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Striking homologies in the chromosomes of the different species were noted, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation in avian karyotypes. (kent.ac.uk)
These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)
Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
The karyotypes of the remaining species differed from the ancestral karyotypes. (pensoft.net)
The karyotypes of E. bicoloripes and E. saussurei , despite having the same chromosome number (2n=18+X0♂) had certain biarmed chromosomes ( FN =20♂ and FN =34♂ respectively). (pensoft.net)

The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)

Modern genomic research generally focuses on the role of individual genes but the role of chromosomes and homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) is often disregarded. (ukri.org)
In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytogenetic (FISH) evidence and the genome assembly itself place core MHC genes on as many as four chromosomes with TAP and Class I genes mapping to different chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

In a Zoo-FISH study chicken autosomal chromosome paints 1 to 9 (GGA1-GGA9) were hybridized to metaphase spreads of nine diverse birds belonging to primitive and modern orders. (kent.ac.uk)
We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)

The taxa are differentiated by the B chromosomes found in C. pygargus, populations of this species gain more of these strange 'junk' chromosomes as one moves further east. (wikipedia.org)
In two species, the quail and the goose, all chicken paints specifically labeled their corresponding chromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
In three pheasant species as well as in the American rhea and blackbird, GGA4 hybridized to chromosome 4 and additionally to a single pair of microchromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
Hybridization of various chicken probes to two different chromosomes or to only the short or long chromosome arm of one chromosome pair in the species representing the orders Passeriformes, Strigiformes, and Columbiformes revealed translocations and chromosome fissions during species radiation. (kent.ac.uk)
The investigated species present a stable chromosome number (2n = 22), but differ in their karyotype formulae, suggesting the presence of chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
Single copy bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) previously mapped in the related genera Phaseolus L. and Vigna Savi were used to establish chromosome orthologies and to investigate possible rearrangements among species. (bvsalud.org)
We also used oligo-FISH probes of two P. vulgaris chromosomes to paint the orthologous chromosomes of two non-sequenced Phaseolinae species. (bvsalud.org)
The FISH barcode system emerges as an effective tool to understand the chromosome evolution of economically important legumes and their related species. (bvsalud.org)
Current status on plant cytogenetic and cytogenomic research has allowed the selection and design of oligo-specific probes to individually identify each chromosome of the karyotype in a target species. (bvsalud.org)
and chromosomes 2 and 3) between both species. (bvsalud.org)
Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
Pamphagidae species with the neo-X neo-Y/neo-X neo-X sex chromosome system from Central Asia ( Bugrov 1986 ) has drawn our attention to this family. (pensoft.net)

Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
Containing an unprecedented number of Y-chromosomal and mtDNA SNPs and over 130,000 SNPs from the autosomes and X-chromosome, the chip was carefully vetted to avoid inclusion of medically relevant markers. (blogspot.com)

BAC markers demonstrated conserved synteny of the main rDNA sites on orthologous chromosomes 6 and 10, as previously observed for Phaseolus and Vigna. (bvsalud.org)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)

An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)
The sequencing of the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata genome, in combination with targeted bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequencing, has allowed us to characterize an MHC from a highly divergent and diverse avian lineage, the passerines. (biomedcentral.com)

The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)

As a result the two subtelomeric ends became the middle of chromosome 2, which is why we get hybridization of the probe there. (washington.edu)

We conducted a comparative genomic analysis to define an informative genomic block (GB) system and to reconstruct the ancestral Phaseoleae karyotype (APK). (bvsalud.org)
We inferred the APK as having n = 11 and 19 GBs (A to S), hypothesizing five chromosome fusions that reduced the ancestral legume karyotype to n = 11. (bvsalud.org)
To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)
White (1973) reported a conservative karyotype consisting of 19 acrocentric chromosomes in males and 20 in females with X0♂/XX♀ sex chromosome system. (pensoft.net)

Thus comparative analysis with chicken chromosome-specific painting probes proves to be a rapid and comprehensive approach to elucidate the chromosomal relationships of the extant birds. (kent.ac.uk)
Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)

We combined our oligo-FISH barcode pattern with a set of previously developed FISH probes based on BACs and ribosomal DNA sequences. (bvsalud.org)
We report information about the chromosome number and morphology, C-banding patterns, and localization of ribosomal DNA clusters and telomeric ( TTAGG ) n repeats. (pensoft.net)

Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Comparative genomic studies have evidenced the preservation of large genomic blocks among legumes, although chromosome dynamics during Phaseoleae evolution has not been investigated. (bvsalud.org)
The data obtained has allowed us to hypothesize that the origin and early phase of evolution of the neo-Xneo-Y♂ sex chromosome in the subfamily Pamphaginae , are linked to the Iranian highlands. (pensoft.net)

Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)

KEY MESSAGE: An Oligo-FISH barcode system was developed for two model legumes, allowing the identification of all cowpea and common bean chromosomes in a single FISH experiment, and revealing new chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
This might be because rearrangements in the gene-poor Y chromosome have milder effect on the phenotype, as a result of which the affected individuals escape attention and are not subjected to cytogenetic analysis. (veteriankey.com)
The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)

2007). This allowed isolation of ECAY sequences and generation of Y-specific molecular probes. (veteriankey.com)
1992). Due to the largely heterochromatic nature of ECAY and repeat-biased amplification of DOP-PCR, microdissected probes tend to be enriched with repetitive sequences, while euchromatic sequences remain underrepresented. (veteriankey.com)

Finally, the ancestral information is potentially useful, since recent papers have shown that multi-100K SNP genome-wide testing can produce fine-scale ancestral inference, even in relative homogeneous populations such as Europeans. (blogspot.com)

2009), chromosome flow sorting and microdissection technology, and various genomic DNA amplification systems (Telenius et al. (veteriankey.com)
We developed novel methods to identify AIMs and genomic regions that may be enriched with alleles shared with ancestral hominins. (blogspot.com)

[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)

Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)

This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)

Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)

Otherwise, the imaging system turns out black and white chromosomes. (washington.edu)

Here, we developed the first chromosome identification system for legumes based on oligo-FISH barcode probes. (bvsalud.org)
We will anchor each of the scaffolds physically to chromosomes by FISH. (ukri.org)

The latter is a Y chromosome that has lost the short arm and replaced it with an identical copy of the long arm. (veteriankey.com)

The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)

Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

A comparison with ape chromosomes shows that the human chromosome 2 is the result of an end to end fusion of two ancestral chromosomes. (washington.edu)
Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)

Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)

Since the long arm of ECAY carries the MSY and the PAR, the cells with i(Y) are genetically similar to those with Y chromosome disomy (YY). (veteriankey.com)

These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)

Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)

In most chromosomes these areas are subtelomeric, i.e. near the end of the chromosomes, but in chromosome 2 (bottom, left) we see that the probe has hybridized to the middle of the chromosome. (washington.edu)

This image shows chromosomes with fluorescent R-bands. (washington.edu)
This image shows a probe for the Xist gene, on the X chromosome. (washington.edu)
This image shows a paint of chromosome 22. (washington.edu)

23andMe have also apparently included some fairly detailed SNP typing that place you in the Y-chromosome (if you are male) and mtDNA phylogeny, giving you a detailed haplogroup assessment. (blogspot.com)

We've since had to wait over a decade to get a more comprehensive look at the Y-chromosome haplogroups of medieval Hungarians. (blogspot.com)

Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)

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