selectively kills cancer cells. (medscape.com)
The goal of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into cancer cells that selectively kills them without causing toxicity to the surrounding cells. (medscape.com)
Anti-PD-L1 therapy prevents cancer cells from evading the immune system and has emerged as a new treatment option in several cancer entities. (biomedcentral.com)

However, since there are many different non-muscle cell populations that reside within the tissue, these experiments cannot easily distinguish true myonuclei from those of neighboring mononuclear cells. (frontiersin.org)
Abnormal levels of PCD in CD4(+)-T-cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), containing the CD8+ T cells, were observed in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic models. (pasteur.fr)

Here, Dr. Wei group from China investigated for the first time the role of PDCD4 in the biological behaviors of endometrial cells. (endonews.com)
Furthermore, the results from transwell migration and invasion assay showed that PDCD4 could repress migration and invasion of endometrial cells. (endonews.com)

Multicellular organisms, including humans, need to keep a tight lid on the number of cells in their bodies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)

Metabolic events during programmed cell death in insect labial glands. (montclair.edu)
Dive into the research topics of 'Metabolic events during programmed cell death in insect labial glands. (montclair.edu)

The body changes with aging because changes occur in individual cells and in whole organs. (msdmanuals.com)

Prostate stromal cells were cultured, and tissue digestion media containing AGR2 prepared from prostate primary cancer 10-076 CP and adenocarcinoma LuCaP 70CR xenograft were added. (nih.gov)
We stained a tissue microarray consisting of 170 patients, including 72 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs), 57 perihilar cholangiocarcinomas (pCCAs) and 41 distal cholangiocarcinomas (dCCAs) by immunohistochemistry and evaluated PD-L1 positivity in tumor and stromal cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Accordingly, highest PD-L1 positivity rates of stromal cells with 31% in iCCA, 40% in pCCA and 61% in dCCA were detected for clone SP263. (biomedcentral.com)

DNA microarray analysis of LuCaP 70CR media-treated vs. LuCaP 145.1 media-treated cells showed downregulation of the gene SAT1 as a major change in cells exposed to AGR2. (nih.gov)
Figure 1 shows a screenshot of the AmiGO ontology browser at the Gene Ontology depicting "GO: 0012501 programmed cell death" and its child terms [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)

Max Planck Institute (MPI) cells, a non-transformed mouse line that has an AM phenotype and genotype, were treated with mass-, surface area- (s.a.), and particle number- (p.n.) equivalent concentrations of respirable asbestiform and non-asbestiform riebeckite/tremolite EMP for 24h. (cdc.gov)

This causes leaks in the membranes of mitochondria, which are the powerhouses that convert oxygen into energy in the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Once mitochondria are damaged, a cell is well and truly on its way to becoming a corpse. (medicalnewstoday.com)
[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)
A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)

This theory has its origins in the concept of "Wirkungssphäre" or "sphere of influence" proposed by Strassburger (1893) , in which he argued that a nucleus can only support a discrete volume of cytoplasm, thus defining the upper limits to cell size. (frontiersin.org)
This requirement strongly limits the number of solutions or entiation and lineage-specification, programmed cell death, and ``states'' for the system. (lu.se)
The mechanism that limits cell division involves a structure called a telomere. (msdmanuals.com)

Endometriosis is a benign disease but shares many similar features with cancers, such as abnormal cell migration, invasion, and unrestrained growth. (endonews.com)

There is a general agreement that hypertrophy is accompanied by the addition of new nuclei from stem cells to help the muscles meet the enhanced synthetic demands of a larger cell. (frontiersin.org)
The biological properties and clinical potential of stem cells elicit that are generated must not be unduly sensitive to small fluctu- continued scientific, commercial, and public interest. (lu.se)
To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)
Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)
The essence of MDS is damage of In the current work we examined All our patients were of the high-risk colony-forming units [4], but the defect haematopoietic stem cells of high-risk group and none of them was eligible of the haematopoietic stem cells is not MDS cases for apoptotic and anti-apop- for stem cell transplantation. (who.int)

Programmed cell death (PCD), as described by Lockshin and Williams 14 , is defined as controlled cell death evoked by intracellular systems. (nature.com)

Three recently published meta-analyses Limonin evaluated the prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression on tumor Limonin cells. (cancerrealitycheck.com)

To make it easy for patrolling phagocytes to home in and engulf apoptotic cells, they release strong "find-me" and "eat-me" signals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, if phagocytes fail to clear apoptotic cells quickly, these cells can turn necrotic, resulting in inflammation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Attachment to a matrix per se was not sufficient for survival, since apoptotic cells were observed when still attached to a collagen I substratum. (brighton.ac.uk)

T cell activation represents a double-edged sword in atherogenesis, as it promotes both pro-inflammatory T cell activation and atheroprotective Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) responses. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Mice deficient for both low density lipoprotein receptor and PD-1 (Ldlr(-/-)Pd1(-/-)) displayed striking increases in systemic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell T cell activation represents a double-edged sword in atherogenesis, as it promotes both pro-inflammatory T cell activation and atheroprotective Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) responses. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

In conclusion, we here demonstrate that although disruption of PD-1 signaling enhances both pro- and anti-atherogenic T cell responses in Ldlr(-/-) mice, pro-inflammatory T cell activation prevails and enhances dyslipidemia, vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
They are also the gatekeepers of inflammation , and cell death can either be pro- or anti-inflammatory, leading to different outcomes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Phagocytes and other immune cells react strongly to DAMPs by springing into action and causing inflammation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells were shunted to the lung in the presence of the infection, where they expressed high levels of inflammation-induced cell-activation blocker PD-1, and became incapable of migrating back to the tumor site. (ebi.ac.uk)
Although CNC exposures are associated with pulmonary inflammation and damage as well as oxidative stress responses and genotoxicity in vivo, studies evaluating cell transformation or tumorigenic potential of CNC's were not previously conducted. (cdc.gov)

These are not random events, but part of a finely tuned biological mechanism called programmed cell death. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Two retrospective studies from Israel 12 and Japan 13 recently reported that diabetes was negatively correlated to overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with ICIs. (nature.com)
El anticuerpo monoclonal pembrolizumab ha sido aprobado por la FDA y por la Comisión Europea para el tratamiento del NSCLC avanzado, mientras que otros fármacos están siendo evaluados en ensayos clínicos. (histopat.es)
2017). NonCsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbors CX-5461 kinase inhibitor a relatively high mutational landscape, and high tumor mutation burden tends to correlate with clinical benefits of PD-L1/PD-1 blockade treatments (Lawrence et al. (thetechnoant.info)
Introduction Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a poor prognosis and is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide [1]. (cancerrealitycheck.com)

In MC38 cells cultured with 25 mM glucose, mRNA expression of CCL7, a chemokine recruiting DCs, was decreased compared to cells cultured with 5 mM glucose. (nature.com)

In vitro and mouse experiments show how cancer cells forced through tiny pores-mimicking the physical experience of metastasis-resisted programmed cell death and avoided detection by the immune cells that would normally kill them. (the-scientist.com)

Here, we proceed to ground the experimental observations in a mechanistic immunobiochemical model that incorporates T cell pathways that control PD-1 expression. (ebi.ac.uk)

Ideal targets should be both specific to cancer cells and commonly found in cancer cells. (medscape.com)
Some labile cell types whose numbers are normally or all severe infections that could be targets for pharmaco- controlled through programmed cell death are subject to logic intervention. (cdc.gov)

Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)

Statistical analyses of PD-L1 expression (clone SP263) on tumor cells with clinicopathological data revealed a positive correlation with shortened overall survival in CCA patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Abortive infection (Abi) is a process by which cells prevent the release of functional phage virions at the expense of host cell survival/fitness. (thephage.xyz)
Experiments with individually isolated cells confirmed the requirement of basement membrane for survival, and demonstrated that survival is enhanced by cell-cell contact. (brighton.ac.uk)

Using various methodologies, such as f low cytometry based assays, RNA-sequencing, patient-derived tumour cell culture models and in vivo models of GBM, overall, we aim to delineate better treatment strategies for GBM patients. (edu.au)
Protocols portraying in vitro and ex vivo colorimetric and fluorescence-based enzyme kinetic studies as well as cell death assays are explained in the fifth chapter. (springer.com)

During inner ear development programmed cell death occurs in specific areas of the otic epithelium but the significance of it and the molecules involved have remained unclear. (biologists.com)
Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium. (virtualflybrain.org)
Overview of Stroke A stroke occurs when an artery to the brain becomes blocked or ruptures, resulting in death of an area of brain tissue due to loss of its blood supply (cerebral infarction). (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy30

Organisms12

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs116

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science7

Named Groups1

Health Care14

Apoptosis46

Ligand7

Protein12

Forms of programmed cell1

Cytotoxic T cel2

Mechanisms9

Induces1

Homeostasis2

Pathogens5

Necrosis5

Autophagy6

Receptor programmed1

Proliferation5

Caspase8

Genes5

Genetically1

Immunotherapy1

Fragments3

Cellular11

Biology3

Dendritic cells2

Epithelial2

Immunity4

Autophagic2

Anti-apoptotic3

Regulation2

Antibodies2

Spiral ganglion1

Trigger2

Suppress1

Lymphoma5

Squamous Cell Carc2

Undergo1

Pathway6

Antibody4

Tumor cell growth1

Lymphocytes3

Necroptosis1

Checkpoint inhibitors1

Therapy3

Mononuclear cells2

PDCD42

Multicellular organisms2

Metabolic2

Occur1

Stromal cells3

Gene4

Phenotype1

Mitochondria6

Limits3

Cancers1

Stem cells5

Lockshin1

Expression on tumor1

Apoptotic cells3

Treg2

Inflammation5

Biological1

NSCLC4

MRNA1

Immune cells1

Pathways1

Targets2

Effector1

Survival3

Vivo2

Occurs3