Primate genomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Researchers sequenced genomes from nearly half of all primate species, investigating more than 800 genomes from 233 species around the world, representing all 16 families of primate. (3quarksdaily.com)

According to the CCMB, the studies have helped to create a new AI algorithm with clinical applications to identify new insights into the genetic causes of human disease using the primate genomic data. (daijiworld.com)
The study provides new information about primates' genetic diversity and evolution, which is important for understanding and conserving the biodiversity of the closest species to our own," the CCMB said. (daijiworld.com)
According to Govindhaswamy Umapathy, Senior Principal Scientist at CSIR-CCMB whose group, include Shivakumara Manu and Mihir Trivedi, contributed to this research from India, primates have a great genetic diversity that varies between the different geographical regions and taxonomies. (daijiworld.com)
Further, he added that the study also found that the western hoolock gibbon, the only ape from India and lion-tailed macaques from northeastern India and Western Ghats, respectively had low genetic diversity among the global primates examined in this study. (daijiworld.com)
As mentioned above, gene duplications are a major source of differences between human and chimpanzee genetic material, with about 2.7 percent of the genome now representing differences having been produced by gene duplications or deletions during approximately 6 million years since humans and chimpanzees diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor. (wikipedia.org)
A first analysis has permitted comparison with the genomes of apes and Old World monkeys and the identification of specific features that might contribute to the unique biology of this diminutive primate, including genetic changes that may influence body size, frequent twinning and chimerism. (uniba.it)
By examining genetic relationships among E. coli iso- lates from humans, livestock, and 3 species of primates, we inferred rates of bacterial transmission among populations of these species living in or near 3 fragments that differed in their degrees of anthropogenic disturbance. (cdc.gov)
Combining bacterial genetic data with surveys of local residents al- lowed us to identify behavioral and demographic risk fac- tors affecting bacterial transmission between humans and primates. (cdc.gov)
In the end, we characterized the genetic composition of the genomes of not only the Persian walnut, but also the Iron walnut, J. sigillata , and the American butternut, J. cinerea . (sciencedaily.com)
If you were to pluck two cells from a chimeric mouse's body, you could get two different genomes - complete sets of chromosomes and genetic information. (livescience.com)
Exploring genetic variation in the tomato ( Solanum section Lycopersicon) clade by whole-genome sequencing. (genomeweb.com)
Researchers from The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) have uncovered new genes and genetic changes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the largest autism whole genome sequencing analysis to date, providing better understanding into the 'genomic architecture' that underlies this disorder. (medicalxpress.com)
As a consequence, a large portion of genetic information specific to primates and humans is stored in transposable elements. (lu.se)
Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) retrotransposons are a source of divergent genetic information in hominoid genomes, but their importance in physiological functions and their contribution to human brain evolution are largely unknown. (lu.se)

Chronically elevated androgen and/or consumption of a Western-style diet impairs oocyte quality and granulosa cell function in the nonhuman primate periovulatory follicle. (ohsu.edu)
The prevalence of SIV infection among many other nonhuman primate species is unknown. (cdc.gov)
In rhesus monkeys and other susceptible nonhuman primate species (e.g. pig-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque), SIV infection leads to a chronic wasting disease syndrome with depletion of CD4 (T4) lymphocytes and lymphadenopathy. (cdc.gov)
HuT 78, HT, CEMx174) and in primary human and nonhuman primate peripheral blood leukocyte cultures (13). (cdc.gov)
and 3) persons that HIV-1 and HIV-2 were introduced into humans from a general population (n = 1,071) from urban and rural through independent cross-species transmission of simian areas in Cameroon where people may handle NHP meat immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains from distinct, natu- but are unlikely to have repeated contact with the blood or rally infected, nonhuman primate (NHP) hosts. (cdc.gov)

These studies have discovered DNA sequence variants and developed phylogenies for primate species that will provide new data on primate and human evolution, as well as primate biodiversity. (daijiworld.com)
The algorithm is a kind of ChatGPT for genetics that uses genome sequence instead of human language. (daijiworld.com)
The Chimpanzee Genome Project was an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the chimpanzee genome. (wikipedia.org)
An analysis of the chimpanzee genome sequence was published in Nature on September 1, 2005, in an article produced by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, a group of scientists which is supported in part by the National Human Genome Research Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health. (wikipedia.org)
The article marked the completion of the draft genome sequence. (wikipedia.org)
We report the whole-genome sequence of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). (uniba.it)
This genome sequence for a New World monkey enables increased power for comparative analyses among available primate genomes and facilitates biomedical research application. (uniba.it)
The sequence of the human genome. (genome.jp)
A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) genome. (genomeweb.com)
Whole-genome sequence analysis reveals differences in population management and selection of European low-input pig breeds. (genomeweb.com)
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are a family of endogenous retroviruses that comprise the ~8.93% of the human genome sequence, with a high proportion being human specific. (mdpi.com)
Stephen W. Scherer, Genomic Architecture of Autism From Comprehensive Whole-Genome Sequence Annotation, Cell (2022). (medicalxpress.com)
The face study was meant to showboat the capabilities of Human Longevity, which has raised about $300 million to sequence one million human genomes. (technologyreview.com)
Complete genome sequence of an Israeli isolate of Xanthomonas hortorum pv. (tau.ac.il)
Researchers at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have developed the world's first mobile genome sequence analyzer app for smartphones, bringing humanity one step closer to the realm of science fiction. (rt.com)
Researchers have produced the first whole-genome sequence of the Neanderthal genome. (nih.gov)
You must appreciate that this international team has produced a draft sequence of a genome that existed 400 centuries ago," says NHGRI Director Dr. Eric D. Green. (nih.gov)

The largest ever study of primates has unveiled surprises about humanity and our closest relatives, providing insight into which genes do, and don't, separate us from other primates. (3quarksdaily.com)
The genes in these primate CNV formation hotspots have significant differential expression levels between species and show evidence for positive selection, indicating that they have evolved under species-specific, directional selection. (biomedcentral.com)
In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes such as the forkhead-box P2 transcription factor, which is involved in speech development, are different in the human lineage. (wikipedia.org)
To test their hybridization hypothesis, rather than look at individual genes, this time, they used whole-genome sequencing from 80 individual trees that represented 19 of the 22 species of Juglans . (sciencedaily.com)
The Anunnaki inserted genes from Bigfoot's ancestor-Homo erectus into their genome to make us. (enkispeaks.com)
100.000 cCREs in total), dispersed within the genome and present in cis-regulatory regions of ~81% of human genes, as calculated following gene enrichment analysis. (mdpi.com)
Included are a genome readout and a personalized scientific poster depicting a customer's genes. (technologyreview.com)
A profile-based method for identifying functional divergence of orthologous genes in bacterial genomes. (cdc.gov)
Transposable elements have the unique ability to move within our DNA, causing or reversing mutations, altering genes, and even affecting the size of our genome. (lu.se)

We have constructed a second-generation, high-resolution CNV map for the rhesus macaque and combined it with similar CNV data for the chimpanzee and ultra-high-resolution CNV data from humans to determine comprehensively the location and structure of primate CNV hotspots. (biomedcentral.com)
The four investigators compared key benchmarks in the development of 28 different primate species, ranging from humans living free of modern trappings in South American jungles to lemurs living in wild settings in Madagascar. (scitizen.com)
We conducted a prospective study of bacterial trans- fever and anthrax have caused epidemic deaths in apes and mission among humans, nonhuman primates (primates local humans in West Africa ( 3 , 4 ), and human paramyxovi- hereafter), and livestock in western Uganda. (cdc.gov)
nfectious diseases transmitted among wild nonhuman The effects of fragmentation on the dynamics of pathogen primates, humans, and domestic animals pose a serious transmission between primates and other species, including threat to wildlife conservation, human health, and animal humans, are largely unexplored. (cdc.gov)
Sanides developed this hypothesis based on his observations of the cortex of humans, non-human primates, cats, and rats and on the works of Raymon Dart ( 1934 ) on the cortex of reptiles and Andrew A. Abbie ( 1940 , 1942 ) on the cortex of marsupials and monotremes [see Table 2 in García-Cabezas et al. (springer.com)
It has also been demonstrated that STAT1 (Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 1), a transcription factor (TF) crucially involved in the IFNγ pathway, binds consensus sequences that, in humans, are located with a high frequency in the LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats) of the MER41 family of primate-specific HERVs (Human Endogenous Retrovirus). (biorxiv.org)
By comparing the sequences of humans and other primates, Stedman's team estimated that MYH16 had lost its function in human ancestors around 2.4 million years ago. (johnhawks.net)
The analysis provides the first genome-wide look at the similarities and differences of the closest evolutionary relative to humans. (nih.gov)
The fossil record suggests that they diverged from the primate line that led to present-day humans, Homo sapiens , about 400,000 years ago in Africa. (nih.gov)
An international research team, including scientists from NIH's National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), compared the Neanderthal DNA to samples from 5 present-day humans from China, France, Papua New Guinea, southern Africa and western Africa, as well as to chimpanzee DNA. (nih.gov)
Many regions of the Neanderthal genome, they found, are more like those of the chimpanzee than present-day humans. (nih.gov)
Isolation of similar retroviruses in nonhuman primates, simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses (STLV), STLV-1, STLV-2, and STLV-3, have also been discovered, suggesting that HTLV arose as an interspecies transmission between monkeys and humans. (medscape.com)
During the last 30-40 million years the primate brain has expanded in size, ultimately resulting in a new level of cognitive functions in humans. (lu.se)
Two critical pieces of evidence are needed to incriminate these viruses as causing cancer in humans: 1) laboratory demonstration of ALSV integrated within the human genome, and 2) epidemiologic evidence of excess cancer occurrence in human exposed to these viruses. (cdc.gov)

The business plan: create the largest DNA database on the planet and unleash the power of the genome to make health predictions. (technologyreview.com)

Genome interplay in the grain transcriptome of hexaploid bread wheat. (genomeweb.com)
In summary, our results demonstrate that L1-derived transcripts provide a previously undescribed layer of primate- and human-specific transcriptome complexity that contributes to the functional diversification of the human brain. (lu.se)

After generating the most complete catalogue of genomic information for primates ever produced, the studies involving researchers from 24 countries have compared the genomes of 809 individuals from 233 species of primates. (daijiworld.com)

3D Genome of macaque fetal brain reveals evolutionary innovations during primate corticogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
All appear male, though testing on their cells reveals that they also contain individual female genomes. (livescience.com)
Genome sequencing of normal cells reveals developmental lineages and mutational processes. (genomeweb.com)
Single-cell sequencing of primate preimplantation embryos reveals chromosome elimination via cellular fragmentation and blastomere exclusion. (ohsu.edu)

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (genome.jp)
International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC). (genomeweb.com)

The publication of this unique dataset includes the most complete catalogue of primate genomic information produced so far, covering nearly half of all existing primate species on Earth. (daijiworld.com)
These hotspots of primate CNV formation provide a novel perspective on divergence and selective pressures acting on these genomic regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic structural variants constitute the majority of variable base pairs in primate genomes and affect gene function in multiple ways. (nature.com)
a) Genomic location, organization and subexonic copy number variation of the MUC7 gene in the human reference genome (GRCh37/hg19). (nature.com)
Different variants of FISH can be used to retrieve information on genomes from (almost) base pair to whole genomic level, as besides only second and third generation sequencing approaches can do. (frontiersin.org)
During the past decade, two major developments-the emergence of massively parallel, ultra-cheap DNA sequencing technologies and the use of these technologies as digital readouts for functional genomic assays-have led to a profusion of data describing various features of genomes, epigenomes, and transcriptomes 1 , 2 . (biorxiv.org)
Polymorphic sites tend to be sparse along the genome, however, so this approach requires some type of pooling of information across genomic positions, which can be difficult in the absence good-quality genomic annotations. (biorxiv.org)
BC researchers collaborate with Oxford University and Public Health England to make TB genomic data quick and easy to read for clinicians (news release) Genome British Columbia, Aug 9, 2016. (cdc.gov)
Also, SIV is distinct from simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLY-I) which shares extensive genomic sequences with human T-lymphotropic virus type I and is associated with T-cell lymphomas in nonhuman primates (12). (cdc.gov)

All of our genome-wide analyses converged to provide unambiguous evidence of hybridization at the roots of both the American butternut ( J. cinerea ) and the Persian walnut ( J. regia/J. sigillata )," said the authors. (sciencedaily.com)
Collectively, the presented data highlight the value of comparative 3D genome analyses in dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of brain development and evolution. (bvsalud.org)

The more we understand about primate genomics, the more we'll understand about human genomics," says primatologist Alison Behie at the Australian National University in Canberra. (3quarksdaily.com)
A series of global studies of genomes of primates have revealed key features of their evolution, human disease, and biodiversity conservation. (daijiworld.com)
By comparing the genomes of 809 non-human primate individuals from 233 species to the human genome, the research has identified 4.3 million common missense mutations. (daijiworld.com)
This catalogue has enabled the investigators to compare genomes, to improve the understanding of the evolutionary history of primates and it has provided key insights into what makes us human. (daijiworld.com)
In order to identify primate hotspots for CNV formation, we compiled CNV datasets for human, chimpanzee and rhesus macaque. (biomedcentral.com)
After the completion of the Human genome project, a common chimpanzee genome project was initiated. (wikipedia.org)
The destruction tailed guenons, which habitually enter human settlements of tropical forests worldwide has imperiled many primates to raid crops, than to bacteria of other primate species. (cdc.gov)
Forest fragmentation, anthropogenic of tropical forests reduces primate biodiversity and alters disturbance within fragments, primate ecology, and human primate demographics and behavior ( 10 , 11 ). (cdc.gov)
Yet, in terms of biological evolution, we lacked linking intermediate skeletons of primates from which the teachers thought we evolved and modern findings indicate several contemporaneous advanced hominoids co-existed with Homo erectus, and may have been the product of human settlement on Earth long before Enki and crew colonized Earth, some 400,000 years ago. (enkispeaks.com)
By comparing the 3D genomes of human , macaque , and mouse brains, we identified many human -specific chromatin structure changes, including 499 topologically associating domains (TADs) and 1,266 chromatin loops. (bvsalud.org)
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. (genome.jp)
On Monday, the California gene-hunting company Human Longevity published a paper making the bold claim that it can identify individuals using their genomes to predict what their faces looks like. (technologyreview.com)
The effort to privately amass gene information echoed Venter's controversial role in the original Human Genome Project, when he raced public sector scientists to complete a first draft. (technologyreview.com)
The open session of the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research was convened for its thirty-eighth meeting at 8:40 a.m. on September 13, 2004 at the Natcher Conference Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Francis Collins, Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, called the meeting to order. (genome.gov)
In previous articles ( here and here ) I reviewed BioLogos Fellow Dennis Venema's articles ( here , here and here ) which claimed that the genomes of different species are what we would expect if they evolved, and in particular the human genome is compelling evidence for evolution. (evolutionnews.org)
In my previous article I responded to Professor Venema's claims that the human genome, as well as the genomes from the other primates, together are compelling evidence for evolution. (evolutionnews.org)
We have generated fitCons scores for three human cell types based on public data from EN-CODE. (biorxiv.org)
In addition, fitCons scores indicate that 4.2-7.5% of nucleotides in the human genome have influenced fitness since the human-chimpanzee divergence, and, in contrast to several recent studies, they suggest that recent evolutionary turnover has had limited impact on the functional content of the genome. (biorxiv.org)
Although the primate model of human smallpox had been refined, further improvement was needed before it could be used in assessing the efficacy of new antiviral drugs and safer vaccines. (who.int)
material from infected non-human primates or historical samples should be used for this purpose. (who.int)
The primate model of human smallpox needs further refinement in order to facilitate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. (who.int)
Despite transposons making up at least half of the human genome, they are vastly understudied in relation to brain disorders. (lu.se)
Transposable elements are largely overlooked in current cancer research, despite constituting more than 50% of the human genome. (lu.se)
Animals involved in RESTV outbreaks in the Philippines were non-human primates and domestic pigs. (who.int)
The challenge has been to determine what these elements do and how they affect human tissues, given their abundant and repetitive presence in the human genome. (lu.se)

The Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Pompeu Fabra University, Illumina, and Baylor College of Medicine have led a series of global new studies on primate genomes which is published in the journal Science. (daijiworld.com)
The CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad is the Indian collaborator and analysed the Indian primate species. (daijiworld.com)
Dr. Brett Trost, lead author of the paper and a Research Associate in the Genetics & Genome Biology program at SickKids, notes the use of WGS allowed researchers to uncover variant types that would not have otherwise been detectable. (medicalxpress.com)

SIV isolates are clearly distinct from Type D primate retrovirus (i.e., simian retrovirus 1)that also causes a form of chronic wasting immunodeficiency disease in several primate species (ll). (cdc.gov)

When two genomes from the same primate species are compared with each other, structural variants constitute 2 to 7 times more base pair differences than single nucleotide variants 2 . (nature.com)
Surprising to the team was that the "polygenic score"-an estimation of the likelihood of an individual having autism, calculated by aggregating the effects of thousands of common variants throughout the genome -was not higher among multiplex families. (medicalxpress.com)

Genomics pioneer J. Craig Venter says if he had your genome he could pick you out of a crowd. (technologyreview.com)
where we peak into the world of genomics, sponsored by Genome British Columbia. (genomebc.ca)

Roku and Hex, two of the world's first chimeric primates. (livescience.com)
They look like ordinary baby rhesus macaques, but Hex, Roku and Chimero are the world's first chimeric monkeys, each with cells from the genomes of as many as six rhesus monkeys. (livescience.com)
The majority of data was drawn from the Autism Speaks MSSNG database, the world's largest autism whole genome dataset, which provides autism researchers with free, open access to thousands of sequenced genomes. (medicalxpress.com)

Norovirus whole genome sequencing by SureSelect target enrichment: a robust and sensitive method. (cdc.gov)
LOCUS OR397779 7513 bp RNA linear VRL 28-NOV-2023 DEFINITION Norovirus GII isolate NHP_#4_d39, complete genome. (cdc.gov)

To understand the evolution of this gene, we analyzed mammalian and primate genomes within a comparative framework. (nature.com)
In this project we use induced pluripotent stem cell lines from various primate species to perform direct comparative analysis in stem cell derived cultures such as cerebral organoids. (lu.se)

In my previous article I pointed out several differences in the primate genomes that contradict evolutionary theory. (evolutionnews.org)
Transposable elements have entered our genome as mobile elements, causing major interspecies differences in the composition of the genome. (lu.se)

Most experiments on stem cell therapies are based on mice, and the researchers wanted to understand whether primate embryonic stem cells respond the same way as those of mice do. (livescience.com)

Other primates express this gene in their jaw muscles, where it strengthens the bite force. (johnhawks.net)
Critical to sub-classify SRBCTs, Khan et al .6 used to measure genome-wide gene expres- .com decisions in cancer therapeutics are to microarrays to monitor the expression sion for a variety of biological samples. (lu.se)

Adeno-associated viruses undergo substantial evolution in primates during natural infections. (upenn.edu)
Experimentally, cancer has been induced in primates infected with these viruses. (cdc.gov)

Our results establish MUC7 as a major player in salivary adaptation, likely as a response to diverse pathogenic exposure in primates. (nature.com)
Level 2 arenaviruses are not known to cause serious acute disease in man and are not acutely pathogenic for laboratory animals, including primates. (cdc.gov)

Consultation on Report from the EUCAST Subcommittee on the Role of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria (report) European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), May 2016. (cdc.gov)

Several studies have demonstrated that fragmentation of nearby primates. (cdc.gov)

However, there is no study to our knowledge that specifically investigated the evolution of copy number variable subexonic repeats from their initial emergence as functional units to the adaptive constraints and mutational properties that contributed to their extant variation in primates. (nature.com)

Viral isolates have since been obtained from several species of nonhuman primates including African green monkeys (2), sooty mangabeys (3), pig-tailed macaques (4), and stump-tailed macaques (5). (cdc.gov)

We applied a battery of genome-wide methods for hybridization detection and to test speciation models to infer the time of origin of the Persian walnut," said the Wei-Ning Bai, another senior author. (sciencedaily.com)
Variant detection sensitivity and biases in whole genome and exome sequencing. (genomeweb.com)
Time-Lapse Imaging for the Detection of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Primate Preimplantation Embryos. (ohsu.edu)

Single-cell genome-wide bisulfite sequencing for assessing epigenetic heterogeneity. (genomeweb.com)

Limited data exist concerning the presence or concentration of virus in semen, cervical secretions, saliva, urine, breast milk, and amniotic fluids of experimentally or naturally infected nonhuman primates. (cdc.gov)

The 2.26-Gb genome of a female marmoset was assembled using Sanger read data (6[times]) and a whole-genome shotgun strategy. (uniba.it)
Venter's team used genome data to predict face shape, eye and hair color, and even what your voice sounds like and melded them into images they said were accurate enough to re-identify whose genome it was. (technologyreview.com)

MUC7 provides an opportunity to assess the broader implications of subexonic repeat variation within the context of the functional evolution of the mucin functional group and primate salivary adaptation. (nature.com)

The analysis suggests that up to 2% of the DNA in the genome of present-day people outside of Africa originated in Neanderthals or their ancestors. (nih.gov)

We have identified 6 per cent of the 4.3 million missense mutations, and these are abundant in primates. (daijiworld.com)

The Marmoset Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. (genomeweb.com)

More recently, his laboratory demonstrated for the first time therapeutic in vivo genome editing in a large animal model, thus extending the therapeutic potential of the AAV platform. (upenn.edu)

From clinical sample to complete genome: comparing methods for the extraction of HIV-1 RNA for high-throughput deep sequencing. (cdc.gov)

Some primates have evolved big brains because their extra brainpower helps them live and reproduce longer, an advantage that outweighs the demands of extra years of growth and development they spend reaching adulthood, anthropologists from Duke University and the University of Zurich have concluded in a new study. (scitizen.com)

Dr. Wilson is also pursuing in vivo genome editing. (upenn.edu)

Structural variation in plant genomes is a significant driver of phenotypic variability in traits important for the domestication and productivity of crop species. (nature.com)

Together, these results suggest that the stepped self-domestication of MER41 in the genomes of primates could have been a driver of cognitive evolution. (biorxiv.org)

Bigfoot is an fully-evolved hominoid who was already present when the Anunnaki Homo Sapiens from the planet Nibiru, 300,000 years ago adapted their genome to Earth to create us, their slave race. (enkispeaks.com)

This also included 83 samples from 19 major primate species in India also studied by scientists at CSIR-CCMB. (daijiworld.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms38

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes73

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science11

Health Care1

Nearly half of all primate species1

Genetic14

Nonhuman primate5

Sequence17

Genes9

Humans14

Power of the genome1

Transcriptome2

Species of primates1

Reveals4

Sequencing Consortium2

Genomic9

Analyses2

Human25

Biology3

Simian1

Variants2

Genomics2

World's3

Norovirus2

Comparative2

Differences2

Researchers1

Gene2

Viruses2

Pathogenic2

20161

Fragmentation1

Repeats1

Monkeys1

Detection3

Epigenetic1

Experimentally1

Data2

Functional1

Africa1

Abundant1

Analysis1

Laboratory1

Complete1

Brains1

Editing1

Structural1

Evolution1

Homo1

Scientists1