• and reprogramming progenitor cells in vivo to treat disease. (genomeweb.com)
  • Glioblastomas are intrinsic brain tumors believed to originate from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Rapidly dividing daughter neural progenitor cells, the progeny of neural stem cells, can differentiate into most types of cells that inhabit the brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Far more common are their immediate progeny, which are called neural progenitor cells, or NPCs. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • During human forebrain development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the ventricular zone (VZ) undergo asymmetric cell divisions to produce a self-renewed progenitor cell, maintaining the potential to go through additional rounds of cell divisions, and differentiating daughter cells, populating the developing cortex. (elifesciences.org)
  • During human brain development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) undergo two modes of cell division. (elifesciences.org)
  • Downloaded from periodic thymic colonization by progenitor cells guarantees stage. (lu.se)
  • Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) undergo asymmetric cell division (ACD) to generate one OPC and one differentiating oligodendrocyte (OL) progeny. (escholarship.org)
  • Smad4 deletion in stem, but not progenitor cells, as well as Noggin infusion lead to an increased number of Olig2-expressing progeny that migrate to the corpus callosum and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. (cipsm.de)
  • Neurons that arise in the adult nervous system originate from neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Neural stem cells can also give rise to neural progenitor cells, which proliferate rapidly during their short lives and then 'differentiate' into neurons or glia. (elifesciences.org)
  • Consequently, neural stem and progenitor cells have usually been studied retrospectively, based on their ability to form colonies in laboratory cell cultures. (elifesciences.org)
  • A region of the brain called the subventricular zone contains both neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and is one of only two regions of the brain where neural stem cells are found in adult mammals. (elifesciences.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in mammals primarily reside in the bone marrow after birth. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, the dynamics of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and their interactions with the niche are dynamic and complex, and our knowledge of the spatial organization of bone marrow cells and niche factors is still limited. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our data also suggested that expression of SCL was transient and confined to hematopoietic stem and/or progenitor cells, because the differentiated progeny of most lineages (except the erythroid) were beta-galactosidase-negative. (ozgene.com)
  • Glioma cells indicated both isoforms of pyruvate kinase and inhibition of either glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation got minimal influence on energy creation in GSCs and progenitor cells. (crispr-reagents.com)
  • Combined with two different lifestyle circumstances our imaging program allows for evaluation of differentiated progeny in monolayer civilizations (high proteasome activity ZsGreen-cODC-negative) where GSCs have become uncommon with differentiating progenitor cells (high proteasome activity ZsGreen-cODC-negative) and GSCs (low proteasome activity ZsGreen-cODC-positive) in neurospheres (Desk S1). (crispr-reagents.com)
  • Bmi-1 is also indicated as a key factor in controlling Th2 cell differentiation and development by stabilizing GATA transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • One major focus of the lab is the utilization of iPS Cells for the study of intestinal differentiation with a particular interest in Colorectal Carcinoma (CRC). (bu.edu)
  • By studying the earlier events associated with intestinal differentiation comparing the normal and mutant cells we aim at discovering the basic mechanisms involved in tumor development in the gastrointestinal tract. (bu.edu)
  • We are combining novel engineered stromal cells with gene editing to explore a way to direct the differentiation of iPSC into hematopoietic progenitors and into a T cell/T reg lineage. (bu.edu)
  • Despite these efforts, few genes are known to play a role in the processes of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. (bu.edu)
  • This differentiation of stem cells to a cell type that performs a specific function is thought to be irreversible. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These robust, rapidly dividing cells are poised to travel down a committed path of differentiation to yield new brain cells of several different types including neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • By focusing on the roles of these non-coding RNAs in orchestrating transitions, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition that facilitates metastasis, and the differentiation of stem-like tumour cells into differentiated progeny, we hope to elucidate functions of this previously unrecognised layer of regulatory RNAs. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • High variability and low consistency are major problems in manual stem cell culture processes, for both growth of stem cells and their differentiation into pre-defined cell types. (genengnews.com)
  • This minimizes fluctuations in environmental conditions that have been shown to impact on both cell growth over multiple passages and on the ultimate differentiation into specific cell types. (genengnews.com)
  • Their analysis of more than 4,000 individual tumor cells, the largest effort to date in brain tumors, finds three developmental categories of cancer cells - one resembling neural stem cells and two characterized by sets of genes indicting paths towards differentiation. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Unlike female mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which possess two active X chromosomes and undergo XCI upon induction of differentiation, female human ESCs exhibit various epigenetic states of the X chromosome, indicating a surprising epigenetic instability of these cells under normal culturing conditions. (ca.gov)
  • The application of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) requires reliable cell sources that do not change over time and initiate proper transcriptional and chromatin changes upon induction of differentiation. (ca.gov)
  • Therefore, it is important to understand how and when aberrancies such as the epigenetic instability of the X chromosome arise, and to define their consequences for differentiation processes and the differentiated progeny. (ca.gov)
  • Therefore, it is important to systematically define the epigenetic abnormalities that hESCs and hiPSCs carry, to understand how and when the epigenetic instability of the X chromosome arises during the derivation of these cells, to define the consequences if the different X chromosome states for differentiation, and to find ways to overcome the epigenetic instability. (ca.gov)
  • Lgl1 controls NG2 endocytic pathway to regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and asymmetric cell division and gliomagenesis. (escholarship.org)
  • Loss of pro-mitotic proteoglycan and OPC marker NG2 in the OL progeny is the earliest immunophenotypic change of unknown mechanism that indicates differentiation commitment. (escholarship.org)
  • Lgl1 conditional knockout OPC progeny retain NG2 and show reduced OL differentiation, while undergoing more symmetric self-renewing divisions at the expense of asymmetric divisions. (escholarship.org)
  • While scientists knew the worm's cell lineage, their understanding of the mechanism behind the differentiation of all its cells was rudimentary. (cornell.edu)
  • While the researchers were studying cell differentiation in the worms, they accidentally cued in to a new area of research. (cornell.edu)
  • CSCs take charge of a cancer hierarchy, harboring stem cell-like properties involving self-renewal and aberrant differentiation potential. (bmbreports.org)
  • HCK expression is up-regulated at the transcriptional level during myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Abstract: A network of lineage-specific transcription factors and microRNAs tightly regulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells along the distinct lineages. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Disruption of Ca2+ signaling in the PSC or the GJ-mediated network connecting niche cells causes dysregulation of the PSC and blood progenitor differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Early stages of B-cell differentiation can be identified by the status of the immunoglobulin genes and by the cell surface markers CD34, CD19, and surface immunoglobulin (sIg). (medscape.com)
  • Many existing protocols for neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent cells result in heterogeneous cell populations and unsynchronized differentiation, necessitating the development of methods for labeling specific cell populations. (lu.se)
  • We provide detailed protocols for lentiviral transduction, neural differentiation, and subsequent analysis of human embryonic stem cells. (lu.se)
  • Although human HSCs as vehicles to treat metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) has been used to treat patients with early onset MLD in a phase I/II trial, the HSCs give rise to all different blood cell lineages, such as the myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast, BMSCs are capable of differentiating into mesenchymal lineages such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and even neurons and astrocytes [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, this chapter focuses on the structural (clastogenicity) and numerical (aneugenicity) form of CA analysis in lineage-specific HSPCs comprised of myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid lineages.In this protocol, we describe how to perform CA analysis in lineage-specific HSPCs derived from freshly isolated mouse bone marrow cells (MBMCs) using the combined techniques of colony-forming unit (CFU) and karyotyping. (bvsalud.org)
  • stem cells (CSCs) which are defined by their ability to self-renew and to give rise to all lineages of progeny found in glioma (1). (crispr-reagents.com)
  • They also know that adult stem cells divide to produce progeny cells, which can differentiate into a variety of other tissue cells (called effector or end cells). (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • A stem cell is commonly defined as a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and produce progeny cells that differentiate (develop) into various other types of cells or tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stem cells rely on extracellular signals produced by the niche, which dictate their ability to self-renew, expand and differentiate. (karger.com)
  • Asymmetric divisions result in two daughter cells with different fates and cellular behaviour: one daughter remains in the VZ and retains the ability to self-renew, comparable to the mother cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • Understanding the diversity and inter-relationships of bone-marrow stem cells, including how these cells move through the blood to home in on particular tissues, and the signals that control their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cells. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • In contrast to ESC, iPS cells are genetically identical to the individual from whom they are derived, raising the prospect of utilizing iPS cells for autologous cell based therapies without risk of rejection. (bu.edu)
  • Differences in metabolic processes in normal and cancer cells (e.g. hypoxia - low oxygen) present opportunities for targeted therapies, but can also interfere with standard treatments such as radiotherapy. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The CSCs in their dormant and slow-cycling stage are less likely to be affected by conventional anti-tumor therapies which generally target rapidly dividing cells. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Literature review: This review summarizes current knowledge, barriers, and challenges in the clinical use of adult stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors for the development and evaluation of regenerative endodontic therapies. (bvsalud.org)
  • This explains why researchers are now focusing attention on developing stem cell therapies using postnatal stem cells donated by the patients themselves or their close relatives. (bvsalud.org)
  • The neurosphere-forming cells, named GEPCOT cells, were short-lived and highly proliferative in the brain. (elifesciences.org)
  • It turns out that stem cells generate transit-amplifying cells (TACs), a highly proliferative progeny, to expand the system and produce diverse cell types downstream. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • Studies have increasingly focused on the potential therapeutic effects of stem cell transplantation for neurological diseases [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • this limitation has been overcome via ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic component of telomerase, to produce large quantities of these cells as an attractive source for cellular transplantation [ 16 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Transplantation experiments further verified the cell-autonomous nature of this phenotype. (cipsm.de)
  • This involves transplantation of developing midbrain cells from aborted fetuses, (the part that form mesDA neurons), into the striatum of a PD patient. (lu.se)
  • We still do not know what specific factors contribute to the success in transplantation i.e. what cells are responsible for motor recovery? (lu.se)
  • The aim of this thesis was to understand how particular factors such as neuronal content, placement and cell source, affect functional outcome after transplantation into the rodent brain. (lu.se)
  • Treatment is often supportive, but Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib, fedratinib, or pacritnib, may decrease symptoms and stem cell transplantation may be curative. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Given that phenotypic changes in Bmi1 knockout mice are numerous and that Bmi1 has very broad tissue distribution, it is possible that it regulates the self-renewal of other types of somatic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Colorectal cancer stem cell self-renewal was reduced by BMI1 inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Altogether our FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorter) analyses reveal that the neonatal subventricular zone is far more heterogeneous than previously suspected and our studies provide new insights into the signals and mechanisms that regulate their self-renewal and proliferation. (karger.com)
  • In one of the locations-called the bulge- these McSCs undergo self-renewal to maintain a population of immature stem cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Thus, the data described here use a novel genetic approach to birthdate centrosomes in human cells and identify asymmetric inheritance of centrosomes as a mechanism to maintain self-renewal properties and to ensure proper neurogenesis in human NPCs. (elifesciences.org)
  • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiating into all the other cell types within a tissue. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • CSCs possess unlimited self-renewal capacity similar to that of physiological stem cells and unlike other differentiated cell types within the tumor. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The niche is the environment in which stem cells reside and is responsible for the maintenance of unique stem cell properties such as self-renewal and an undifferentiated state. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The necessary intrinsic pathways that are utilized by this cancer stem cell population to maintain both self-renewal and the ability to differentiate are believed to be a result of the environment where cancer stem cells reside. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The use of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in combination with bioengineering advances and genome editing offers unique opportunities for developing personalized disease models and tissues for regenerative medicine," the NIH said. (genomeweb.com)
  • Here, we extended the approach to describe the genome topologies of differentiated human lymphoid and myeloid cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. (ca.gov)
  • Specifically, we have generated differentiated human myeloid and DP thymocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). (ca.gov)
  • We also would aim to describe in detail the 3D-architecture of lymphoid and myeloid genomes that are derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. (ca.gov)
  • The researchers started out with human pluripotent stem cells, which can differentiate into various cell types. (israel21c.org)
  • The researchers reprogrammed the pluripotent stem cells to an earlier (naïve) stage corresponding to day 7 of a natural human embryo, around the time it implants itself in the womb. (israel21c.org)
  • Our lab has a major interest in the study of induced Pluripotent Stem cells or iPS cells and the development of tools for their generation and characterization. (bu.edu)
  • Pioneering work by the laboratory of Dr. Yamanaka showed that fibroblasts transduced with retroviral vectors expressing four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells that appear almost indistinguishable from ESC. (bu.edu)
  • This strategy provides a useful tool for visualization and identification of neural progeny derived from human pluripotent stem cells. (lu.se)
  • Given this, human pluripotent stem cells, such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripo- tent stem cells (hiPSCs), have become a unique cell source for study- ing early human brain development. (lu.se)
  • However, current protocols for deriving neurons from human pluripotent stem cells give rise to heterogeneous cell populations both in regard to the temporal aspects and the cellular composition. (lu.se)
  • These strat- egies provide a robust way to visualize and isolate specific cell pop- ulations of differentiated pluripotent stem cells. (lu.se)
  • Both in animal models and humans, it has been shown that cell therapy can induce therapeutic angiogenesis, making mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy one of the most promising therapeutic alternatives. (unav.edu)
  • The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of cell therapy based on mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue intramuscular administration to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with critical limb ischemia and without possibility of revascularization. (unav.edu)
  • Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown benefit in other inflammatory diseases. (unav.edu)
  • The use of human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hTERT-BMSCs) as vehicles to deliver antinociceptive galanin (GAL) molecules into pain-processing centers represents a novel cell therapy strategy for pain management. (hindawi.com)
  • Bone marrow stem cells, including the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), are being considered as potential targets for cell and gene therapy-based approaches against a variety of different diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • These dental stem cells are considered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and possess different levels of capacities to become specific tissue forming cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The consortium's goal, the NIH said, is to translate recent advances in progenitor cell biology, including those made by the NHLBI's Progenitor Cell Biology Consortium and the Lung Repair and Regeneration Consortium , to develop new treatments for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and hematologic diseases. (genomeweb.com)
  • Our study suggests that melanocyte stem cells are mobile but can start the regeneration of hair melanocytes only when they are present in a specific area within the hair follicle (hair germ compartment). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Stem cells in the body are responsible for the regeneration of tissue in the body and can differentiate to form an array of specialized cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Differential gene expression during regeneration, under different RNAi conditions or cell-type specific expression levels. (mpg.de)
  • For decades biologists have believed that stem cells are key for understanding regeneration and repair. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • Second, TACs perform critical regulatory roles in tissue regeneration by influencing stem cell activity and niche remodeling. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • This and other work is contributing to the investigation of how bone-marrow stem cells and their "progeny" protect the body from infection, repair, and the regeneration of damaged tissues. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • Regenerative tissues follow a hierarchical organization with adult stem cells at the top maintaining tissues and normal adult cells during homeostasis and regeneration during cell loss from injury. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • There are limited numbers of publications about ES cells in pulp regeneration, due to the restricted policies regarding ES cell research over the past few years. (bvsalud.org)
  • In mammary gland development, Notch-dependent heterotypic signaling between resident tissue macrophages and mammary stem cells supports survival and function of the normal mammary stem cell 20 . (nature.com)
  • Replicate plant cells or protoplasts that are placed under identical conditions of tissue culture do not always grow and differentiate to produce identical progeny (clones). (jrank.org)
  • Agrobacterium cells with a genetically-modified plasmid, containing a gene for the desired trait and a marker gene, usually conferring antibiotic resistance, are incubated with protoplasts or small pieces of plant tissue. (jrank.org)
  • Many researchers believe that these cells may be able to regenerate damaged brain tissue by integrating into circuits that have been eroded by neurodegenerative disease or destroyed by injury. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • However, obtaining primary neuronal cells from adult tissue is difficult and faces major ethical issues in clinical practice. (hindawi.com)
  • This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)
  • Unlike some other tissues, it has not been possible to identify or purify neural stem cells directly from the tissue. (elifesciences.org)
  • The field of cell biology & tissue physiology is the study of how different molecules, cells and extra-cellular components contribute to the behaviour of cells and tissues. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This requires a detailed understanding of genetics, epigenetics, genome integrity, metabolism, exosomes, stem cells, tissue physiology and early-stage cancer biology, how these features relate to each other and their contribution to healthy and diseased states. (ox.ac.uk)
  • First, TACs are directly responsible for generating a large amount of diverse progeny within a tissue. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • Zhang and Hsu conclude, "We are expecting to see more examples showing the critical functions of TACs in other tissues, since TACs are the true workforce for tissue production, not stem cells. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • If we want to development treatment for a variety of diseases through manipulating tissue production, we need to understand a lot more about the cells that actually do the job. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • Researchers know that stem cells can replenish mature tissue cells when they expire, or repair tissues that are diseased or damaged. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • Dormant stage is exhibited even in adult stem cells and the dormant normal stem cells can regain cell division potential during tissue injury ( Wilson A, et al, Cell, 12 Dec 2008;135(6):1118-29 ). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The key elements of tissue engineering are stem cells, morphogen, and a scaffold of extracellular matrix. (bvsalud.org)
  • Postnatal stem cells have been sourced from umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord, bone marrow, peripheral blood, body fat, and almost all body tissues, including the pulp tissue of teeth 8 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Use of human fetal tissue raises several ethical issues, but are there alternative cell sources that can substitute effectively? (lu.se)
  • Through understanding functional recovery in terms of neuronal subtype and connectivity, the work presented in this thesis aims to bring the prospect of CRT closer to the clinic, I also describe the generation of a very promising alternative cell source that could rival fetal tissue. (lu.se)
  • Unlike most other mature brain cells, microglia can proliferate throughout adulthood, especially in response to brain injury. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • As a consequence, the reticuloendothelial and lymphoid organs in which these cells proliferate, differentiate, and are stored are poorly developed. (medscape.com)
  • Motile swarmer cells can not undergo DNA replication until they differentiate into stationary stalked cells. (csun.edu)
  • as they undergo cell division. (lu.se)
  • Proliferation-linked shifts in eligibility of T-cell progenitors, population dynamics, DN1 cells to undergo specification thus control kinetics of T-cell generation. (lu.se)
  • Cancer A clonal growth (cells all descended from one ancestral cell) that undergo continuing mitotic divisions and are not inhibited in their growth when they come in contact with neighboring cells (contact inhibition). (agemed.org)
  • CSCs display the slow-migratory, invadopod-rich phenotype that is the hallmark of disseminating tumor cells. (nature.com)
  • 60% of circulating tumor cells. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, macrophages were shown to contribute to a niche that can support and maintain a breast CSC (BCSC) phenotype through heterotypic CD90/EphA4 signaling between macrophage and tumor cell 14 . (nature.com)
  • A minor subpopulation of cancer cells, known as glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), are thought to play a major role in tumor relapse due to their stem cell-like properties, their high resistance to conventional treatments and their high invasion capacity. (nature.com)
  • Here, we show that chronic (6-month) exposure of human lung epithelial cells to single-walled (SW) CNTs at the workplace-relevant concentration induced an emergence of lung CSCs, as indicated by the induction of CSC tumor spheres and side population (SP). (oncotarget.com)
  • These CSCs, which were found to overexpress tumor promoter caveolin-1 (Cav-1), displayed aggressive cancer phenotypes of apoptosis resistance and enhanced cell invasion and migration compared with their non-CSC counterpart. (oncotarget.com)
  • A study analyzing brain tumor genomics on a single-cell level has found evidence that cancer stem cells fuel the growth of oligodendrogliomas, a slow-growing but incurable form of brain cancer. (technologynetworks.com)
  • In their paper receiving advance online publication in Nature, a team led by investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard identifies for the first time cancer stem cells and their differentiated progeny in human brain tumor samples. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Importantly, these three developmental signatures were found in distinct genetic clones - cells with identical patterns of genetic mutations - of tumor cells. (technologynetworks.com)
  • For the past 20 years, plenty of studies have suggested that only a small subpopulation of the cancer cells with tumor-initiating capability is the core origin of the tumorigenesis and the subset of cancer cells was named cancer stem cells (CSCs). (bmbreports.org)
  • In addition, it is now accepted that cancers can arise from and be maintained by the cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor-initiating cells (TIC), commonly expanded in vitro as tumorspheres from several solid tumors, including melanoma (melanospheres). (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, it would be relevant to determine whether the pathway signature of the bulk tumor characterizes also the melanoma initiating cell (MIC) compartment in order to favor potentially more curative MIC-effective molecularly targeted approaches [ 20 - 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gliomas include a small number of treatment-resistant glioma stem cells (GSCs) and it is thought that tumor 6-Mercaptopurine Monohydrate regrowth originates from GSCs thus rendering GSCs an attractive target for novel treatment approaches. (crispr-reagents.com)
  • We hypothesized that the metabolic state of glioma CSCs differs from that of the bulk tumor cell population. (crispr-reagents.com)
  • Cancer stem cells can also generate non-CSC progeny that is comprised of differentiated cells and forms tumor bulk. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • For instance, Li et al (2008) reported that CSC accumulated in the breast of women with locally advanced tumors after cytotoxic chemotherapy had eliminated the bulk of the tumor cells ( Li X,et al, J Natl Cancer Inst, 7 May 2008;100(9):672-9 ). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Because of ethical and experimental constraints and more important, to reduce and refine animal experimentation, we used our repository of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from various domesticated and wildlife animal species to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
  • Expression of AND-34 regulates epithelial cell growth pattern, motility, and growth factor dependence. (molvis.org)
  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role during metastasis, but the dynamic behavior and induction mechanisms of CSCs are not well understood. (nature.com)
  • At the apex of the hierarchy are the cancer stem cells (CSCs). (nature.com)
  • Importantly, CSCs are intrinsically more therapy resistant than their more differentiated progeny 5 . (nature.com)
  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may represent targets for carcinogenic initiation by chemical and environmental agents. (oncotarget.com)
  • Evolving research in stem cells and cancer biology have provided strong evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in various human solid tumors, including brain, breast, bone marrow, prostrate, colon, and lung [ 3 , 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Induction of CSCs from non-tumorigenic cells may initiate carcinogenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • According to recent findings, especially targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) is the most promising therapeutic strategy. (bmbreports.org)
  • As it can be inferred from its nomenclature, CSCs share several features of normal stem cells. (bmbreports.org)
  • Progeny derived from CSCs are believed to lack these features (2). (crispr-reagents.com)
  • Caulobacter's obligate cell cycle is controlled by oscillating master regulators that control different genetic modules in space and time. (csun.edu)
  • Several projects in the lab utilizes the liver differentiated progeny of iPSC to study genetic and infectious diseases affecting the liver. (bu.edu)
  • Using a novel, recombination-induced tag exchange-based genetic tool to birthdate and track the segregation of centrosomes over multiple cell divisions in human embryonic stem cell-derived regionalised forebrain organoids, we show the preferential inheritance of the older mother centrosome towards self-renewed NPCs. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using molecular genetic techniques, the Liu lab put green florescent markers inside C. elegans M lineage cells so that the researchers could track each cell as the developing worms went through cell division. (cornell.edu)
  • Culture of sorted bone marrow populations on stromal cells secreting interleukin-7 or in fetal thymic organ cultures showed that B and T lymphoid progenitors were also present in the lacZhigh and lacZint fractions. (ozgene.com)
  • Since then they were systematically cultured as tumorospheres in defined stem cell culture conditions, allowing them to keep their GSC properties including their capacity to generate intracerebral tumors in immunodeficient mice (Supplementary Fig. S1 A). (nature.com)
  • Plant cells that have been transformed by the plasmid can be selected on media containing the antibiotic, and then cultured to generate new, transgenic plants. (jrank.org)
  • We have also modified it to make it excisable and have used it to generate mouse and human iPS cells free of exogenous transgenes. (bu.edu)
  • Hair follicles contain several different types of cells, including melanocyte stem cells that generate cells that produce the pigment melanin responsible for hair color. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The study found that aging results in a greater portion of these melanocyte stem cells getting stuck at the site where they produce stem cells, which leaves a smaller portion of stem cells to generate melanin-producing cells, resulting in the graying of hair. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The stem cells in the hair follicle generate the cells to help regenerate hair follicle cells and facilitate hair growth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In detail, thymus-settling progenitors enter the thymus and generate early T-cell progeni- tors (ETP/DN1 stage), which in turn give rise to DN2, DN3 and DN4 cells. (lu.se)
  • How can a small group of highly dormant cells generate the large bulk of tissues needed for daily wear and tear, or replace damaged tissues? (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Cav-1 not only promoted tumorigenesis in a xenograft mouse model but also metastasis of the transformed cells to neighboring tissues. (oncotarget.com)
  • Transit-amplifying cells TACs have long been viewed as a passive population that just cranks out tissues. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • The Biomedical Research Centre's researchers recently made important discoveries about the ways bone marrow stem cells differentiate into various types of cells that can fuse with cells in other tissues - such as brain or muscle - to contribute genes. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • The goal is to develop safe, effective methods for using these stem cells to regenerate tissues damaged by disease or trauma. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • All tissues originate from stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bmi1 is necessary for efficient self-renewing cell divisions of adult hematopoietic stem cells as well as adult peripheral and central nervous system neural stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The embryo models, created from adult human skin cells and cultivated stem cells, could improve fertility research. (israel21c.org)
  • Some of these were derived from reprogrammed adult skin cells and others were the progeny of lab-cultured human stem-cell lines. (israel21c.org)
  • These results demonstrate the loss of AND-34 dysregulates focal adhesion complex signaling in lens epithelial cells and suggest that AND-34-mediated signaling is required for maintenance of the structural integrity of the adult ocular lens. (molvis.org)
  • Accepted: 24 October 2012 cell yield data, our models require that adult DN1 cells divide multiple times before becoming competent to progress into DN2 stage. (lu.se)
  • Here, we show that bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-mediated signaling is active in adult neural stem cells and is crucial to initiate the neurogenic lineage in the adult mouse subependymal zone. (cipsm.de)
  • Conditional deletion of Smad4 in adult neural stem cells severely impairs neurogenesis, and this is phenocopied by infusion of Noggin, an extracellular antagonist of BMP. (cipsm.de)
  • Thus, BMP-mediated signaling via Smad4 is required to initiate neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells and suppress the alternative fate of oligodendrogliogenesis. (cipsm.de)
  • An adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has a fixed number of somatic (nonreproductive) cells-exactly 959," Liu says. (cornell.edu)
  • We prospectively identified, and isolated by flow cytometry, adult mouse lateral ventricle subventricular zone (SVZ) NICs as Glast mid EGFR high PlexinB2 high CD24 −/low O4/PSA-NCAM −/low Ter119/CD45 − (GEPCOT) cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • The most valuable cells for regenerative endodontics are postnatal or adult stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on their origin, there are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and postnatal or adult stem cells (AS cells). (bvsalud.org)
  • Recently, there offers been a developing recognition of the want to elucidate the root connections between cells and nanomaterials in parallel with the advancement of nanomaterials applications, in purchase to assure the secure execution of nanotechnologies. (irjs.info)
  • Our work strongly supports that cancer stem cells are the main source of growth in these tumors and, as such, should be considered promising targets for treatment," says Mario Suvà, MD, PhD, of the MGH Department of Pathology, co-senior author of the Nature paper. (technologynetworks.com)
  • It has become clear that cancer stem cells - cells within tumors that exhibit stem cell characteristics and can differentiate into other specialized types of cancer cells - have a role in the progression and treatment resistance of several types of tumors, most prominently blood system tumors like leukemia. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Several studies have supported a role for cancer stem cells in the aggressive brain tumors called glioblastoma, but those studies involved inducing human tumors to grow in mice, and as such their relevance to cancer in humans has been questioned. (technologynetworks.com)
  • To more accurately reflect the mechanisms driving oligodendrogliomas, the researchers used RNA sequencing to study directly, on a single-cell level, gene expression in samples from six early-stage human tumors. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Cancer cells often spread (or metastasize ) throughout the body by way of the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels to form tumors in new locations beyond the primary site of origin. (agemed.org)
  • Specifically, the division of a stem cell can result in the formation of identical daughter stem cells and/or cells that can differentiate to assume different fates. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • One focus of our lab is differentiating mouse ESC into intestinal epithelial cells in order to understand the complex signaling pathways involved in intestinal commitment from endodermal progenitors and undifferentiated stem cells. (bu.edu)
  • These studies have served to highlight the role of AND-34/BCAR3 and p130Cas in cell adhesion and migration signaling pathways. (molvis.org)
  • Liu has spent years studying cell fate decisions and cell signaling pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans , a transparent nematode that was the first multicellular organism to have its whole genome sequenced. (cornell.edu)
  • The NIH said that this funding opportunity is not open to research around cancer or communicable diseases, or projects focused on the empirical application of poorly characterized cells types for cell therapy. (genomeweb.com)
  • The developmental progression of embryonic stem cells into specialist cell types involves the activation of lineage-specific programs of gene expression and the silencing of genes involved in maintaining pluripotency. (ca.gov)
  • Here's an animation from research Lee lab research showing how a molecular switch triggers a stem cell's progeny to make a U-turn after cell division and commit to generating only differentiated cell types of the central nervous system - such as neurons and glial cells, by giving up its "stemness. (umich.edu)
  • In the worm, these cells will ultimately become various types of muscle and non-muscle cells. (cornell.edu)
  • So the question is, what's so special about the precursor cell that has the potential to produce all these different types of mesoderm cells? (cornell.edu)
  • This process results in asymmetry as the dorsal cells ultimately produce fewer and different types of cells than the ventral. (cornell.edu)
  • They are focusing on understanding the molecular mechanisms that control how bone-marrow stem cells self-renew and how they differentiate into and function as specific types of blood cells. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • ES cells are pluripotent cells, which mean that they can give rise to all differentiated cell types derived from all three germ layers. (bvsalud.org)
  • To date, four types of human dental stem cells have been isolated and characterized: (i) dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) 12 (ii) stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) 21 (iii) stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) 31 (iv) periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) 28 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The bioprocess engineering aspect of this work deals with the critical challenge of developing reliable processes for the preparation of homogenous populations of stem cells and their progeny. (genengnews.com)
  • The heterogeneous populations which constitute a niche include both stem cells and surrounding differentiated cells. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Here we describe how microRNA-regulated lentiviral vectors can be used to visualize specific cell populations by exploiting endogenous microRNA expression patterns. (lu.se)
  • To track differentiating cell populations, reporter cell lines generated by homologous recombination (knock-in) or via BAC transgenes have been widely used in mouse cells (5-8 ). (lu.se)
  • Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are able to divide indefinitely and under the proper conditions, can essentially become any cell in the human body. (ca.gov)
  • We identified a number of these regulatory proteins that tell the mother cell how to divide, how many times to divide, and when to stop dividing and become a muscle cell or a non-muscle cell," Liu says. (cornell.edu)
  • We identified a number of these regulatory proteins that tell the mother cell how to divide, how many times to divide, and when to stop dividing and become a muscle cell or a non-muscle cell. (cornell.edu)
  • Polycomb complex protein BMI-1 also known as polycomb group RING finger protein 4 (PCGF4) or RING finger protein 51 (RNF51) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMI1 gene (B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1). (wikipedia.org)
  • The colon cancer stem cells in mouse xenografts could be eliminated by inhibiting BMI-1 gene, providing a novel potential method to treat colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings were important since they provide new insights as to how such regulatory elements find each other with great speed, selectivity and specificity to induce lineage specific patterns of gene expression both in embryonic stem cells and differentiated progeny. (ca.gov)
  • Two methods have been developed for direct gene transfer into plant cells-electroporation and biolistics. (jrank.org)
  • Using gene manipulation strategies, we reveal for the first time that Cav-1 plays an essential role in CSC regulation and aggressiveness of SWCNT-transformed cells partly through p53 dysregulation, consistent with their suggested role by microarray and gene ontology analysis. (oncotarget.com)
  • Expression of a reporter gene linked to the −101HCK promoter region was up-regulated by Sp1, but not by other members of the Sp1 family of transcription factors, in Drosophila Schneider cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • To study the functional properties of hematopoietic cells expressing SCL, we have generated mutant mice (SCLlacZ/w) in which the Escherichia coli lacZ reporter gene has been "knocked in" to the SCL locus, thereby linking beta-galactosidase expression to transcription from the SCL promoter. (ozgene.com)
  • A new study in mice shows that these melanocyte stem cells migrate between two sites in the hair follicle during each cycle of hair growth and shedding- from a site where they produce the pigment for hair color to another where they produce stem cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Instead, a recent study published in Nature suggests that the McSCs can migrate back and forth between the two aforementioned locations, differentiating to produce hair pigment-producing melanocytes in the hair germ area and then translocating to the bulge and dedifferentiating to ensure the maintenance of an adequate supply of stem cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Investigating how progeny cells are reprogrammed to become the cells needed to repair local damage, and how they migrate to these areas is a second major focus of research in this unit. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • In this study, differentiating murine cortical networks on multiwell microelectrode arrays were repeatedly exposed to an extremely low-electromagnetic field (ELEMF) with alternating 10 and 16 Hz frequencies piggy backed onto a 150 MHz carrier frequency. (frontiersin.org)
  • We previously reported that glioma stem cells (GSCs) possess lower 26S proteasome activity than nontumorigenic cells and we've utilized this feature to monitor GSCs instantly via the fluorescent proteins ZsGreen fused towards the C-terminal degron of murine ornithine decarboxylase (cODC). (crispr-reagents.com)
  • Only by further elucidating the control mechanisms of bacterial cell division can we advance the development of new antimicrobial compounds. (csun.edu)
  • The intricate molecular mechanisms involved in the regenerative process of the normal intestine and the identity of putative somatic intestinal stem cells have become clear. (mdpi.com)
  • During the past three years we have identified the folding patterns of human embryonic stem cells to iPS cells derived from human B cells, differentiated progeny and mechanisms that orchestrate the folding patterns of genomes. (ca.gov)
  • This unique ability makes them ideal candidates to model early development allowing us to study the basic signaling mechanisms involved in stem cell fate determination. (bu.edu)
  • It's one of the best organisms to study molecular mechanisms controlling development at single cell resolution, because it's transparent, and we know the entire lineage history of those 959 cells, starting from the single, fertilized egg. (cornell.edu)
  • There are a multitude of mechanisms in place to maintain the controlled cell division which underpin healthy multicellular life. (ox.ac.uk)
  • With this information, novel single-cell technologies and chemical biology can be applied to the development of new treatments in a way that targets epigenetic mechanisms. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Within tumours, individual cells often differ genetically while also transitioning between specific cell states linked to disease progression and treatment failure. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Indeed, the potent pathotropic migratory properties of BMSCs and ability to circumvent both the complications associated with immune rejection of allogenic cells and many of the moral reasons associated with embryonic stem cell use suggest that BMSCs are most promising stem cells as a potential target for the clinical use of genetically engineered stem cells [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, we have developed a strategy that erases the instability of the inactive X chromosome and enables faithful X chromosome dosage compensation in differentiating hESCs and hiPSCs, which is critical for the use of these cells in regenerative medicine, disease studies, and basic research. (ca.gov)
  • We have previously developed a single lentiviral vector expressing a stem cell cassett, named STEMCCA, capable of generating iPS cells from post-natal fibroblasts and peripheral blood with very high efficiency that became the industry standard. (bu.edu)
  • These primary myelofibrosis progeny cells stimulate bone marrow fibroblasts (which are not part of the neoplastic transformation) to secrete excessive collagen. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Specifically, we found that approximately 700 genomic regions located throughout the genome showed differential nuclear positioning upon comparing iPS cells derived from human lymphoid cells to that of human embryonic stem cells. (ca.gov)
  • These data indicate that the majority of the genome derived from that of human embryonic stem cells shows a similar pattern in chromatin folding as compared to that of iPS cells derived from human B cells but that they differ from each other in a subset of genomic regions. (ca.gov)
  • Whole-genome sequencing of progeny viruses revealed no obvious signs of nucleotide transitions required for SARS-CoV-2 to productively infect monkey and cat AEC cultures. (cdc.gov)
  • We have applied a large number of single cell, genome-wide, and population-wide approaches to understand this problem at a systematic and comprehensive level. (ca.gov)
  • As the vehicle for inherited information, maintaining the quality of the information stored in the genome is a key activity undertaken by the cells of all organisms. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Understanding how cells reproduce an exact replica of their genome, and repair damage when it occurs, continues to be a focus of researchers across Oxford. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Both myeloid cells as well as thymocytes were fixed and examined using in situ HiC analysis. (ca.gov)
  • We found that a large fraction of genes were differentially localized in human thymocytes derived from embryonic stem cells versus human myeloid cells. (ca.gov)
  • We plan to scale up the in situ HiC described here to chart the 3D-genomes of human lymphoid and myeloid cells in order to more to determine genomic regions that are differentially localized in the heterochromatic versus euchromatic compartments. (ca.gov)
  • The human hemopoietic cell kinase (HCK) is a member of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases specifically expressed in myeloid cells and to a minor extent in B-lymphoid cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Site-directed mutagenesis of the proximal promoter region showed that two GC-rich sequence elements are essential for transcriptional activity in myeloid cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Oxford research strives to understand how epigenetic information in a cell is stored in the form of chemical modifications within its DNA, RNA and histone proteins, as well as how modifications can ultimately impact biological processes and lead to cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
  • One category of brain cells, microglia, descends not from neural stem cells but from an immune lineage and retains several features of immune cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In her early work, she focused on a particular set of cells in C. elegans -the M lineage, which gives rise to all the cells born post-embryonically that become part of the mesoderm, the middle germ layer of an animal. (cornell.edu)
  • cnd-1 expression was first detected in neuroblasts of the AB lineage in 14 cell embryos and maintained in many neuronal descendants of the AB lineage during embryogenesis, diminishing in most terminally differentiated neurons prior to hatching. (biologists.com)
  • Hematopoiesis is maintained throughout life from the hematopoietic stem cell niche in which hematopoietic stem cells and lineage-specific hematopoietic progenitors (HSPCs) reside and regulate hematopoiesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Specifically, cnd-1 reporter genes were expressed in the precursors of the embryonic ventral cord motor neurons and their progeny. (biologists.com)
  • HCS assays are useful in learning cytotoxicity of nanomaterials specifically, because they enable for multiplexing of essential news reporter variables such as cell viability, permeability, membrane layer potential, and lysosomal mass/pH [17,40,41]. (irjs.info)
  • We now aim at using iPS cells for disease modeling disease modeling and study their potential for regenerative medicine. (bu.edu)
  • The regenerative medicine bioprocessing program within the UCL department of biochemical engineering focuses on two areas: regenerative medicine translation and bioprocess engineering of stem cells. (genengnews.com)
  • In a recent review in WIREs Developmental Biology , Ya-Chieh Hsu, assistant professor of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology at Harvard University, and Bing Zhang, a postdoctoral fellow in the Hsu Lab and first author on the paper, summarized recent progresses that challenge this view. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • Regenerative endodontic procedures can be defined as biologically based procedures designed to replace damaged structures, including dentin and root structures, as well as cells of the pulp-dentin complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • The major areas of research that might have application in the development of regenerative endodontic techniques are (a) postnatal stem cells, (b) scaffold materials, (c) morphogen/growth factors, (d) implantation. (bvsalud.org)
  • They may also serve as an unlimited source of therapeutically active cells for regenerative medi- cine. (lu.se)
  • BMI1 (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) has been reported as an oncogene by regulating p16 and p19, which are cell cycle inhibitor genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • We aim at generating iPSC containing mutations in IRF5, Myd88, UNC93, TLRs and other relevant genes to test their role in mDC function compared to normal cells. (bu.edu)
  • Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
  • Genes required for B cell development. (medscape.com)
  • It is essential to have sensitive and reproducible methods of either quantifying or isolating these stem cells and progenitors to understand their intrinsic properties and how extrinsic signals regulate their development. (karger.com)
  • Meanwhile, HSPCs behavior is modulated by both cell intrinsic (e.g., transcriptional factors) and cell extrinsic (e.g., cytokines) factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • The new system also provides a valuable platform for fundamental studies of the culture microenvironment in stem cell biology. (genengnews.com)
  • Stem cells are extremely sensitive to such changes in pH, and this leads to poor reproducibility in manual culturing, representing a major obstacle to both furthering our understanding of stem cell biology and the commercialization of stem cell applications. (genengnews.com)
  • Researchers in the Stem Cell Physiology Research Unit, located at The Biomedical Research Centre at UBC, are studying the biology of bone marrow stem cells and the immune system. (healthresearchbc.ca)
  • Using a unique imaging system for GSCs we assessed the oxygen consumption rate extracellular acidification rate intracellular ATP levels glucose uptake lactate production PKM1 and PKM2 expression radiation sensitivity and cell cycle duration of GSCs and their progeny in a panel of glioma cell lines. (crispr-reagents.com)
  • Results Oxygen Intake Extracellular and Price Acidification Price of Glioma Stem Cells. (crispr-reagents.com)
  • The authors then observed that only a subset of cancer stem cells in each patient was showing signs of proliferation, while all other cancer cells were not. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Bmi-1 was shown to mediate the effect of Hedgehog signaling pathway on mammary stem cell proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, stem cells are difficult to distinguish from multipotential progenitors, which may look and act like them. (karger.com)
  • Here we define a 4-color flow cytometry panel using CD133, LeX, CD140a, NG2 to define a neural stem cell (NSC) as well as 4 classes of multipotential progenitors and 3 classes of bipotential progenitors, several of which have not been described previously. (karger.com)
  • DN1 stage) T-cell progenitors. (lu.se)
  • Mechanistically, stemness is induced in non-stem cancer cells upon their direct contact with macrophages via Notch-Jagged signaling. (nature.com)
  • In breast cancers from patients, the density of TMEM doorways correlates with the proportion of cancer cells expressing stem cell markers, indicating that in human breast cancer TMEM doorways are not only cancer cell intravasation portals but also CSC programming sites. (nature.com)
  • 7) most cancer cells rely more on glycolysis rather than on 6-Mercaptopurine Monohydrate oxidative phosphorylation for glucose metabolism a fact that is used in 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) imaging of solid cancers. (crispr-reagents.com)
  • Bmi-1-/- neural stem cells and HSCs have high expression level of p19Arf and p16Ink4a which diminished the proliferation rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) are the most thoroughly characterized stem cell population in the body and their study has resulted in well established methods for their isolation, purification and reliable assays of HSC function. (bu.edu)
  • Neurosphere formation is commonly used as a surrogate for neural stem cell (NSC) function but the relationship between neurosphere-initiating cells (NICs) and NSCs remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
  • A potentially pre-clinical aspect of this thesis is detailed in paper №4 where I describe a robust protocol for the generation of functional mesDA neurons from human embryonic stem cells that are functional in a rat model of PD. (lu.se)
  • Conditional deletion of the Bmi-1 polycomb protein depleted pre-GEPCOT and GEPCOT cells, though pre-GEPCOT cells were more dependent upon Bmi-1 for Cdkn2a ( p16 Ink4a ) repression. (elifesciences.org)
  • see Muscle System - GLR Cells ), which are associated only with the somatic nervous system. (wormatlas.org)