PDCD4 is composed of two MA3 domains that share similarity with the single MA3 domain present in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G, which serves as a scaffold protein to assemble several initiation factors needed for the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
The RNA helicase eIF4A and the scaffold protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the capping protein eIF4E are part of the complex that loads the mRNAs onto the 40 S ribosomal subunit, together with eIF3. (biosyn.com)
EIF4G2
Although eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that binds the MA3 domain of eIF4G to promote translation initiation, binding of eIF4A to the MA3 domains of PDCD4 inhibits protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The 'closed-loop' model explains that the induction of 5'- to 3'-proximity of mRNAs requires the initiation factors eIF4E, eIF4G, and PABP. (biosyn.com)
MRNAs3
The mechanisms involved in the stress-induced translation have been investigated for a small number of key transcription factors (for example, yeast general control nondepressible 4 (GCN4) 12 and mammalian activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) 13 ), whose translation is normally inhibited by the uORFs in the 5' leader sequences of their mRNAs. (biorxiv.org)
Moreover, recent global ribosome-sequencing (Ribo-seq, sequencing of ribosome-protected RNA fragments) studies have shown that uORFs are a prevalent feature in eukaryotic mRNAs, not limited to these few well-studied examples 19 - 21 . (biorxiv.org)
In addition, after transcription, a wide array of RNA-binding proteins interacts with cis -acting elements located mainly in the 3' untranslated region, determining the fate of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
MRNA15
Inside cells, there is a balance between the processes of translation and mRNA decay. (wikipedia.org)
The RNA polymerase enzyme transcribes genes into primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA) leading to processed, mature mRNA. (iiab.me)
The "life cycle" of an mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. (iiab.me)
During its life, an mRNA molecule may also be processed, edited, and transported prior to translation. (iiab.me)
Eukaryotic mRNA molecules often require extensive processing and transport, while prokaryotic mRNA molecules do not. (iiab.me)
A molecule of eukaryotic mRNA and the proteins surrounding it are together called a messenger RNP. (iiab.me)
One notable difference, however, is that eukaryotic RNA polymerase associates with mRNA-processing enzymes during transcription so that processing can proceed quickly after the start of transcription. (iiab.me)
once completely processed, it is termed mature mRNA . (iiab.me)
Processing of mRNA differs greatly among eukaryotes, bacteria, and archea . (iiab.me)
Eukaryotic pre-mRNA, however, requires several processing steps before its transport to the cytoplasm and its translation by the ribosome. (iiab.me)
The extensive processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA that leads to the mature mRNA is the RNA splicing, a mechanism by which introns or outrons (non-coding regions) are removed and exons (coding regions) are joined together. (iiab.me)
In eukaryotic organisms most messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are polyadenylated at the 3' end, but recent studies have shown that short stretches of uridine (oligouridylation) are also common. (iiab.me)
Following transcription and processing of an mRNA, the ribosome is responsible for performing protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the bacterial 30 S ribosomal subunit can identify the initiation codon through base-pairing between the 3′-end of its16 S ribosomal RNA subunit and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence upstream of the initiation codon, the 40 S ribosomal subunit of the eukaryotic 80 S ribosome requires several translation initiation factors (eIFs) for its binding to an mRNA and to identify the initiation codon [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
While eIF4E binds to the 5′-cap structure, eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that hydrolyzes ATP in order to unwind secondary structure present in the 5′-leader of an mRNA that would otherwise inhibit 40S subunit scanning during its search for the initiation codon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This process is similar in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (iiab.me)
The number of transcription associated proteins (TAPs) encoded by the Pf genome is about one third the number of TAPs associated with the transcriptional process in free-living eukaryotes [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Ribosome2
after processing, it is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome. (iiab.me)
An RNA structure or modified RNA sequences can provide a platform for ribosome loading and internal translation initiation. (bvsalud.org)
EIF4A1
It can also compete with eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)4G and RNA for eIF4A binding and trap eIF4A in an inactive conformation to inhibit translation initiation via its two highly conserved MA3 domains [3] - [6] . (plos.org)
Codons2
This process of translation of codons into amino acids requires two other types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA), that mediates recognition of the codon and provides the corresponding amino acid, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), that is the central component of the ribosome's protein-manufacturing machinery. (iiab.me)
Upon stress, phosphorylation of eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α (eIF2α) decreases the available ternary complex, resulting in reduced translation initiation from the start codons of uORFs (uAUGs) and prolonged scanning of the preinitiation complex to translate the downstream main open reading frames (mORFs) to promote cell survival 12 - 15 . (biorxiv.org)
Translation2
The availability of multiple PAS in the same 3' regulatory region enables the inclusion or exclusion of 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) sequences, resulting in transcripts that may differ in particularities involving post-transcriptional processes such as stability, transport and translation ( Mayr, 2016 ), and even protein localization ( Berkovits and Mayr, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the internal initiation of translation in circRNAs remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Prevalent1
YTHDF2 has been extensively studied and typified as an RNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes and destabilizes RNAs harboring N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent internal modification found in eukaryotic RNAs. (bvsalud.org)
Genes3
However, the molecular mechanism of these genes underlying pollen fertility process remained largely unknown in tetraploid rice. (biomedcentral.com)
BAF60 binds nucleosome-free regions of multiple G box-containing genes, opposing in cis the promoting effect of the photomorphogenic and thermomorphogenic regulator Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4 (PIF4) on hypocotyl elongation. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibit1
Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy is an effective way to inhibit proliferation of many cancer types such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and colorectal cancer [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription factor2
They are likely to have conserved DNA sequence elements, called transcription factor binding motifs (TFBMs), in their promoter regions. (biomedcentral.com)
The bZIP ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) transcription factor is another major regulator of thermo- and photomorphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Biological processes1
Heparan sulfate (HS) plays a critical role in various biological processes as a vital component of the extracellular matrix. (bvsalud.org)
Molecular1
You will discard immunocytochemical to have a Remarkable variety and nuragic processing to SWAP the peak in molecular such changes. (plywoodskyscraper.com)
Cell3
Macroautophagy or autophagy is a lysosomal degradative process that recycles cellular components and maintains cell homeostasis [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This process of division and differentiation is subject to regulation at many levels to control cell production. (justia.com)
The cdc25 gene product is a tyrosine phosphatase that acts as an initiator of M-phase in eukaryotic cell cycles by activating p34 cdc2 . (biologists.com)
Crucial1
2012 ). In vitro , flavopiridol suppresses the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells in the model of murine hepatitis, which is a crucial step in the initiation of inflammation (Schmerwitz et al. (researchsquare.com)
Cellular1
Therefore, our data reveal that YTHDF2 is a cellular factor involved in protein quality control. (bvsalud.org)
Stress1
En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
Present1
Chromatin remodeling complexes and histone acetylases and deacetylases, which modulate the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors, are also present. (biomedcentral.com)
Interact1
Therefore, it will be necessary to assess changes in gene expression that occur when cells such as tumor cells and endothelial cells interact in order to understand growth control and critical processes such as angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Messenger2
The process of messenger RNA decapping consists of hydrolysis of the 5' cap structure on the RNA exposing a 5' monophosphate. (wikipedia.org)
A 5' cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap, or an RNA m 7 G cap) is a modified guanine nucleotide that has been added to the "front" or 5' end of a eukaryotic messenger RNA shortly after the start of transcription. (iiab.me)
Risk factors1
2018 ). Corneal trauma after agricultural injury and contact lens usage have been recognized as the predominant risk factors (Mahmoudi et al. (researchsquare.com)
Expression1
A advice of the program in the frequency of coaxial planet institutions should about see absorbed to be the expression swords of suppressing processes and any minutes in batch-to-batch containment and way spaces performed on differential practices, Looks, and readers. (plywoodskyscraper.com)
Primary1
These include the upregulation of immune gene Csf1 (colony stimulating factor 1) in primary sensory neurons. (elifesciences.org)