• The behavior of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), non-O157 shiga toxin-producing E. coli (non-O157-STEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) on mung bean seeds at 25±2 °C and during germination and sprouting of mung bean seeds at 20±2 ° and 30±2 °C and on mung bean sprouts at 3±2 °C was determined. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • CDC, many states, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration External (FDA) investigated a multistate outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC worked with public health and regulatory officials in many states and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) External to investigate a multistate outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause gastrointestinal illnesses including non-bloody or bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC), and the haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). (uzh.ch)
  • Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STECs) are emerging pathogens which have been involved in numerous foodborne illness outbreaks. (usda.gov)
  • Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes serious illnesses leading to hospitalizations in the United States. (usda.gov)
  • They vary greatly in their toxicity , ranging from usually minor (such as a bee sting ) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as botulinum toxin ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Injecting botulinum toxin type A (a Botox-like treatment) reduces wrinkles between the eyebrows, and is relatively safe to use. (cochrane.org)
  • Injecting botulinum toxin type A probably increases the risk of eyelid drooping. (cochrane.org)
  • More studies are needed to assess the longer-term benefits and harms of repeated treatment with botulinum toxin. (cochrane.org)
  • We wanted to find out how well botulinum toxin could treat wrinkles on the face, and if it causes any unwanted effects. (cochrane.org)
  • We searched for studies that tested the effects of botulinum toxin to treat wrinkles on the face. (cochrane.org)
  • The studies compared one type of botulinum toxin against another type, against a placebo (an injection that did not contain any botulinum toxin), or against an alternative treatment. (cochrane.org)
  • The studies tested four types of botulinum toxin that were licensed for use and some other types that were not yet licensed. (cochrane.org)
  • At four weeks after injection, all types of botulinum toxin reduced glabellar lines more than a placebo. (cochrane.org)
  • Unwanted effects are probably more common with botulinum toxin than with placebo injections. (cochrane.org)
  • Two studies compared two different types of botulinum toxin and found no difference between the types for how well they reduced glabellar lines. (cochrane.org)
  • Our confidence in the evidence is moderate to high that botulinum toxin reduces wrinkles between the eyebrows better than a placebo. (cochrane.org)
  • Botulinum toxin type A (BontA) is the most frequent treatment for facial wrinkles, but its effectiveness and safety have not previously been assessed in a Cochrane Review. (cochrane.org)
  • To assess the effects of all commercially available botulinum toxin type A products for the treatment of any type of facial wrinkles. (cochrane.org)
  • Botulinum toxin (botox) injections - can they help your symptoms of Parkinson's disease? (apdaparkinson.org)
  • You most likely know that Botulinum toxin (more commonly referred to as Botox®, among other brand names) is used for cosmetic purposes to decrease wrinkles. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • Prior to being used in this way, Botulinum toxin was used for medical purposes to control abnormal movements. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • What is botulinum toxin? (apdaparkinson.org)
  • Botulinum toxin is a substance produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • When Botulinum toxin is injected into a muscle, it gets taken up by the nerve endings that interface with the muscle, and interferes with the release of acetylcholine, thereby stopping communication between the nerve and the muscle. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • Botulinum toxin injections, targeting the particular muscles that are moving excessively, can be effective in all these scenarios. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • Tremor - Although Botulinum toxin is not commonly used for this purpose, there are case reports in the literature showing its effective use for the control of tremor. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • Botulinum toxin injections into the salivary glands can decrease production of saliva and thereby decrease drooling. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • Botulinum toxin injections into the bladder can relax the bladder thereby allowing for more normal urination. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • In addition, there are causes of urinary problems in PD that are not amenable to Botulinum toxin treatment, so you will need to discuss your particular situation with a urologist. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • Botulinum toxin is used in various other medical settings such as dystonia that is not related to Parkinson's disease, migraine, and limb spasticity or stiffness after stroke. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a type of nerve blocker. (nih.gov)
  • Botulinum toxin treatment of strabismus is not as definitive and stable as the traditional surgical approach, but it has been found most useful in postoperative overcorrection, small deviations, sensory deviations, and acute sixth nerve palsy. (nih.gov)
  • A mouse neutralization bioassay confirms botulism by isolating the botulinum toxin. (medscape.com)
  • Recently, the local injection of botulinum toxin was reported as excellent therapeutic option. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review on the treatment of bruxism with the use of botulinum toxin in the PC. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some kinds of E. coli bacteria cause disease when they make a toxin called Shiga toxin. (cdc.gov)
  • The bacteria that make these toxins are called "Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, " or STEC for short. (cdc.gov)
  • Clostridium novyi is considered to be made up from three clades, labelled A, B and C, distinguished by the range of toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on toxin production, Clostridium haemolyticum has been suggested to be considered a part of C. novyi, forming a separate type D in the genus. (wikipedia.org)
  • More recent 16S-rDNA studies however have suggested, that C. haemolyticus and types B and C of C. novyi may form a distinct genus, closely related to Clostridium botulinum type C and D, instead. (wikipedia.org)
  • The toxins normally produced by the various types are shown in table 1 The alpha-toxin of Clostridium botulinum types C and D, is similar to the C novyi beta-toxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The A and B toxins of Clostridium difficile show homology with the alpha-toxin of C novyi as does the lethal toxin of clostridium sordellii. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibiotics, including cephalexin alter the types of bacteria in the colon and permit overgrowth of a bacterium called Clostridium difficile . (medicinenet.com)
  • Studies indicate that toxins produced by Clostridium difficile are a primary cause of pseudomembranous colitis . (medicinenet.com)
  • Certain species of Clostridium bacteria induce disease by producing powerful toxins. (livestrong.com)
  • Botox is a drug made from a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (nih.gov)
  • Botulism is an acute neurologic disorder that causes potentially life-threatening paralysis due to a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum or related species ( C baratii and C. butyricum) . (medscape.com)
  • Thereof, nine (45%) isolates were STEC O156:H25, three (15%) isolates typed STEC O43:H2. (uzh.ch)
  • People usually get sick from Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) 2-8 days (average of 3-4 days) after swallowing the germ. (cdc.gov)
  • Using culture-independent technology, PCR-RFLP were used to identify and type STEC in the stool of a patient with HUS. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • The Ottawa County Department of Public Health is alerting the public to increasing cases of shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) infections in the community. (govdelivery.com)
  • Botulinum A toxin has been used to treat strabismus and a variety of spasmodic neuromuscular diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Magnesium salts, citrate, and sulfate should not be administered, because magnesium can potentiate the toxin-induced neuromuscular blockade. (medscape.com)
  • Botulism is caused by the harmful effects of this toxin. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • It's the same toxin that causes a life-threatening type of food poisoning called botulism . (nih.gov)
  • The standard for laboratory diagnosis is a mouse neutralization bioassay confirming botulism by isolation of the toxin. (medscape.com)
  • On March 22, 2013, the FDA approved the first botulism antitoxin that can neutralize all 7 known botulinum nerve toxin serotypes. (medscape.com)
  • It is also the only available drug for treating infant botulism that is not caused by nerve toxin type A or B. (medscape.com)
  • The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is a multiprotein device that has emerged as an important fitness and virulence factor for many Gram-negative bacteria through the injection of effector proteins into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via a contractile mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out to detect further virulence genes and to determine the multilocus sequence types (MLST). (uzh.ch)
  • They are currently investigating whether two genes linked to Parkinson disease affect mitochondria damaged by the toxin. (genengnews.com)
  • NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test) assays, representing the other half, detect the toxin genes as single gene targets or as part of multiplex gastrointestinal panels. (mlo-online.com)
  • Isolates were screened for presence different toxins and 2 (2.2%) isolates were of genes encoding LT and ST enterotoxins, positive with all 4 DNA probes. (who.int)
  • Potential hazards identified include the activation of silent genes and the creation of new toxins, changes in nutritional content or in the bioavailability of nutrients, and allergic reactions to new or altered proteins. (who.int)
  • They found that certain strains, which they call "high-damaging," produce a potent toxin called candidalysin that damages immune cells . (medicalxpress.com)
  • The researchers observed that in the patients with ulcerative colitis, severe disease was associated with the presence of "high-damaging" Candida strains, which turned out to have a key factor in common: All produce the candidalysin toxin. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Our finding shows that a cell-damaging toxin candidalysin released by "high damaging" C. albicans strains during the yeast-hyphae morphogenesis triggers pathogenic immunological responses in the gut," said the first author Dr. Xin Li, who was a Charles H. Revson Postdoctoral Fellow in the Iliev laboratory at the time of the study. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Experiments in mice delineated that candidalysin-producing "high-damaging" strains induced the expansion of a population of T cells called Th17 cells and other immune cells associated with inflammation, such as neutrophils. (medicalxpress.com)
  • citation needed] While strains of type C were not linked to disease to laboratory animals, presence and activity of toxins in C. novyi have been linked to infection with Bacteriophages. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, certain E. coli strains can cause diarrhea and produce the Shiga toxin . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Results showed that some strains of non-O157 E. coli exposed to sub-lethal chlorine treatment had higher level of Vero-cytotoxicity than untreated control strains, indicating that greater amount of toxin were released into extracellular medium. (usda.gov)
  • This study re-analyzed, using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome sequence with single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (WGS-SNP), 52 strains which had been identified as Enterobacter sakazakii as according to the convention at the time of isolation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The C. sakazakii strains comprised of 8 sequence types (STs) which included the neonatal pathovars ST1, ST4 and ST12. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The WGS-SNP analysis demonstrated that indistinguishable Cronobacter strains within a sequence type can be unrelated, and may originate from multiple sources. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The use of WGS-SNP analysis to distinguishing of strains within a sequence type has important relevance for tracing the source of outbreaks due to Cronobacter spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • About 80% of strains produce a yellow pigment at room temperature [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence determinants responsible for microbial pathogenicity and/or evasion of the host immune response . (wikipedia.org)
  • Bad microorganisms are pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and their toxins. (lu.se)
  • Sub-lethal treatment of chlorine may affect the behavior of growth and virulence of Shiga toxin producing E. coli. (usda.gov)
  • Phagocytes target organisms that cause disease (or pathogens) and toxins. (healthline.com)
  • Each pathogen carries a specific type of antigen, and each lymphocyte in your body carries antibodies meant to fight the antigens carried by pathogens. (healthline.com)
  • The research focused on the role of dust as a vehicle for microbial dispersal and produce contamination by pathogens. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Firstly, to assess the transfer of foodborne pathogens to produce surfaces in different regions of the United States. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Secondly, to investigate the impact of humidity on dust deposition on produce and the survival of pathogens within the dust. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • So if a person ingests as few as 10 of these bacteria, it produces a toxin in the intestine that works like acid on the intestinal wall. (globalnews.ca)
  • Antibiotics kill the microbiota, allowing C. difficile spores to germinate, grow in the intestine, and produce two very potent tissue-damaging and inflammatory toxins designated A and B that cause CDI. (mlo-online.com)
  • Having no potent toxins of our own, we began studying and figuring out the various uses of the poisonous world around us. (listverse.com)
  • A related species called Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning mediated by toxins the bacteria produce. (livestrong.com)
  • Some types of bacteria produce toxins that cannot be destroyed by cooking. (wbrz.com)
  • Note that the specimens for toxin analysis should be refrigerated, but culture samples of C botulinum should not be refrigerated. (medscape.com)
  • This toxin may enter a person's bloodstream and cause damage to their blood vessels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If the toxin enters the bloodstream, it can spread throughout the body, causing widespread muscle weakness. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • If that toxin gets into the bloodstream, it acts like an acid to the blood vessel wall … it can cause hyperinflammation, which is associated with blood clots and kidney failure. (globalnews.ca)
  • Shiga toxin-producing E. coli 0157 is different than typical E. coli infections, because it produces a toxin that can cause complications. (yahoo.com)
  • For most infections in adults the dose of amoxicillin is 250 mg every 8 hours, 500 mg every 8 hours, 500 mg every 12 hours or 875 mg every 12 hours, depending on the type and severity of infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • For example, some infections are caused only by certain types of bacteria. (merckmanuals.com)
  • When food contaminated with BoNTs is ingested the toxin passes through the gastrointestinal tract, transcytosed from gut lumen into general blood circulation, binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuronal cells and then is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis into nerve cells. (nature.com)
  • Scientists have used a synthetic form of a recreational heroine-like drug developed back in the 1980s to demonstrate that dopamine-producing nerve cell death caused by Parkinson disease may be due to mitochondrial damage. (genengnews.com)
  • Interestingly, the toxin had no effect on transportation of mitochondria in other types of nerve cells. (genengnews.com)
  • While the specificity for dopamine-producing neurons has still to be worked out, a clue may lie in the team's observation that in comparison with other types of nerve cells, mitochondria in this type of neuron are smaller in size and travel three times more slowly. (genengnews.com)
  • We found two grayanotoxins (primarily nerve toxins that lead to a prolonged depolarization of the nerve) in the honey in sufficient levels to cause very serious medical problems. (ibiblio.org)
  • Competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist for overactive bladder, but differs from other anticholinergic types because of selectivity for urinary bladder over salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring non-organic toxins, such as arsenic . (wikipedia.org)
  • To these have been added the effects of various toxins which were either a result of abuse or overconsumption, such as alcohol and other intoxicants, or dangerous local environments such as exposure to arsenic, mould or other toxins in the workplace. (lu.se)
  • Toxins can be small molecules , peptides , or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors . (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha-toxins are glycosyltransferases, modifying and thereby inactivating different members of the Rho and Ras subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • It seems that NTNH and other proteins produced simultaneously by the bacteria with the BoNT must have important role(s) to play in the intoxication process. (nature.com)
  • While some effector proteins specifically target bacterial or eukaryotic cells, others can target both types of cells (trans-kingdom effectors). (frontiersin.org)
  • Tigecycline works by preventing bacteria from producing proteins they need. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Some illnesses last longer and can be more severe, resulting in a type of kidney failure called hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). (cdc.gov)
  • The study focused on the risk of animal-source contamination on fresh produce, which can lead to foodborne illnesses. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Epidemiologic, laboratory, and traceback evidence indicated that flour produced at a General Mills facility in Kansas City, Missouri was the likely source of this outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • CALGARY - Alberta Health Services says 231 people, many of them children, have been infected with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli 0157 after an outbreak this month at several Calgary daycares. (yahoo.com)
  • Mushroom (Toadstool) Poisoning Many species of mushroom are poisonous and can cause different symptoms depending on the type of mushroom. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Different species of mushrooms produce different toxins with different effects. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Plants and animals all over the world have spent their entire evolutionary life span developing toxins and poisons that keep them safe. (listverse.com)
  • Plants refusing to be eaten produce poisons to keep animals away. (listverse.com)
  • It shouldbe noted that a strain growing on a particular type of vegetable or fruit could synthesize and excretedifferent toxic secondary metabolites. (aaem.pl)
  • This type of toxic honey is not common but seems to be reported once about every 20 or 30 years. (ibiblio.org)
  • The scientists showed that the toxin damages immune cells called macrophages, prompting a storm of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Toxins from harmful algal blooms, sometimes called red tides, can contaminate shellfish such as clams and mussels. (nih.gov)
  • Harmful algal blooms are unsafe to touch or swallow, and they can produce airborne toxins that cause health problems when inhaled. (nih.gov)
  • They also study the health effects of eating seafood containing toxins produced by harmful algal blooms. (nih.gov)
  • Report symptoms from exposure to a harmful algal bloom or any aquatic toxin to the Florida Poison Information Center, call 1-800-222-1222 to speak to a poison specialist immediately. (wqcs.org)
  • B cells create antibodies that attack bacteria, viruses, and toxins that enter the body. (healthline.com)
  • Evaluating the risks of dust associated produce cross contamination" at symposium's on Tuesday morning session. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • It is known that progenitor toxin complex protects the neurotoxin during exposure to harsh conditions found in the stomach and small intestines where it is exposed to acidic pH (2.0) and peptidases like pepsin. (nature.com)
  • Exposure to sunlight is how your body naturally produces vitamin D. This helps ward off an array of bad things like depression, heart disease, and certain cancers. (healthline.com)
  • A study published in May 2016 in the 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A.' estimated there may be as many as 1 trillion different types of bacteria. (livestrong.com)
  • One person developed hemolytic uremic syndrome, a type of kidney failure. (cdc.gov)
  • Scientists find that respiratory organelles in toxin-treated cells stop circulating along neuronal axon. (genengnews.com)
  • The good news is that decades ago, scientists learned how to isolate the toxin and harness its power for medical use, and it can be safely injected into particular muscles in order to decrease unwanted movements of those muscles. (apdaparkinson.org)
  • It is suggested that type C may be type B that forms spores more readily so does not go through the toxin-production stage. (wikipedia.org)
  • The organism is transmitted via airborne route and can cause respiratory obstruction and heart failure because of the exotoxin it produces. (who.int)
  • We found several heterogeneous studies (different types or doses of BontA, number of cycles, and different facial regions) hindering meta-analyses. (cochrane.org)
  • E. coli is a type of bacteria that can live inside the intestines of healthy humans and animals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The bacteria, known as a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli , can cause kidney failure, bloody diarrhea, blood clots and even death, explained Dr. Iris Gorfinkel, a family physician based in Toronto. (globalnews.ca)
  • The types of E. coli that can cause illness can be transmitted through contaminated water or food, or through contact with animals or people. (cdc.gov)
  • Bright emphasized the need for larger studies with more samples and a variety of animal feeding operations to further understand the risks to fresh produce fields and other food growing operations. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Chlorine is widely used in food manufacturing process to prevent the growth of Shiga toxin producing E. coli in food products. (usda.gov)
  • Records the conclusions reached by a joint FAO/WHO consultation convened to establish a scientific basis for the safety assessment of novel foods, food ingredients, and processing aids produced by biotechnology. (who.int)
  • Emphasis is placed on the safety of new technologies that promise dramatic improvements in the food supply, whether through the production of nutritionally superior cereal and grain crops or the development of farm animals that are disease resistant, produce lean meat, and grow more efficiently. (who.int)
  • A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison [1] produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms . (wikipedia.org)
  • Toxin, toxicant, and poison are often used interchangeably despite these subtle differences in definition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their naturally produced poison has shown promise in helping patients with a whole host of issues. (listverse.com)
  • Toxins are a natural poison produced by some organisms as a form of protection. (healthline.com)
  • citation needed] The type and severity of the disease caused depends on penetration of the tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several types of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria can cause human disease. (livestrong.com)
  • Most E. coli is not a concerning disease - we carry E. coli in our intestines - but the problem is the Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. (globalnews.ca)
  • Our changed lifestyle has resulted in lower calorie combustion and this excess of calories has laid the foundations for more pronounced obesity and increased risks of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. (lu.se)
  • This is probably one of the most disease-inducing factors produced by modern civilisation, which has affected the risk of cardiovascular disease and the incidence of cancer, above all during the 1900s. (lu.se)
  • However, new disease risks have also emerged in the present, besides the effects of an unhealthy lifestyle, and may depend on radioactive radiation, environmental toxins, car exhaust, but above all on the Earth's climate being negatively affected, resulting in increased risk of skin cancer, for example, with the reduction in the ozone layer. (lu.se)
  • It's a type of bacteria that can cause diarrhea, which can be bloody. (yahoo.com)
  • We have determined the crystal structure of M type Progenitor complex of botulinum neurotoxin E [PTC-E(M)], a heterodimer of BoNT and NTNH. (nature.com)
  • Indeed, the facts and Iraq's behavior show that Saddam Hussein and his regime are concealing their efforts to produce more weapons of mass destruction. (archives.gov)
  • Toxins can also cause synergistic effects when mixed, becoming even more dangerous than you would expect from the ingredients alone. (rug.nl)
  • Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors enhance the effects of nitric oxide in smooth muscle relaxation of the corpus cavernosum by inhibiting the degradation of cGMP. (medscape.com)
  • And the conditions that support the algae that produced this toxin that we're discussing are a byproduct of the algae that needs certain conditions, such as deep water, slow moving water, and then the right time of year will possibly support the conditions for a bloom, which would then create a larger concentrations of the microcystin toxin that creates this concern. (thekojonnamdishow.org)
  • Blue-green algae are a type of bacteria that is common in Florida's freshwater environments. (wqcs.org)
  • A bloom occurs when rapid growth of algae leads to an accumulation of individual cells that discolor water and often produce floating mats that emit unpleasant odors. (wqcs.org)
  • Many types of blue-green algae can produce toxins. (wqcs.org)
  • The term toxungen has also been proposed to refer to toxins that are delivered onto the body surface of another organism without an accompanying wound . (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of a gene encoding only a onto positively charged nylon membranes single toxin occurred in 52 (56.5%) of the (Schleicher & Schuell). (who.int)
  • citation needed] The epsilon-toxin is characterised as lecithino-vitelin[check spelling] and thought to be responsible for the pearly layer found in cultures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using cultured cells, the Washington University School of Medicine researchers found that the toxin MPP+ stopped the circulation of mitochondria in dopamine-producing cell axons, leading to the axonal withering and subsequently cell death. (genengnews.com)
  • So, you know, since 2009, we've been testing both Lake Needwood and Lake Frank, which are two waterbodies found in Montgomery County Parks, for this toxin. (thekojonnamdishow.org)
  • A study by Victor Timmers and A.J. Achten has found that, when you factor in everything, electric vehicles produce as many particulate matter (PM) emissions as conventional ICE vehicles. (jalopnik.com)
  • How can this be, if they produce no exhaust? (jalopnik.com)
  • The answer is that they produce more non-exhaust emissions. (jalopnik.com)
  • These types of emissions are not really the result of the exhaust of an internal-combustion engine: 90 percent of PM emissions are from non-exhaust sources. (jalopnik.com)