• Bronchoconstriction: A relatively rare symptom affects about 15% of those having carcinoid syndrome and often accompanies flushing, sneezing, and shortness of breath. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shortly thereafter, in 1954, Thorson and colleagues were the first to report an association between carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome symptoms (ie, flushing, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, and cardiac disease). (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] Finally, when elevated levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the major metabolite of 5-HT, were discovered in the urine of patients with the carcinoid syndrome, investigators realized that the carcinoid syndrome may be a humorally-mediated disorder caused by production and secretion of ectopic serotonin by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome comprising the signs and symptoms that occur secondary to neuroendocrine tumors (formerly known as carcinoid tumors). (wikipedia.org)
  • The carcinoid syndrome occurs in approximately 10% of all neuroendocrine tumors or about 30-40% of more advanced/well developed neuroendocrine tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The biologically active substances that are released by the tumors cause the symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • These substances act on the vessels to produce the symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heart Disease: About 60-70% of the those affected by carcinoid syndrome develop cardiac complications. (wikipedia.org)
  • The carcinoid syndrome occurs secondary to neuroendocrine tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are over 40 substances known to be secreted by these tumors but the exact effect of each and their contribution to the carcinoid syndrome is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • The symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome result from the action of these substances largely on the blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is why carcinoid syndrome most often occurs in patients whom the neuroendocrine tumor has metastasized to the liver, which allows the substances to bypass the first pass metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors arising in the bronchi may be associated with manifestations of carcinoid syndrome without liver metastases because their biologically active products reach the systemic circulation before passing through the liver and being metabolized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tryptophan metabolism is altered in the carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased amounts of serotonin lead to increased gut motility causing the diarrhea seen in carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased amounts of serotonin can also cause the flushing seen as the main symptom of carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tryptophan is also needed for niacin synthesis which can be a cause for pellagra associated with carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors or metastases, histamine release and kallikrein metabolism are the vasoactive mediators of flushing and the other symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carcinoid crisis is an extreme exacerbation of the carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment focuses on control of the underlying carcinoid syndrome, targeting subsequent valvular heart disease and managing consequent heart failure. (karger.com)
  • Over the years it became clear that carcinoid tumors can be quite aggressive, can metastasize, and can cause carcinoid syndrome . (medifocus.com)
  • Symptoms are often associated with the site of tumor origin and reflect the tumor obstructing organs involved in normal body function but may be less specific if related to carcinoid syndrome. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome describes a combination of symptoms that result from hormones or hormone-like substances, (e.g., serotonin, gastrin, ACTH) that are produced by some carcinoid tumors. (medifocus.com)
  • Malignant carcinoid syndrome occurs in fewer than 10% of patients with a carcinoid tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoids do not produce the malignant carcinoid syndrome until they are no longer confined to the small bowel or mesentery, perhaps because the liver breaks down the secretory products of tumors restricted to those locations. (medscape.com)
  • If a patient is thought to have carcinoid syndrome, blood and urine tests must be performed to determine levels of bioactive substances secreted by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • In light of the co-existence of bronchial carcinoid and a history of a pituitary lesion, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome was suspected, but genetic testing could not detect any mutations. (hkmj.org)
  • Everolimus plus octreotide LAR, compared with placebo plus octreotide LAR, improved progression-free survival in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome develops in about 50% of the population with neuroendocrine tumors ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Carcinoid heart disease manifests in many patients with carcinoid syndrome ( 2 ), but the prevalence dropped to approximately 20% after the introduction of newer therapies such as somatostatin analogs and 177 Lu-DOTATATE, along with everolimus, sunitinib, and the combination of capecitabine and temozolomide ( 3 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • The patient was thus considered for PRRT as a potential way to control the functioning carcinoid syndrome. (snmjournals.org)
  • Carcinoid syndrome from a tumor of Meckel’s diverticulum. (radiologytoday.net)
  • The syndrome results from vasoactive substances (including serotonin , bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins, polypeptide hormones) secreted by the tumor, which is typically a metastatic intestinal carcinoid. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Endocrinologically active tumors of the diffuse peripheral endocrine or paracrine system (neuroendocrine tumors) produce various amines and polypeptides with corresponding symptoms and signs, including carcinoid syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An intestinal carcinoid does not usually cause carcinoid syndrome unless hepatic metastases have occurred because metabolic products released by the tumor are rapidly destroyed by blood and liver enzymes in the portal circulation (eg, serotonin by hepatic monoamine oxidase). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Findings range from no tumor-related symptoms (most carcinoid tumors) to full symptoms of carcinoid syndrome (primarily in adults). (medscape.com)
  • The liver is considered to be the most frequent site for the metastasis of neuroendocrine tumours (NET), while hepatic metastases are responsible for carcinoid syndrome in the majority of cases. (amedi.sk)
  • In multiple metastases in the liver with advanced carcinoid syndrome the liver transplantation is often the only possible treating modality, which leads to disease regression. (amedi.sk)
  • Orthotopic liver transplantation performed after the removal of the primary tumour and extrahepatic deposits led to carcinoid syndrome regression. (amedi.sk)
  • Carcinoid syndrome may occur if the tumor spreads to the liver or other parts of the body. (myacare.com)
  • If the tumor has spread to the liver and the liver enzymes cannot destroy the extra hormones made by the tumor, high amounts of these hormones may remain in the body and cause carcinoid syndrome. (myacare.com)
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is a rare genetic syndrome, characterized by the co-occurrence, in the same individual or in related individuals of the same family, of hyperparathyroidism, duodenopancraetic neuroendocrine tumors, pituitary adenomas, adrenocortical tumors, and neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) in the thymus, the bronchi, or the stomach. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple endocrine neoplastic type 2 is a rare genetic syndrome, characterized by the familial occurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma either isolated or associated with pheochromocytoma, primary hyperparathyroidism, or typical features (Marfanoid habitus, mucosal neuromas). (nih.gov)
  • Central nervous system involvement is rare and has been reported either as metastases to the brain and spine or primary tumors involving the sacrococcygeal spine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Approximately 74% of all carcinoid tumors arise from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the liver is a common site for metastases [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and asthma attacks-caused by vasoactive hormones secreted by metastases from carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging studies also must be performed to detect the sites of either primary tumors or metastases. (medscape.com)
  • Chemoembolization (CE) for other indications including palliative treatment of liver metastases from other non-neuroendocrine primaries (e.g., breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, or unknown primaries) and CE of the pancreas for pancreatic cancer. (aetna.com)
  • Drug-eluting beads trans-arterial chemoembolization for leiomyosarcoma, liver metastases from colorectal cancer, and for primary and liver-dominant metastatic disease of the liver. (aetna.com)
  • Intra-hepatic chemotherapy for other indications not listed above, including treatment of liver primaries or metastases from other primaries (e.g., breast) besides colorectal cancer. (aetna.com)
  • Lack of NKX2.2 expression in bronchopulmonary typical carcinoid tumors: implications for patients with neuroendocrine tumor metastases and unknown primary site. (nih.gov)
  • Signs and symptoms of carcinoid tumors vary greatly and depend on the tumor location and size as well as on the presence of metastases. (medscape.com)
  • We report the first case of a primary carcinoid tumor of the cervical spine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We herein present what we believe is only the 47th reported case of a primary carcinoid tumor occurring in the extrahepatic bile ducts. (springer.com)
  • Of neoplasms in the appendix, carcinoid tumors remain the most common. (medscape.com)
  • Typically, 90% of carcinoid tumors originate from the distal ileum or appendix (the embryologic midgut. (medscape.com)
  • Level of evidence C2] The most common primary site was the appendix (36 of 45 cases). (oncolink.org)
  • No recurrences were observed among the patients with appendiceal primary tumors treated with appendectomy alone, which supports resection of the appendix without hemicolectomy as the procedure of choice. (oncolink.org)
  • Level of evidence C1] Primary re-excision was not recommended for completely excised tumors smaller than 2 cm except for microscopic/macroscopic residual tumor on the margins of the appendix, in which case cecum resection and pericecal node biopsy was recommended. (oncolink.org)
  • Moreover, primary signet ring cell carcinomaof the appendix is an exceedingly rare entity. (wjgnet.com)
  • In the present report, we describe a rare case of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the appendix with ovarian metastasesand unresectable peritoneal dissemination occurring in a 45-year-old female patient. (wjgnet.com)
  • Appendiceal goblet cell carcinoids and adenocarcinomas ex-goblet cell carcinoid are genetically distinct from primary colorectal-type adenocarcinoma of the appendix. (cdc.gov)
  • We undertook a more thorough investigation to rule out the possibility that the liver tumor was a metastatic carcinoid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heterogeneous tumor-immune microenvironments between primary and metastatic carcinoid tumors differentially respond to anti-PD-L1 antibody therapy. (go.jp)
  • Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Bronchopulmonary System (Typical and Atypical Carcinoid Tumors): Current Strategies in Diagnosis and Treatment. (karger.com)
  • Surgery provides good survival for differentiated tumors (typical and atypical carcinoids), but is not useful for aggressive poorly differentiated forms. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Carcinoids are further divided into atypical and typical, based on mitotic count and presence of necrosis. (who.int)
  • Histology confirmed the tumour to be an atypical bronchial carcinoid. (hkmj.org)
  • They are conventionally considered to originate from the serotonin-secreting enterochromaffin cells (ECs) of the intestine (also known as Kulchistky cells), but technically, intestinal carcinoid tumors include any collection of well-differentiated neuroendocrine cells within the digestive tract that are capable of secreting bioactive hormones and/or amines. (medscape.com)
  • Between 1952 and 1953, serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] was identified as the secretory product of enterochromaffin cells (ECs) and isolated from a carcinoid tumor of the small bowel. (medscape.com)
  • [ 16 ] The term carcinoid was also used interchangeably with APUDoma, so named by Pearse in the 1960s, who developed the concept of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system after observing the ability of the secretory granules to take up and decarboxylate amino acid precursors of biogenic amines, such as serotonin and catecholamines. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine origin neoplasm and may produce serotonin or other functional peptide hormones. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, carcinoid tumor cells are distinguished from most other types of tumors in that they secrete various hormone-like substances (e.g., serotonin, noradrenalin, histamines) which may cause symptoms throughout the body rather than symptoms localized to the organ where the tumor originates. (medifocus.com)
  • Bochemical diagnosis of carcinoid tumors is based on the measurement of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in urine. (medscape.com)
  • Serotonin , the primary hormone produced by carcinoid tumors, acts on smooth muscle to cause diarrhea, colic, and malabsorption. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The name was chosen to separate these tumors from ordinary malignancies (carcinomas), but by the 1950s, the fact that carcinoids could be malignant was obvious, thanks to Erspamer and Asero (1952), who identified serotonin production by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Due to their vague and intermittent symptoms, diagnosis of carcinoid tumors may be delayed, especially in children, in whom the tumor is rare and the diagnosis is unexpected. (medscape.com)
  • Laboratory diagnosis of carcinoid tumors depends on the identification of the characteristic biomarkers of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma without specification of differentiation status, adenocarcinoid tumor, or goblet cell carcinoid tumor are not eligible. (stanford.edu)
  • We report a rare case of acromegaly due to a growth hormone releasing hormone-secreting bronchial carcinoid tumour. (hkmj.org)
  • Right lower lobectomy was performed, and the tumour was confirmed to be a bronchial carcinoid tumour on histology. (hkmj.org)
  • Although growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) level was not available, the patient most likely suffered from a GHRH-secreting bronchial carcinoid as suggested by the presence of a histologically confirmed bronchial carcinoid tumour, and normalisation of serum IGF-1 level and normal GH response following an OGTT upon complete removal of his lung tumour. (hkmj.org)
  • Adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma, and carcinoid tumors account for the majority of small intestine cancers. (surgeryencyclopedia.com)
  • According to the National Cancer Institute, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma, and carcinoid tumors account for the majority of small intestine cancers which, as a whole, account for only 1-2% of all gastrointestinal cancers diagnosed in the United States. (surgeryencyclopedia.com)
  • The patient developed a new left lung mass 5 years ago, which was diagnosed as a primary lung adenocarcinoma. (hindawi.com)
  • Approximately 3,000 new cases of lung carcinoid tumors are diagnosed in the United States each year. (medifocus.com)
  • Pulmonary carcinoids are well differentiated low to intermediate grade lung neuroendocrine tumours (LNETs), that belong to the group of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms which also include highly aggressive lung neuroendocrine carcinomas (LNECs). (who.int)
  • The most common primary site of colorectal metastasis is the breast, followed by the lung and malignant melanoma [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Vascular disorders of the lung: thromboembolism, pulmonary infarction and hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension (primary and secondary). (unibo.it)
  • Symptoms of carcinoid crisis include flushing, hypotension, arrhythmia and bronchospasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carcinoid tumors are slow-growing tumors and most do not cause symptoms until they interfere with daily function or metastasize. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid crisis - when all of the above symptoms occur at the same time. (medifocus.com)
  • The somatostatin analogs (SSAs) octreotide and lanreotide are used to control carcinoid symptoms and tumor progression in advanced inoperable disease. (medscape.com)
  • Metabolic products released by primary pulmonary and ovarian carcinoids bypass the portal route and may similarly induce symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rare intestinal carcinoids with only intra-abdominal spread can drain directly into the systemic circulation or the lymphatics and cause symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors have no signs or symptoms in the early stages. (myacare.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), colon, and rectum sometimes cause signs or symptoms as they grow or because of the hormones they make. (myacare.com)
  • Intestinal carcinoid tumors are gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs). (medscape.com)
  • A section (on the right) of an intestinal carcinoid mass arising from the mucosa (150 X). Image courtesy of Professor Pantaleo Bufo, University of Foggia, Italy. (medscape.com)
  • This phase III trial studies cabozantinib to see how well it works compared with placebo in treating patients with neuroendocrine or carcinoid tumors that may have spread from where it first started to nearby tissue, lymph nodes, or distant parts of the body (advanced). (stanford.edu)
  • We aimed to assess the combination of everolimus plus octreotide long-acting repeatable (LAR) in patients with low-grade or intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumours (carcinoid). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although pulmonary carcinoids show relatively good prognosis in comparison to carcinomas, metastatic disease and relapse do occur. (who.int)
  • To address this aim we have designed the lungNENomics study, an international cohort of over 250 cases of pulmonary carcinoids, with clinical data and central pathology review, as well as whole-genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation array, and digital spatial profiling data. (who.int)
  • While progress has been made in recent years in the characterisation of pulmonary carcinoids, little is known about the underlying biology or developmental origins of these molecular groups, hampering efforts to identify predictive markers and suitable therapeutic options. (who.int)
  • Overview of Carcinoid Tumors Carcinoid tumors develop from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract (90%), pancreas, pulmonary bronchi, and rarely the genitourinary tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A variety of outputs will be tailored to ensure relevance to policy-makers, primary care and pathology practitioners, and patients. (bmj.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors have high potential for metastasis. (medscape.com)
  • During an average of 14.1 years of follow-up, 160 incident SICs (62 carcinoids, 51 adenocarcinomas) were identified. (springermedicine.com)
  • Hindgut Carcinoid Tumors - These tumors originate in the large intestines, specifically in the transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum. (medifocus.com)
  • 1 The most frequent primary tumor types of anterior mediastinal masses are thymic tumors and lymphoma, with approximate proportions of 35% and 25% among mediastinal lesions, respectively. (allenpress.com)
  • Surgical treatment of carcinoid tumors is generally based on the size and extent of the primary lesion. (radiologytoday.net)
  • If feasible, the treatment of choice for carcinoid tumors is surgical excision. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, we identified six tumours, termed supra-carcinoids, that displayed genuine carcinoid-like morphology, but had clinical and molecular characteristics of LNECs. (who.int)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) are of foregut origin, but a number of other so-called foregut carcinoid tumours may also occur in MEN1, including tumours of bronchial, thymic, and gastrointestinal origin. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Reported rates of prevalence of these latter tumours vary from 2% for thymic and bronchial carcinoids, to 10% for gastric carcinoids. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The role of radiotherapy and chemoradiation in the management of primary liver tumours. (cancercentrum.se)
  • [ 4 ] ) Carcinoid tumors represent 90% of appendiceal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • The patient is 4 years after transplantation without signs of carcinoid recurrence. (amedi.sk)
  • For treatment of neuroendocrine cancers (i.e., carcinoid tumors and pancreatic endocrine tumors) involving the liver. (aetna.com)
  • The primary manifestation is diarrhea, but it may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. (medscape.com)
  • elevated human chorionic gonadotropin and pancreatic polypeptide levels are occasionally present with carcinoids. (msdmanuals.com)
  • National Rise of Primary Pancreatic Carcinoid Tumors: Comparison to Functional and Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. (umassmed.edu)
  • In 1907, by which time carcinoid tumors were already histologically described and had been classified as carcinoma, Oberndorfer used the term "carcinoid" (carcinoma-like) as a modifier in order to distinguish their indolent behavior from other common gastrointestinal neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors were initially identified in 1888 and were thought to clinically and histologically (cellular appearance under a microscope) resemble carcinoma cells (highly malignant cancer cells) but behave in a more benign fashion than true cancer cells. (medifocus.com)
  • Heterogeneous Tumor-Immune Microenvironments between Primary and Metastatic Tumors in a Patient with ALK Rearrangement-Positive Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. (go.jp)
  • Traditionally, bile duct tumors located within the liver had been classified with hepatocellular carcinoma as primary liver tumors. (tri-kobe.org)
  • Carcinoids are also the most common neoplasm of the small bowel, accounting for approximately 48% of all small bowel neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine neoplasms derived from the enterochromaffin cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most common symptom associated with carcinoid tumors is vague abdominal pain, with diagnosis occurring either incidentally or late in the course of disease, when the lesion may manifest as a complication of mechanical effects or as a result of significant hormone production. (medscape.com)
  • The primary symptom of hyperhidrosis is sweating. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Scintigraphy with indium-111 diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) octreotide (In-111 DTPA Octr), or OctreoScan, localizes the primary carcinoid and eventual recurrences, as well as other neuroendocrine tumors, with high sensitivity and specificity. (medscape.com)
  • We report the gratifying response of functioning metastatic neuroendocrine tumor with carcinoid heart disease (uncontrolled by long-acting octreotide) to treatment with 177 Lu-DOTATATE. (snmjournals.org)
  • Carcinoids follow a more benign clinical course than most other malignancies. (medscape.com)
  • Overall, clinical manifestations will vary depending on the primary tumor location, particularly with respect to the non-hormonal manifestations (see Presentation ). (medscape.com)
  • Most carcinoid tumors are now known to be slow growing malignant tumors that have their own specific biological and clinical characteristics. (medifocus.com)
  • According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), approximately 11,500 people in the United States are diagnosed each year with a carcinoid tumor. (medifocus.com)
  • New clinical and molecular data emerging from prostate cancers treated by contemporary androgen deprivation therapies, as well as primary lesions, have highlighted the need for refinement of diagnostic terminology to encompass the full spectrum of NE differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • The focus of our work is to better understand the biological and clinical characteristics of these molecular groups of carcinoids. (who.int)
  • Here, we report a case of ACC arising from minor salivary gland that metastasized to the colon 19 years after the primary tumor resection, with literature review of the clinical, histological, and molecular features of ACC. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we report a case of ACC metastatic to the colon 19 years after resection of the primary tumor, to broaden the differential diagnosis of colorectal malignancies and to better understand the clinical, histological, and molecular features of ACC. (hindawi.com)
  • However, linezolid should be used with special caution in patients with severe renal insufficiency, and only when the anticipated benefit is considered to outweigh the theoretical risk, because the clinical significance of higher exposure (up to 10 fold) to the two primary metabolites of linezolid is unknown. (who.int)
  • The etiology of carcinoid tumors is not known, but genetic abnormalities are suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Transarterially administered gene therapy for primary and secondary liver malignancies. (aetna.com)
  • Introduction Studies have demonstrated the existence of significant variation in test-ordering patterns in both primary and secondary care, for a wide variety of tests and across many health systems. (bmj.com)
  • As tumor localization techniques have improved over the years, the incidence profile of carcinoid tumor location within the digestive tract has changed. (medscape.com)
  • About 66% of all carcinoid tumors develop in the gastrointestinal tract. (medifocus.com)
  • A gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor is cancer that forms in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. (myacare.com)
  • Primary cervical carcinoid tumor is extremely rare, but should be included in the differential diagnosis of enhancing expansile extradural masses compressing the spinal cord and nerves. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A C7 corpectomy, en bloc resection of the tumor, and anterior C6-T1 fusion were performed to decompress the spinal cord and nerves and provide stability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, performance status (PS) and resection of the primary tumor were observed to influence mOS. (cancerindex.org)
  • Carcinoid heart disease is the result of valvular damage related to the vasoactive substances released by the neuroendocrine tumor reaching the right side of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prognosis (outlook or chance of recovery) for patients with carcinoid tumors is based primarily on size of the tumor and the degree to which it has spread and invaded other tissues in the body. (medifocus.com)
  • ParetoTI theory identified four tumour archetypes within the tetrahedron, corresponding to the three previously reported molecular groups, and the fourth enriched for the aggressive supra-carcinoids. (who.int)