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Estrous CycleEstrusCorpus LuteumEstradiolProgesteroneDiestrusOvaryCell CycleUterusLuteinizing HormonePregnancy, AnimalOvulationProestrusPregnancyOvariectomyDinoprostEndometriumOvarian FollicleLuteal PhaseCattleFollicle Stimulating HormoneMenstrual CycleProgesterone CongenersLuteolysisSheepFollicular PhaseProgestinsLuteal CellsEstrus SynchronizationMifepristoneEstrogensOxytocinPseudopregnancyAnestrusGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneRadioimmunoassayGonadal Steroid HormonesRNA, MessengerMyometriumGranulosa CellsChorionic GonadotropinReceptors, EstrogenSwineHormone AntagonistsTime FactorsFallopian TubesEmbryo ImplantationProstaglandins FReproductionPostpartum PeriodInhibinsProlactinSexual MaturationImmunohistochemistry5-alpha-DihydroprogesteroneOviductsFertilitySteroidsVaginaFollicular FluidCastration3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesEstrus DetectionAdministration, IntravaginalAndrostenedioneInsemination, ArtificialSuperovulationGenitalia, FemaleCorpus Luteum MaintenancePregnancy ProteinsDrug ImplantsFollicular AtresiaGonadotropinsHormonesPregnenedionesTestosteroneHydroxyprogesteronesCell Cycle ProteinsTheca CellsPregnancy Maintenance20-alpha-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasePituitary GlandReceptors, EstradiolGonanes20-alpha-DihydroprogesteroneReceptors, OxytocinRats, Sprague-DawleyRandom AllocationPituitary Gland, AnteriorGonadotropins, EquineReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionGene Expression RegulationCloprostenolLactationOrgan SizeSexual Behavior, AnimalMelengestrol AcetateDose-Response Relationship, DrugCholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage EnzymeNorpregnadienes

Corpus luteumOvarianConcentrationsHormonalSynchronizationSteroidMenstrual cyclesAdministration of prostaglandinFemalesReceptorDiestrusEndocrine eventsCIDROestrusSerumHormonesEstrogensMaresRodentEwesCowsSecretionModulatesPreparesOvariesEndometriumEnzymeLevelsLastsReproductive cyclePubertySteroidsFemaleDurationFunctionsMareBreedingConceptionOccursTimeEffectsBlood flow

Corpus luteum4

• This phase is characterized by the activity of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. (wikipedia.org)
• pregnant females (410.6 ± 87.8 pg/ml) and females in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle (339.5 ± 51.0 pg/ml) had higher blow progesterone concentrations than non-pregnant females without a corpus luteum (242.5 ± 27.3 pg/ml). (vin.com)
• The primate menstrual and rodent estrous cycles are closely analogous in spite of the fact that female rodents do not have a functional corpus luteum and consequently do not have a phase analogous to the primate luteal phase (Finn, 2020). (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)
• 2012. Effect of Administration of Oxytocin During Diestrus on Corpus Luteum Function and Endometrial Oxytocin Receptor Concentration in Cycling Mares. (equine-reproduction.com)

Ovarian5

• Nullizygous mice show smaller body size, subfertility, defects in spermatogenesis and ovarian folliculogenesis, irregular estrous cycles, few/no preovulatory follicles and corpora lutea, increased granulosa cell apoptosis, and increased serum progesterone and estradiol levels after superovulation. (jax.org)
• 1,2 Utilizing samples collected from trained belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas ), the aims of this project were to validate an assay for progesterone in beluga blow, determine if progesterone concentrations in blow correlated with those in matching blood samples, and to evaluate the ability to assess the pregnancy status and ovarian function of the beluga using blow progesterone concentrations. (vin.com)
• A longitudinal change in blow progesterone was observed that corresponded with a change in pregnancy status or ovarian function in three females that were pregnant and one female with a non-conceptive estrous cycle during the study period. (vin.com)
• Ovarian function in ewes after treatment with mifepristone early during the oestrous cycle. (oregonstate.edu)
• 2018. Dynamics of uterine and ovarian arteries flow velocity waveforms and their relation to follicular and luteal growth and blood flow vascularization during the estrous cycle in Friesian cows. (abanicoacademico.mx)

Concentrations4

• Additionally, fecal P 4 concentrations in different stages of estrous cycle were compared. (sidalc.net)
• There was no significant difference in mean plasma oxytocin or progesterone concentrations between treatment groups. (oregonstate.edu)
• n = 24) concentrations of progesterone before displaying estrus and ovulating spontaneously and (ii) to identify changes in the luminal concentration of metabolites across these time points. (beaumont.org)
• Median progesterone concentrations for the treated group were 6.9 and 7.0 ng/ml for the control. (equine-reproduction.com)

Hormonal6

• Many mammals used in commercial agriculture, such as cattle and sheep, may have their estrous cycles artificially controlled with hormonal medications for optimum productivity. (wikipedia.org)
• This study investigates the effects of the electromagnetic field (EMF) resulting from the 170 kV high-voltage power lines on hormonal status, on progesterone and 17-beta estradiol levels, and on morphology of the uterus and ovaries associated with biochemical parameters of adult Wistar female rats. (twoday.net)
• It fails to ovulate due to hormonal abnormalities in some post-partum cows, resulting in a stalled reproductive cycle. (msdvetmanual.com)
• 2005). Hormonal fluctuations in the course of the estrous cycle have the same pattern in younger female rodents starting puberty as they do in older females. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)
• This article delves into the physiological, hormonal, and practical aspects of canine progesterone, utilizing scientific references to provide a comprehensive overview of its significance in canine reproduction. (belly-labs.com)
• According obtained results we could conclude those hormonal treatments didn't change the mains sexual behavior of estrous cycle of equine females. (bvsalud.org)

Synchronization2

• Comparison of methods for the synchronization of estrous cycles in dairy cows. (agri.gov.il)
• Double-use progesterone-releasing intravaginal device for the synchronization of the estrous cycle in bovine cattle. (synkroxy.com.ar)

Steroid3

• They are the class of steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptor (PR). (vedantu.com)
• Steroid treatments (estradiol, progesterone, or control) were applied across all explant groups. (tamu.edu)
• He interconnects Steroid hormone, Estrous cycle, Proenkephalin and In situ hybridization in the investigation of issues within Estrogen. (research.com)

Menstrual cycles4

• Mammals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead. (wikipedia.org)
• In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate. (wikipedia.org)
• Humans have menstrual cycles rather than estrous cycles. (wikipedia.org)
• Even though they are also present at other phases of the estrous and menstrual cycles. (vedantu.com)

Administration of prostaglandin2

• In Expt 2, ewes were injected s.c. each day with vehicle or 175 mg RU486 on days 2-5 of the oestrous cycle followed by administration of prostaglandin F(2alpha) on day 6. (oregonstate.edu)
• Cows assigned to 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR (n = 769) received administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR) on Day -10, and administration of prostaglandin F2[alpha] (PG) coincident with CIDR removal on Day -3. (umsystem.edu)

Females5

• The estrous cycle (from Latin oestrus 'frenzy', originally from Ancient Greek οἶστρος (oîstros) 'gadfly') is a set of recurring physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in females of mammalian subclass Theria. (wikipedia.org)
• Estrous cycles start after sexual maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases, otherwise known as "rest" phases, or by pregnancies. (wikipedia.org)
• In species with estrous cycles[citation needed], females are generally only sexually active during the estrus phase of their cycle. (wikipedia.org)
• A total of 167 samples collected from 12 females of various reproductive stages were assayed for progesterone. (vin.com)
• Shift work is associated with increased alcohol drinking, more so in males than females, and is thought to be a coping mechanism for disrupted sleep cycles. (mdpi.com)

Receptor5

• Dual-label immunocytochemistry experiments showed that 40-60% of kisspeptin neurons in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) expressed estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptors. (jneurosci.org)
• The purpose of this study was to determine the ontogeny of cellular changes in the expression of estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ), G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), and progesterone receptors (PRs) in endometriosis using a mouse model. (springer.com)
• Estrogen receptor-β, estrogen receptor-α, and progesterone resistance in endometriosis. (springer.com)
• Progesterone receptor modulators for endometriosis. (springer.com)
• The Hypothalamus study combines topics in areas such as Pituitary gland, Basal, Progesterone receptor and Anterior pituitary. (research.com)

Diestrus5

• Progesterone levels rise in diestrus to maintain the uterine lining. (qualitycage.com)
• This paper reports that the dynamic changes in the bovine uterine luminal metabolome during diestrus are independent of the concentration of progesterone in the previous cycle. (beaumont.org)
• The rodent estrous cycle lasts 4 days and consists of 4 phases: proestrus, estrus, metestrus (diestrus I), and diestrus (II). (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)
• Progesterone levels possess a small, secondary peak midway through diestrus I and II whilst estrogen levels rise later to peak as the rodents reenter proestrus. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)
• Our own interpretation of these results, notwithstanding the author's observation that "In this population of mares, oxytocin administration during mid-diestrus in early pregnancy did not induce a negative effect on pregnancy rate nor a positive effect on progesterone concentration", is that there may be a potential benefit. (equine-reproduction.com)

Endocrine events2

• During reproductive processes, ovulation and follicle numbers are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG-axis) and involve sequential waves of endocrine events, including changes in progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Essentially all signs relate to disruption of the normal endocrine events of the estrous cycle that results from this failure of ovulatory events. (msdvetmanual.com)

CIDR2

• He then told me about the CIDR (Cervical Implant Drug Release) plugs, which contain the hormone progesterone. (bowhunter.com)
• The CIDR plug releases hormones that will cause the doe to stop the estrous cycle. (bowhunter.com)

Oestrus2

• Ewes were injected s.c. twice a day with vehicle or 10 mg RU486 on days 5-7 of the oestrous cycle (oestrus = day 0). (oregonstate.edu)
• Four of five RU486-treated ewes showed 'split-oestrus' (oestrous behaviour for 36 h and then again at 84-108 h after the onset of initial oestrus). (oregonstate.edu)

Serum2

• The objective of this article was to biologically validate in domestic felids the 'field method' for progesterone (P4) fecal extraction by a correlating fecal and serum values. (sidalc.net)
• The phase on the estrous cycle can be experimentally determined by measuring serum estradiol and progesterone levels or by evaluating adjustments in vaginal cytology (Becker et al. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)

Hormones1

• Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary gland that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself that releases sex hormones, including estrogens and progesterone. (wikipedia.org)

Estrogens1

• They are mainly grouped into two classes- corticosteroids (includes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids), and sex steroids (includes progesterone, androgens and estrogens). (vedantu.com)

Mares3

• 39 mares aged between 5 and 19 years were managed over 55 estrous cycles. (equine-reproduction.com)
• There were no statistical differences found between the two groups of mares relative to pregnancy rates at any stage, or progesterone levels. (equine-reproduction.com)
• It is not clear if any of these mares might otherwise have had "low progesterone" levels, so although a beneficial effect was not clearly demonstrated, it cannot be ruled out. (equine-reproduction.com)

Rodent2

• Levels of endocannabinoid ligands (AEA, NAGly, and 2-AG) change significantly in rodent brain with the estrous cycle and show sex differences, suggesting a preparatory role for mating [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Estrogen and progesterone levels fluctuate naturally for the duration of the primate menstrual cycle plus the rodent estrous cycle. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)

Ewes1

• The mean masses of mature corpora lutea from control and RU486-treated ewes on day 6 of the oestrous cycle did not differ significantly (394.8 +/- 28.8 versus 319.5 +/- 48.3 mg). (oregonstate.edu)

Cows3

• Pre-estrus progesterone does not affect post-estrus luminal metabolome in cross-bred beef cows. (beaumont.org)
• Silva FACC, Martins T, Sponchiado M, Rocha CC, Ashrafi N, Graham SF, et al Pre-estrus progesterone does not affect post-estrus luminal metabolome in cross-bred beef cows. (beaumont.org)
• In conclusion, later timing of FTAI following the 7 and 7 Synch protocol failed to improve P/AI of estrous cows inseminated h sex-sorted semen. (umsystem.edu)

Secretion2

• and the progesterone secretion, which suppresses the immune system during pregnancy, will make the uterus vulnerable to bacterial infection. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
• The aim of this study was to determine whether endogenous progesterone regulates synthesis and secretion of luteal oxytocin. (oregonstate.edu)

Modulates1

• IN BRIEF: The concentration of progesterone through the estrous cycle modulates uterine function to affect the luminal metabolome. (beaumont.org)

Prepares1

• If she mates and ovulation occurs, a hormone called progesterone, which thickens the endometrium and prepares it for pregnancy, is secreted by the ovary. (catwatchnewsletter.com)

Ovaries4

• 0.05) decreases were determined among the groups in terms of reproductive organ weights (uterus and ovaries) and progesterone and estrogen levels in relation to the varying periods of the estrous cycle. (twoday.net)
• It is concluded that exposure to the ELF-EMFs for different time periods produced significant decreases in plasma catalase activities in the 3-month exposure groups but no effects on progesterone level, on 17-beta estradiol level, or on the morphology and weight of uterus and ovaries. (twoday.net)
• Progesterone, a hormone produced by the ovaries, plays a pivotal role in the breeding process. (belly-labs.com)
• Ovulation is a pivotal event in the reproductive cycle of a female dog, marking the release of eggs from her ovaries, making it the optimal time for successful mating. (belly-labs.com)

Endometrium1

• One difference is that animals that have estrous cycles resorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. (wikipedia.org)

Enzyme2

• Utilizing pooled female blow samples, an enzyme immunoassay for progesterone was validated for use with beluga blow samples following extraction with diethyl ether. (vin.com)
• The neuroactive progestogen allopregnanolone (also known as 3,5-tetrahydroprogesterone or 3-hydroxy-5-pregnan-20-one) is synthesized from progesterone by isozymes on the enzyme 5alpha-reductase (5-reductase) and by the enzyme 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HSD). (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)

Levels4

• Since changes in reproductive hormone levels can also increase the probability of anxiety disorders in women, we examined the effects of ELA on adult female mice across the estrous cycle. (researchgate.net)
• Estradiol and progesterone levels peak during proestrus after which plummet to their lowest levels during estrus (Becker et al. (deubiquitinaseinhibitor.com)
• One of the critical aspects that pet owners must comprehend is the monitoring of dog progesterone levels for breeding. (belly-labs.com)
• In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the significance of tracking and interpreting progesterone levels for successful dog breeding. (belly-labs.com)

Lasts1

• This cycle usually lasts four to five days, with 12 hours of estrus phase, when the female rat is sexually receptive and can mate with a male rat. (qualitycage.com)

Reproductive cycle2

• But what factors regulate their reproductive cycle? (qualitycage.com)
• Progesterone is a vital hormone that plays a pivotal role in regulating the reproductive cycle of female dogs. (belly-labs.com)

Puberty1

• When an intact female cat reaches puberty, she will begin her estrous cycles, commonly known as periods of "heat. (catwatchnewsletter.com)

Steroids1

• Collectively, the post-estrus concentration of luminal metabolites changed dynamically, independent of the concentration of sex steroids on the previous cycle, and the greatest magnitude changes were on day 14 when lipid metabolism was the most enriched pathway. (beaumont.org)

Female9

• Following estrous cycle monitoring, each A-female (see further for explanation) was transferred to the cage of a randomly selected non sibling A-male of the same treatment group for up to 14 days. (europa.eu)
• Female rats go through a recurring cycle known as the estrous cycle. (qualitycage.com)
• The estrous cycle in rats takes four steps that prepare the female rats for breeding. (qualitycage.com)
• Female rats may enter their first estrous cycle by five weeks of age, but waiting until three months before allowing them to breed is a good idea if you're a breeder. (qualitycage.com)
• Female rats have an estrous cycle every four to five days, with the receptive estrus phase lasting about 12 hours. (qualitycage.com)
• Older rats may experience decreased cycle frequency, but male pheromones can stimulate more regular cycles in female rats. (qualitycage.com)
• In this study, we disrupted circadian rhythms in female and male mice using both environmental (i.e., shifting diurnal cycles) and genetic (i.e. (mdpi.com)
• Alcohol consumption and preference, as well as food and water consumption, total caloric intake, and weight were assessed in adult female and male Clock Δ19/Δ19 mutant mice or wild-type (WT) litter-mates, housed under a 12-hour:12-hour light:dark (L:D) cycle or a shortened 10-hour:10-hour L:D cycle. (mdpi.com)
• The test helps them pinpoint the exact stage of the estrous cycle in the female dog, also known as the "heat" cycle. (belly-labs.com)

Duration1

• These cycles are widely variable in duration and frequency depending on the species. (wikipedia.org)

Functions1

• Understanding the functions of progesterone in dogs is crucial for breeders, veterinarians, and dog enthusiasts alike. (belly-labs.com)

Mare1

• These data support the existence of a spermatozoal reservoir in the oviductal isthmus of the mare and suggest that there may be cycle stage-specific regulation of both motility and the number of spermatozoa attached to oviductal epithelium. (tamu.edu)

Breeding2

• Breeders, pet owners, and researchers all benefit from understanding the rats' breeding cycle. (qualitycage.com)
• This rat breeding guide will explore the intricacies of rat breeding cycles in greater depth and discuss their various states and the internal and external influences that affect them. (qualitycage.com)

Conception1

• 2. Effects of progesterone and parity on conception. (agri.gov.il)

Occurs1

• If no fertilization occurs, the lining breaks down, and the cycle repeats. (qualitycage.com)

Time3

• They also express the immediate early gene c-FOS, a molecular marker indicative of intense neural activation, at the time of the OVX+E±progesterone-evoked LH surge. (jneurosci.org)
• But when removed, the doe will restart her cycle within hours, at which time the vet inseminates the doe with semen drawn from a "stud" whitetail. (bowhunter.com)
• The number of spermatozoa that bound to explants was affected by stage of cycle, anatomic origin of explant, and time in co-culture (p (tamu.edu)

Effects1

• 1. Effects on plasma progesterone and manifestation of estrus. (agri.gov.il)

Blood flow1

• In heat, the vulva will swell and become red, due to increased blood flow, can be useful in estrous detection when coupled with other signs. (ufl.edu)