AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Adenylate Cyclase ToxinBordetella pertussisAdenylate CyclaseVirulence Factors, BordetellaBordetella bronchisepticaBordetella InfectionsHemolysisWhooping CoughCyclic AMPBordetellaAntigens, CD11bPertussis ToxinSheepHemolysin ProteinsAntigens, CD18Bacterial ToxinsCholera ToxinAdenylate KinaseGuanylate CyclaseGuanylyl ImidodiphosphateColforsinErythrocytesBacterial ProteinsPituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating PolypeptideCalciumPhagocytosisBacillus anthracisMolecular Sequence DataGuanosine TriphosphateFluoridesIsoproterenolSodium FluorideGTP-Binding ProteinsEnzyme ActivationCalmodulinReceptors, Adrenergic, betaAlprostadilKineticsCell MembraneAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseT-2 ToxinProstaglandins EGuanine Nucleotides1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthineReceptors, AdrenergicThionucleotidesDideoxyadenosineEncyclopedias as TopicParisPertussis VaccineAscomycotaPlant DiseasesRhizospherePlants, Genetically ModifiedAcetylesteraseBasidiomycotaCell Wall
Pertussis toxin-sensitiveTracheal cytotoxinInhibitBacterial ToxinsSignaling moleculesVirulenceBordetella PertussisBiologicalBotulinumReceptorReceptorsEnzymesProteinCyclicMechanismBacteriumStimulateStrainsCoughFungalAbsorptionActivityElongationMoleculeNeuronsMacrophagesToxicBacteriaInteractionSpeciesEscherichiaOrganismsCellInvasionCloselyInflammationInsulinNaturallyCAMPImmuneCharacteristicBodyHostCellsGeneticFigureDiseasePlants
Pertussis toxin-sensitive2
  • Cannabinoids act at the CB1 receptor to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recent evidence, however, has supported a mechanism involving a G protein-coupled receptor found in brain and neural cell lines, and which inhibits adenylate cyclase activity in a dose-dependent, stereoselective and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. (plantpeople.co)
Tracheal cytotoxin1
  • B. pertussis utilizes virulence factors - including pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae (FIM), adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) - to attach, proliferate, and and evade the host immune system. (wikidoc.org)
Inhibit3
  • The Gi subunits remain locked in their GDP-bound, inactive state, thus unable to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity, leading to increased cellular concentrations of cAMP. (wikipedia.org)
  • whereas dopamine D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via G i -proteins ( Sibley and Monsma, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Depending on which family the G protein is, it goes on to activate (G αs protein subunit) or inhibit (G αi protein subunit) the membrane-bound cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
Bacterial Toxins5
  • Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
  • This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
Signaling molecules1
  • Chemokines are signaling molecules produced by infected cells and attract neutrophils and macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
Virulence4
  • B. pertussis attaches to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells , proliferates and produces virulence factors that paralyze the cilia, and causes inflammation of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions. (wikidoc.org)
  • This is due to the unique virulence factor s produced by individual pathogens, which determine the extent and severity of disease they may cause. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be classified into 5 key "pathotypes," each of which has unique virulence factors Virulence factors Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. (lecturio.com)
  • Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence determinants responsible for microbial pathogenicity and/or evasion of the host immune response . (wikipedia.org)
Bordetella Pertussis3
  • Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based AB5-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes among various toxins an adenylate cyclase (CyaA) that displays a unique mechanism of cell invasion, which involves a direct translocation of its N-terminal catalytic domain (AC, 400 residues) across the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic targeted cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • Recently we have shown that fusion molecules of the adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis with liver stage specific antigens are potent tools to target antigen to dendritic cells in vivo, which is then followed by presentation on MHC class I. This, in combination with either a blockade of CTLA-4 or a heterologous boost immunization can confer a long-lasting and protective immune response. (bnitm.de)
Biological4
  • Two classes have been characterized: toxins, biological and surface adhesion molecules that affect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (lecturio.com)
  • Toxins can be small molecules , peptides , or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors . (wikipedia.org)
  • Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unique among biological processes, SP release (and expression of its NK1 Receptor (through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine-like processes)) may not naturally subside in diseases marked by chronic inflammation (including cancer). (wikidoc.org)
Botulinum1
  • They vary greatly in their toxicity , ranging from usually minor (such as a bee sting ) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as botulinum toxin ). (wikipedia.org)
Receptor8
  • Pertussis toxin treatment of striatal neurons prevented the inhibition of cAMP accumulation by D2 receptors but unmasked a cannabinoid receptor-mediated stimulatory effect on cAMP accumulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Similar augmentation of cAMP accumulation after pertussis toxin treatment was observed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with, and stably expressing, the CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Treatment of the pertussis toxin-treated cells with cholera toxin before CB1 receptor activation amplified the stimulatory pathway, suggesting that this response was mediated through a G s -type G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
  • Stimulation of cAMP accumulation was not observed after pertussis toxin treatment of CHO cells expressing the human CB2 receptor, suggesting that this novel signaling pathway is unique to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
  • Yamasaki S, Sato T, Hidaka Y, Ozaki H, Ito H, Hirayama T, Takeda Y, Sugimura T, Tai A, Shimonishi Y (1990) Structure-activity relationship of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin: Role of Ala residue at position 14 in toxin-receptor interaction. (springer.com)
  • There must be 5 molecules of cobra toxin (red) to block the receptor (blue) as each molecule binds with an individual alpha chain on the acetylcholine receptor. (proteopedia.org)
  • The 2nd image depicts an individual toxin binding with one chain on the receptor, both in the same color. (proteopedia.org)
Receptors3
  • In this study we have examined the interactions of CB1 and D2 receptors on adenylate cyclase. (jneurosci.org)
  • Both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors also couple to adenylate cyclase via G-proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • Biotoxins vary greatly in purpose and mechanism, and can be highly complex (the venom of the cone snail can contain over 100 unique peptides , which target specific nerve channels or receptors). (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes3
  • The enzymes harbour a tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) domain and are predominately present in pathogenic species. (nature.com)
  • Given the widespread occurrence of NADases and their prominent role in microbial infection mechanisms we wondered whether pathogenic fungi may also produce similar enzymes. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, the enzymes lack both ADP-ribosyl cyclase and base exchange activity. (nature.com)
Protein2
  • The 1.6 Å X-ray structure of the homodimeric A. fumigatus protein reveals unique properties including N-linked glycosylation and a Ca 2+ -binding site whose occupancy regulates activity. (nature.com)
  • Recently, we showed that human PDC preferentially induce generation of a unique type of CD8+ Treg, but not CD4+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg, when both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are present [8]. (c-kitinhibitors.com)
Cyclic2
  • Field M, Graf LH Jr, Laird WJ, Smith PL (1978) Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: In vitro effects on guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic GMP concentration, and ion transport in small intestine. (springer.com)
  • A cyclase enzyme (lyase) catalyzes the formation of the cyclic nucleotide from its nucleotide triphosphate precursor ( Figure 1 ). (pancreapedia.org)
Mechanism4
  • As a result of this unique mechanism, PT has also become widely used as a biochemical tool to ADP-ribosylate GTP-binding proteins in the study of signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structure in complex with a substrate analogue suggests a catalytic mechanism that is distinct from those of known NADases, ADP-ribosyl cyclases and transferases. (nature.com)
  • The second signaling mechanism involves the binding of a small signaling molecule to a soluble cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
  • This paper reviewed the research progress of the mechanism of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in PD and discussed the roles of α-synuclein, gut microbiota, immune inflammation, neuroendocrine, mitochondrial autophagy, and environmental toxins in the mechanism of the GBA in PD. (frontiersin.org)
Bacterium1
  • One of the genes regulated by PrfA is hyl , which encodes a toxin known as listeriolysin O (LLO), which allows the bacterium to escape vacuoles upon entry into a host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
Stimulate1
  • Repeated injuries can stimulate airway epithelial cells to produce inflammatory mediators that activate epithelial cells, immune cells, or the epithelial?mesenchymal trophic unit. (molcells.org)
Strains4
  • neither of these two strains produced PT. (wikipedia.org)
  • B. anthracis has 2 plasmids: the toxin-encoding pXO1 anthracis and 10 non-anthracis Bacillus strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Highly inbred strains can be produced within one year. (sisef.it)
  • They include shiga toxin which is produced by Shigella dysenteriae and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of Escherichia coli such as Escherichia coli o157. (lecturio.com)
Cough1
Fungal1
  • [16] They can also be classified by their source, such as fungal biotoxins , microbial toxins , plant biotoxins , or animal biotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
Absorption1
  • Furthermore, this citrus fruit contains a high level of antioxidants, which can assist the body in flushing out toxins and fat without complete absorption. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Activity1
  • Yoshimura S, Ikemura H, Watanabe H, Aimoto S, Shimonishi Y, Hara S, Takeda T, Miwatani T, Takeda Y (1985) Essential structure for full enterotoxigenic activity of heat-stable enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . (springer.com)
Elongation1
  • When fully differentiated through axon and dendrite elongation, this unique morphology allows neurons to achieve precise connectivity between appropriate sets of neurons, which is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecule1
  • In the cytosol, the signal molecule binds to the heme-binding domain of the soluble cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
Neurons1
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
Macrophages3
  • Under normal circumstances, alveolar macrophages and other lung cells produce a variety of chemokines. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, Streptococcus pyogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis produce enzyme toxins that trigger necrotic cell death of host macrophages by rapid NAD + depletion. (nature.com)
  • Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
Toxic2
  • Once into the cytosol, AC is activated by endogenous calmodulin and produces toxic amounts of cAMP. (pasteur.fr)
  • Ozaki H, Sato T, Kubota H, Hata Y, Katsube Y, Shimonishi Y (1991) Molecular structure of the toxic domain of heat-stable enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . (springer.com)
Bacteria1
  • On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either exotoxins , excreted by an organism, or endotoxins , which are released mainly when bacteria are lysed . (wikipedia.org)
Interaction1
  • Malaria is characterized by two very distinct phases both of which with a unique interaction with immune system of the host. (bnitm.de)
Species2
  • One difference between the different species of Bordetella is that B. pertussis produces PT and the other species do not. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most animal species have developed unique skin pigmentation patterns, which are utilized for communicating between individuals within a species, express sexual attractiveness to a potential mate, and most importantly, defend themselves and maintain order within the ecosystem. (thno.org)
Escherichia1
  • Hidaka Y, Kubota H, Yoshimura S, Ito H, Takeda Y, Shimonishi Y (1988) Disulfide linkages in heat-stable enterotoxin (STp) produced by a porcine strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . (springer.com)
Organisms1
  • A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison [1] produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms . (wikipedia.org)
Cell3
  • This will prevent the infected cell from producing them and thereby inhibiting recruitment of neutrophils. (wikipedia.org)
  • A conserved tryptophan in the acylated segment of RTX toxins controls their β2- integrin-independent cell penetration. (peterslab.org)
  • Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. (lookformedical.com)
Invasion1
  • Pathogenesis varies based on the strain, but it can include toxin production, invasion of the mucosal surface, and adhesion with alteration of enterocyte structure. (lecturio.com)
Closely1
  • [1] [2] Substance P and its closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after differential splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene . (wikidoc.org)
Inflammation1
  • The blood stage of malaria leads to a strong activation of cytokine-producing T cells, which are associated with inflammation and pathology in different organs e.g. the brain. (bnitm.de)
Insulin3
  • The toxin causes several systemic effects, among which is an increased release of insulin, causing hypoglycemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. (treolife.com)
  • Type 1 diabetes results from the body's failure to produce insulin, the hormone that "unlocks" the cells of the body, allowing glucose to enter and fuel them. (treolife.com)
Naturally2
  • In the early 1990s, the scientific understanding of cannabis and its impact on the body experienced a significant breakthrough thanks to the discovery that human beings naturally produced cannabis-like molecules, which they dubbed endocannabinoids. (plantpeople.co)
  • Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring non-organic toxins, such as arsenic . (wikipedia.org)
CAMP1
Immune1
  • The unique and defining characteristic of For the purposes of this commentary, allergy is defined as chemical respiratory allergens, which in most instances the adverse health effects that may be provoked following distinguishes them from contact allergens, is the ability to the stimulation of a specific immune response. (cdc.gov)
Characteristic1
  • A variety of chro- light pulses, which produces a profile of characteristic mosomal markers that appear to be specific have been sug- peaks in a pyrogram. (cdc.gov)
Body1
  • The term toxungen has also been proposed to refer to toxins that are delivered onto the body surface of another organism without an accompanying wound . (wikipedia.org)
Host1
  • The M. phaseolina genome provides a framework of the infection process at the cytological and molecular level which uses a diverse arsenal of enzymatic and toxin tools to destroy the host plants. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells1
  • Therefore a vaccine-induced response must induce CD8+ T cells that persist in the liver and produce cytokines immediately after antigen encounter. (bnitm.de)
Genetic1
  • [14] The human and scientific genetic assembly of a natural-based toxin should be considered a toxin as it is identical to its natural counterpart. (wikipedia.org)
Figure1
  • Gray-black mycelia and sclerotia are produced (Figure 1 c) and the infected area exhibits disease symptoms (Figure 1 d). (biomedcentral.com)
Disease1
  • Pertussis is primarily a toxin-mediated disease. (wikidoc.org)
Plants1
  • It can grow rapidly in infected plants and subsequently produces a large amount of sclerotia that plugs the vessels, resulting in wilting of the plant. (biomedcentral.com)