• Also, as HGT can bring into genomes radically different genotypes from distant lineages, or even new genes bearing new functions, it is a major source of phenotypic innovation and a mechanism of niche adaptation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacteria often grab genes from other organisms and incorporate that DNA into their own genomes. (livescience.com)
  • The HGT creates widespread discordance between evolutionary histories of different genes as genomes become mosaics of gene histories. (blogspot.com)
  • The strains of this crop that we currently cultivate had a set of genes inserted into their genomes by bacteria - the same bacteria used to create many genetically modified plants. (gmwatch.org)
  • Transfers of a single gene, a complete metabolic pathway 10 , whole chromosomes 11 or even cases of the integration of almost complete genomes from bacterial endosymbionts into their eukaryotic hosts 12 have been described. (nature.com)
  • Horizontal gene transfer Any process in which a bacterium inserts genetic material into the genomes of other pathogens or into the genome of its host. (mpkb.org)
  • Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal gene transfer has occurred between bacteria. (mpkb.org)
  • In this study, we analyzed all genes from sequenced plastid genomes to unearth any neglected cases of HGT and to obtain a measure of the overall extent of HGT to the plastid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antibiotic resistance genes spreading to pathogenic bacteria. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The traditional metagenomic screening approach for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) relies on laboratory strains of Escherichia coli as bacterial hosts, leaving us blind to ARGs that provide resistance specifically in clinically relevant pathogens. (brc.hu)
  • Plasmids can be transferred through direct physical contact between bacteria in a process known as conjugation, which helps bacteria share their antibiotic resistance genes with their neighbors. (asm.org)
  • Thus, the researchers hypothesized that P3 may be transferred from S. Typhimurium to diverse bacterial species in the mammalian gut environment, potentially spreading antibiotic resistance genes as it goes. (asm.org)
  • 8) According to Beaber et al , when Vibrio cholerae is exposed to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, it will actually promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. (mpkb.org)
  • Dissemination of carbapenemase-encoding plasmids by horizontal gene transfer in multidrug-resistant bacteria is the major driver of rising carbapenem-resistance, but the conjugative mechanics and evolution of clinically relevant plasmids are not yet clear. (cdc.gov)
  • Carbapenemase genes usually are located on plasmids that can transmit vertically along clonal lineages and horizontally between different strains and species ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Plasmids are extra-chromosomal mobile genetic elements able to transfer between bacteria through conjugation 1 . (nature.com)
  • Some of the most clinically relevant resistance genes, such those encoding carbapenemases (ß-lactamase enzymes able to degrade carbapenem antibiotics), are carried on conjugative plasmids that spread across high-risk bacterial clones 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
  • AMR, through acquired genes located on transposons or conjugative plasmids, is the horizontal transmission of genes required for a given bacteria to withstand antibiotics. (mdpi.com)
  • One of the main vehicles for gene transfer among bacteria are small circular pieces of DNA, or plasmids. (asm.org)
  • The mobile nature of… gene islands, transported between bacteria via plasmids or phages, creates the potential for acquired virulence in previously innocuous microbes," states researcher Dave Relman of Stanford University. (mpkb.org)
  • Horizontal or lateral gene transfer (HGT or LGT) is the transmission of portions of genomic DNA between organisms through a process decoupled from vertical inheritance. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, even when the two organisms in question are in close proximity to each other, such as in a symbiotic or parasitic relationship, the transfer of genetic material and its introduction into a new genome only marks the initial step for successful horizontal gene transfer. (phys.org)
  • This gene encodes a protein that helps form an external protective coating, the loss of which leads to a lack of cellulose production and has adverse effects on these organisms. (phys.org)
  • The bacteria that cause cholera grab genes from other organisms in a particularly predatory way, new research finds. (livescience.com)
  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the transfer of genes between unicellular organisms without reproduction. (databasefootball.com)
  • One of the most frequently mentioned issues with GMO foods is a vague concern about bringing genes from distantly related organisms into plants. (gmwatch.org)
  • These may have impacts on the extent of horizontal gene transfer, and on how modified genes are expressed and affect the recipient organisms. (biosafety-info.net)
  • On the other, because organisms share the same universal code, they're vulnerable to outside attacks from viruses and other pathogens-and can transfer their new capabilities to natural organisms, even if it kills them. (singularityhub.com)
  • Dubbed refactoring, the process effectively quarantines synthetic organisms from the natural world. (singularityhub.com)
  • In fact, due to increasing evidence suggesting the importance of the phenomenon in organisms that cause disease, molecular biologists such as Peter Gogarten at the University of Connecticut have described horizontal gene transfer as "a new paradigm for biology. (mpkb.org)
  • Gorgarten insists that horizontal gene transfer is "more frequent than most biologists could even imagine a decade ago" and that this reality turns the idea that we can classify organisms in a simple " tree of life " on its head. (mpkb.org)
  • This process results in genetically modified organisms, or GMO . (pressbooks.pub)
  • Traditional breeding shuffles all of the genes between the two organisms being bred, which can number into the tens of thousands (maize, for example, has 32,000 genes). (pressbooks.pub)
  • Sequence composition-based ("parametric") methods search for deviations from the genomic average whereas evolutionary history-based ("phylogenetic") approaches identify genes whose evolutionary history significantly differs from that of the host species. (wikipedia.org)
  • This lends them the ability to better characterize the HGT events they infer-notably by designating the donor species and time of the transfer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, the computational costs of reconstructing many gene/species trees can be prohibitively expensive. (wikipedia.org)
  • But sometimes, new strains appear, and the transfer of genes from other species of bacteria (including other kinds of cholera) might be one reason these new strains arrive. (livescience.com)
  • In early times, the process that he calls "horizontal gene transfer," the sharing of genes between unrelated species, was prevalent. (technologyreview.com)
  • Woese is postulating a golden age of pre-Darwinian life, during which horizontal gene transfer was universal and separate species did not exist. (technologyreview.com)
  • The first was sex, which is a form of horizontal gene transfer within species. (technologyreview.com)
  • And now, in the last 30 years, Homo sapiens has revived the ancient pre-Darwinian practice of horizontal gene transfer, moving genes easily from microbes to plants and animals, blurring the boundaries between species. (technologyreview.com)
  • Horizontal gene transfer: Horizontal gene transfer signifies a non-sexual transmission of genetic information within or between species. (biosafety-info.net)
  • From an evolutionary biology perspective, that is intriguing and points to a phenomenon in which genetic material hops from one species to another, a process called horizontal gene transfer, Slot said. (medindia.net)
  • He and his co-authors examined three species of psychedelic mushrooms and related fungi that don't cause hallucinations and found a cluster of five genes that seem to explain what the psychedelic mushrooms have in common. (medindia.net)
  • Most, if not all of these transfers seem to be the result of a gene being transferred from the mitochondrial genome of one species to that of another. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similar observations in the 1940s and 1950s showed evidence that conjugation and transduction are additional mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transfer of a plasmid (green loop) between two bacterial cells through the process of conjugation. (asm.org)
  • While the extent and impact of horizontal transfers in prokaryotes are widely acknowledged, their importance to the eukaryotic kingdom is unclear and thought by many to be anecdotal. (nature.com)
  • The occurrence of multiple recent eukaryotic transfers in the food environment provides strong evidence for the importance of this understudied and probably underestimated phenomenon in eukaryotes. (nature.com)
  • These rapid adaptations in fungi provide excellent models for studying general processes of eukaryotic genome evolution, including the functional and ecological impact of horizontal gene transfer 1 and changes in metabolism 2 . (nature.com)
  • Despite these examples, the lack of specific evolutionary trends in reported cases of lateral gene transfer in eukaryotes has led to the view of ancient, sporadic and isolated events with relatively little global impact on eukaryotic kingdoms, rather than a more frequently and widely occurring phenomenon. (nature.com)
  • Genes encoding a membrane fusion system might have been acquired from the eukaryotic host by horizontal gene transfer. (virology.ws)
  • Bacterial type IV pili are critical for diverse biological processes including horizontal gene transfer, surface sensing, biofilm formation, adherence, motility, and virulence. (biorxiv.org)
  • Insect-resistant maize line CG00526-176 contains three bacterial genes: the cry1A(b) specific to lepidopterans, the bar gene conferring tolerance to glufosinate, and a bla gene encoding TEM-1 b-lactamase (ampicillin resistance). (gmwatch.org)
  • The bla gene originates from the cloning vector PUC18 and is not expressed in maize, but has bacterial regulatory sequences that would allow it to become functional were it to be transferred back into bacteria. (gmwatch.org)
  • This will enable further research into how to interfere with this process and impede the spread of bacterial resistance. (nanowerk.com)
  • Targeting biofilm formation could be a promising approach for preventing the evolution of staphylococcal bacteria and the spread of bacterial resistance by the transfer of SCC mobile elements. (nanowerk.com)
  • That endosymbionts evolved by this process is evidenced by the fact that they have a double membrane, including their own original form that resembles the ancestral bacterial surface. (growingpassion.org)
  • A single new case, a bacterial rpl36 gene transferred into the ancestor of the cryptophyte and haptophyte plastids, appears to be a true HGT event. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The plastid acquisition of a bacterial rpl36 gene via HGT provides the first strong evidence for a sister-group relationship between haptophyte and cryptophyte plastids to the exclusion of heterokont and alveolate plastids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the bacterial gene has replaced the native plastid rpl36 gene by an uncertain mechanism that appears inconsistent with existing models for the recombinational basis of gene conversion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a new discovery that increases our understanding of gene transfer, a research team centered at University of Tsukuba has studied a gene in marine invertebrates called ascidians originally came from a common bacterium. (phys.org)
  • In genetic engineering, this same bacterium is used to ferry the GM gene (transgene) into the host plant. (gmwatch.org)
  • Genetic information for traits such as virulence and drug resistance can be passed from one bacterium to another through the transfer of mobile genetic elements, a process called horizontal gene transfer. (nanowerk.com)
  • Once a single bacterium mutates to become resistant to antibiotics, it can transfer that resistance to other bacteria around it through a process known as horizontal gene transfer. (asm.org)
  • The NDM-1 gene allows the bacterium to produce an enzyme that neutralizes the activity of these antibiotics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A bacterium carrying the NDM-1 gene is considered a very powerful superbug. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • While vertical gene transfer is when a parent passes a gene to a child, horizontal gene transfer is when genetic material from one organism passes into another organism, without any offspring relationship. (dw.com)
  • The transfer of genes from one organism to another is potentially a rapid way for evolution to occur and for complicated novel functions to emerge. (phys.org)
  • E. coli strain DH5a was the test micro-organism for horizontal gene transfer. (gmwatch.org)
  • The added irony is that it is critics of GM who originally flagged up the whole issue of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), pointing out that it meant genes deliberately introduced by genetic engineering into one organism might move into another by HGT. (gmwatch.org)
  • Some genes have disappeared because they are redundant to the organism (both doing the same work in synthesising proteins), and others have physically moved from one organelle to another. (growingpassion.org)
  • Horizontal gene transfer was first observed in 1928, in Frederick Griffith's experiment: showing that virulence was able to pass from virulent to non-virulent strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Griffith demonstrated that genetic information can be horizontally transferred between bacteria via a mechanism known as transformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least one OM component could have been horizontally transferred from prokaryotes early during Octocorallia evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The nptII gene in transgenic potato plants coding for kanamycin resistance, transforms naturally competent cells of the soil bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and Acinetobacter BD413 (both harboring a plasmid with an nptII gene containing a small deletion (hence nonfunctional) with the same high efficiency as nptII genes on plasmid DNA ( 3x10-5 -1x10-4) despite the presence of a more than 106 fold excess of plant DNA. (gmwatch.org)
  • As S. Typhimurium frequently encounters gut bacteria, plasmid sharing, and the spread of resistance genes, is a real concern. (asm.org)
  • The study, led by researchers at ETH Zurich in Switzerland, focused on a plasmid that encodes resistance genes for streptomycin and sulfonamides, called P3 for short. (asm.org)
  • However, the researchers did not expect the plasmid to be transferred if there was no antibiotic pressure, as it would not directly benefit the bacteria to harbor resistance genes. (asm.org)
  • The plasmid containing the genetic code for NDM-1 can move from one strain of bacteria to another through a process known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • One plasmid codes for genes that allow the pathogens to create toxins, the other codes for proteins that help it evade the immune system by living inside the white blood cells that kill and digest bacteria. (mpkb.org)
  • The actual origins of acquired resistance genes are unknown, but environmental microbes, including the strains producing antimicrobial agents, are believed to be important sources (4,5). (cdc.gov)
  • However, the knowledge about the microbial players affecting this process is rapidly evolving, including the discovery of new and diverse microbes. (databasefootball.com)
  • The transfer of DNA among pathogens means that once harmless microbes can acquire properties that allow them to cause problems for the host. (mpkb.org)
  • Interestingly, this rpl36 gene is a distantly related paralog of the rpl36 type found in other plastids and most eubacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is really fascinating for understanding mechanistically another way to acquire genes that encode factors that make it virulent," Mekalanos said. (livescience.com)
  • As BsV does not encode enzymes involved in this process, the virus must use host tRNAs in the process of protein synthesis. (virology.ws)
  • For example, of particular relevance to human health is the lateral transfer of antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity determinants, leading to the emergence of pathogenic lineages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phylogenetic methods tend to be applied to genes or protein sequences as basic evolutionary units, which limits their ability to detect HGT in regions outside or across gene boundaries. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are 148 copies of a gene encoding a protein that might be involved in antagonizing host defenses. (virology.ws)
  • The authors believe that one copy of this gene was duplicated repeatedly as more of the encoded protein was needed to replicate in host cells. (virology.ws)
  • A similar expansion of genes encoding an antagonist of a host innate immune protein has been observed in the genome of vaccinia virus (discussed on TWiV #198 ). (virology.ws)
  • In order to gain insight into the red coral biomineralization process and cnidarian biomineralization evolution, we studied the protein repertoire forming the organic matrix (OM) of its two biominerals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2010, researchers became aware that some strains of bacteria, such as E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae , carry the gene that produces NDM-1. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Anonymous Reviewer ( 2017 ) Peer Review #1 of 'HgtSIM: a simulator for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in microbial communities (v0.2)' . (peerj.com)
  • For these studies, we have developed a new functional metagenomic method for studying horizontal gene transfer in microbial communities with the help of engineered bacteriophages. (brc.hu)
  • Resistance arises by mutation (influencing the target or efflux of the antimicrobial agent) or by the acquisition of resistance genes (encoding antimicrobial or target alter- ation, or alternate pathways) (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
  • In prokaryotes, however, the vertical signal is partly obscured by the massive influence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). (blogspot.com)
  • [10] [11] A cell that switches to the biofilm mode of growth undergoes a phenotypic shift in behavior in which large suites of genes are differentially regulated . (wikipedia.org)
  • Type IV pili are ubiquitous surface appendages in Gram-negative bacteria that promote diverse activities including attachment, virulence, biofilm formation, horizontal gene transfer, and twitching motility [ 1 - 5 ]. (biorxiv.org)
  • This study has now shown that the environment within the biofilm also promotes horizontal gene transfer. (nanowerk.com)
  • Since then, we have continued to warn our regulators that the CaMV 35S promoter will be extra prone to spread by horizontal gene transfer and recombination [7-9]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • They found that the intestinal bacteria genes were more than 90% homologous to the corresponding sequence in HIV - suggesting that the bacteria and the HIV virus had traded a significant amount of genetic material. (mpkb.org)
  • Inferring horizontal gene transfer through computational identification of HGT events relies upon the investigation of sequence composition or evolutionary history of genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phylogenetic methods examine evolutionary histories of genes involved and identify conflicting phylogenies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The evolutionary history of all life forms is usually represented as a vertical tree-like process. (blogspot.com)
  • Moreover, it appears desirable to exploit non-tree-like evolutionary processes for the task of microbial classification. (blogspot.com)
  • There is strong genomic evidence that bacteria often acquire evolutionary novelties from outside their ancestral population by horizontal gene transfer. (mpkb.org)
  • The latter process is known as horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer (HGT). (growingpassion.org)
  • Disease-associated genes spreading and recombining to create new viruses and bacteria that cause diseases. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The procedure, in which bone marrow cells are genetically modified outside the body and re-implanted, was previously thought to avoid creating infectious viruses and causing cancer, both recognized major hazards of gene therapy. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Also it should be noted that other types of pathogens such as viruses can and do engage in horizontal gene transfer. (mpkb.org)
  • There are no genes for tRNAs - different from all known giant viruses. (virology.ws)
  • The BsV mobilome might be involved in competition with related viruses, by inactivating essential genes. (virology.ws)
  • Horizontal gene transfer is one of the most serious, if not the most serious hazard of transgenic technology. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Transgenic DNA is in many respects optimised for horizontal gene transfer. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Transgenic constructs contain new combinations of genes that have never existed, and they also amplify gene products that have never been part of our food chain [3]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Similarly, I was not surprised by the research results released earlier this year by the Food Standards Agency [12], indicating that transgenic DNA from GM soya flour, eaten in a single hamburger and milk shake meal, was found transferred to the bacteria in the gut contents from the colostomy bags of human volunteers. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • So, only a correspondingly tiny fraction of the actual transfers would ever be detected, especially given the well-known tendency of transgenic constructs to fragment and rearrange. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The researchers investigated the survival of DNA from transgenic maize and the transfer of the antibiotic resistance bla gene to bacteria in the presence of saliva, rumen fluid and silage effluent, which are relevant to horizontal gene transfer in the oral cavity, the rumen, and in silage. (gmwatch.org)
  • Now, a team from the University of Tsukuba have revealed the mechanism by which this methicillin resistance can be passed between bacteria ( Nature Communications , 'Natural transformation allows transfer of SCCmec-mediated methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms' ). (nanowerk.com)
  • HGT means that genes are transferred by a method other than sexual reproduction (sometimes called vertical gene transfer). (gmwatch.org)
  • The team has revealed the likely mechanism by which this gene ended up being expressed in a functionally important and tissue-specific way. (phys.org)
  • The mechanism by which methicillin resistance is transferred has not previously been known. (nanowerk.com)
  • The observation of fecal excretion of radioactive strontium weeks to decades after an oral exposure or over shorter time periods after an intravenous exposure suggests the existence of a mechanism for transfer of absorbed strontium into gastrointestinal tract, either from the bile or directly from the plasma (ATSDR 2001e). (cdc.gov)
  • Biomedical Science covers the area of basic science which focuses on the study of fundamental biological processes involved in health and disease. (york.ac.uk)
  • Comparison of gene expression and H3K27ac between infants and adults uncovered numerous developmental changes in each cell type, which were linked to several biological processes, including cell proliferation and glutamate signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • This suggests that gene replacement somehow occurred by recombination at the very ends of rpl36 , without the level and length of similarity normally expected to support recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The comments, "it is extremely unlikely that genes from genetically modified (GM) food can end up in bacteria in the gut of people who eat them", and "the findings had been assessed by several Government experts who had ruled that humans were not at risk", are seriously misleading. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The gene for this is widespread in bacteria found in India and Pakistan, especially in hospitals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The evidence found thus far for HGT to the plastid proceeded from studies of a particular gene or intron. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regulated in parallel to CT are pilus genes, which allow effective colonization of the digestive tract. (kenyon.edu)
  • Repeated and improper use of antibiotics contributes to this process. (onteenstoday.com)
  • When bacteria encounter unusual chemical substances in their new home base, they activate stress response genes that incidentally help them resist other chemicals too, including, sometimes, antibiotics. (labmanager.com)
  • Few current antibiotics can combat bacteria that have the NDM-1 gene, making it potentially dangerous. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 3. Mathematical or computer modeling of Darwinian processes could demonstrate the plausibility of unguided macroevolution, but as the reaction to Avida indicates, IDers can always insist that a particular model is unrealistic in some crucial way that invalidates the results. (uncommondescent.com)
  • Biomineralization is a widespread process in metazoans, and biomineral structures provide a multitude of functions (protection, maintenance, etc.) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To introduce students with horizontal gene transfer, both in nature and in the laboratory (gene engineering), in modern medicine (gene therapy among other topics), as well as to help them acquire the skills of scientific literature analysis. (rsu.lv)
  • The other way that bacteria acquire resistance is through horizontal gene transfer. (onteenstoday.com)
  • No analogous case of plastid-to-plastid transfer has been reported, but these mitochondrial discoveries recommend a thorough assessment of plastid HGT. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are at least two copies of crylA(b) and bla genes integrated into the DNA of maize line CG00526-176. (gmwatch.org)
  • A cluster and humans coming into contact with the animals (farm that includes three genes, vanH , vanA , and vanX , is required for high-level resistance to glycopeptides. (cdc.gov)
  • In the vancomycin producer Amycolatopsis orientalis C329.2, homologs of these genes are present, suggesting an origin for the cluster. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, nucleotide sequences related to the cluster vanHAX are present in this DNA, suggesting that the prolonged use of avoparcin in agriculture led to the uptake of glycopeptide resistance genes by animal commensal bacteria, which were subsequently transferred to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • His main theme is the obsolescence of reductionist biology as it has been practiced for the last hundred years, and the need for a new biology based on communities and ecosystems rather than on genes and molecules. (technologyreview.com)
  • The WHO suggest that a woman who is pregnant, for example, could develop a kidney infection that transfers into the bloodstream with a strain containing NDM-1. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • [ 5 ] Although enormous progress has recently been made in defining and characterizing the molecular biology, immunology, and antiviral therapeutic targets for CMV, considerable work remains in devising strategies for prevention of CMV infection and in understanding the role of specific viral genes in pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • orthogonal exPeriMental changes and pathways induced by EGE investigated the impact of aSSeSSMent of ePigenetic environmental factors in cancer causation, both current H. pylori infection and driver geneS and their link to underpinning studies of etiology e , pigenetic memory of past (eradicated) environMental carcinogenS carcinogen evaluation, and prevention. (who.int)
  • Because of their complementary approaches-and often non-overlapping sets of HGT candidates-combining predictions from parametric and phylogenetic methods can yield a more comprehensive set of HGT candidate genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our search relied primarily on phylogenetic analyses, but also involved scrutiny of each potential case (including generation of new gene sequences from phylogenetically relevant taxa) to rule out artifacts and various types of homoplasy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nath and Banerjee are currently running laboratory studies to document gene transfer. (labmanager.com)
  • Even so, some genes might alter the outer membrane of the bacteria, for example, making it less visible to the human immune system or tougher for people's stomach acid to kill. (livescience.com)
  • Les Desmidiales se distinguent par leurs cellules partagées en deux parties symétriques (les hémisomates) par rapport au noyau, la membrane cellulosique comportant de ce fait une suture ou sillon. (dbpedia.org)
  • Evolution was a communal affair, the whole community advancing in metabolic and reproductive efficiency as the genes of the most efficient cells were shared. (technologyreview.com)
  • Furthermore, genomic segments of foreign origin are subject to the same mutational processes as the rest of the host genome, and so the difference between the two tends to vanish over time, a process referred to as amelioration. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phenomenon is common in nature, but our knowledge concerning ecological processes promoting such events and barriers prohibiting them is scanty. (biosafety-info.net)
  • Given that the effects of gene drives in the environment may be irreversible, more ecological realism is needed in models used to assist environmental risk assessments. (biosafety-info.net)
  • This process of transformation started thousands of years ago by indigenous people of what is now Mexico. (pressbooks.pub)
  • A team led by Tappei Mishina, PhD, at the RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) in Japan has discovered that certain parasites manipulate their hosts using stolen genes that they likely acquired through a phenomenon called horizontal gene transfer. (bioquicknews.com)
  • One especially versatile gastrointestinal pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, is particularly interesting for studies on resistance gene sharing because it forms so-called persister reservoirs in its hosts. (asm.org)
  • The researchers then monitored the growth of both the recipient and S. Typhimurium, as well as the frequency of P3 transfer, by analyzing the feces of the mice over 3 days. (asm.org)
  • Les CCs attendus dans les prochaines décennies risques d'exacerber les impacts déjà observables sur la vigne, entrainant de fortes disparités entre vignobles en termes de pression phytosanitaire, de stress hydrique, de rendement et de qualité du raisin pouvant modifier les zones actuellement favorables à la viticulture. (cnrs.fr)